| 454674178 | Treaty of Tordesillas | a 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. | | 0 |
| 454674179 | Sir Walter Raleigh | Sponsor of an ill-fated expedition of colonists, who in 1587 settled Roanoke Island on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, also known as the 'Lost Colony.' | | 1 |
| 454674180 | Mound Builders | Tribes of North America who built extensive mounds of dirt, especially in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys. | | 2 |
| 454674181 | Bartholomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first European to get round the Cape of Good Hope (thus establishing a sea route from the Atlantic to Asia) (1450-1500) | | 3 |
| 454674182 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese mariner; first European to reach India by sailing around the tip of Africa in 1498. | | 4 |
| 454674183 | Christopher Columbus | Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506) | | 5 |
| 454674184 | Conquistadores | Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory. | | 6 |
| 454674185 | Vasco Balboa | First European to reach the Pacific Ocean, 1513. | | 7 |
| 454674186 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese captain in Spanish service; began the first circumnavigation of the globe in 1519; died during voyage; allowed Spain to claim possession of the Philippines. | | 8 |
| 454674187 | Ponce de Leon | Spanish explorer who led the first expedition to Florida. The place where he first landed was later settled by the Spanish. In 1565, St. Augustine became the first permanent Spanish settlement in what is now the United States. It is the oldest city in our country. | | 9 |
| 454674188 | Francisco Coronado | A Spanish soldier and commander; in 1540, he led an expedition north from Mexico into Arizona; he was searching for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold, but only found Adobe pueblos. | | 10 |
| 454674189 | Hernando de Soto | a Spanish explorer who led a group to what is now south-eastern U.S. from 1539-1542 before dieing of a fever | | 11 |
| 454674190 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541) | | 12 |
| 454674191 | Hernan(do) Cortes | Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547) | | 13 |
| 454674192 | John Cabot | Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland | | 14 |
| 454674193 | Robert de LaSalle | Frenchman who followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the region for France and naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV (1681-1682) | | 15 |
| 454674194 | Sir Francis Drake | English explorer/pirate who circumnavigated the globe from 1577 to 1580 and was sent by Queen Elizabeth I to raid Spanish ships/settlements for gold | | 16 |
| 454674195 | Joint-stock company | A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts | | 17 |
| 454674196 | Jamestown | The first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. | | 18 |
| 454674197 | John Smith | Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter | | 19 |
| 454674198 | John Rolfe | He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony. | | 20 |
| 454674199 | Indentured servants | colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years | | 21 |
| 454674200 | Slaves | people who were regarded as the property of their masters, people who are owned and force to work by someone else | | 22 |
| 454674201 | House of Burgesses | the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts. | | 23 |
| 454674202 | Lord Baltimore | 1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics. | | 24 |
| 454674203 | Maryland Act of Toleration | 1649 - Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony's large Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians. | | 25 |
| 454674204 | Lords Proprietors | The Lords Proprietors were the eight Englishmen to whom King Charles II granted, by the Carolina charters of 1663 and 1665, the joint ownership of a tract of land in the New World called "Carolina." All of these men either had remained loyal to the Crown or had aided Charles's restoration to the English throne. | | 26 |
| 454674205 | Charles Town | Originally a Puritan English city during the Colonial era (a time to which many of the neighborhood's structures date), Charlestown was founded in 1628 | | 27 |
| 454674206 | James Oglethorpe | founder of Georgia in 1733; soldier, statesman , philanthropist. Started Georgia as a haven for people in debt because of his intrest in prison reform. Almost single-handedly kept Georgia afloat. | | 28 |
| 454674207 | Pilgrims | English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620, Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands | | 29 |
| 454674208 | Mayflower Compact | This document was drafted in 1620 prior to settlement by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. It declared that the 41 males who signed it agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of all members of the colony. This agreement set the precedent for later documents outlining commonwealth rule. | | 30 |
| 454674209 | Puritans | Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. | | 31 |
| 454674210 | Massachusetts Bay Colony | One of the first settlements in New England; established in 1630 and became a major Puritan colony. Became the state of Massachusetts, originally where Boston is located. | | 32 |
| 454674211 | The Great Migration | In the 1630's, turmoil and unrest in England led to a swarm of settlers that traveled to the colonies in the New World. About seventy thousand people came to the colonies, the majority of them settling in the Caribbean islands such as Barbados. | | 33 |
| 454674212 | Congregational Church | Church government , were the men would meet and vote over church affaires and conduct business pertaining to the church Laws majority rule in the vote woman were not allowed to vote and didn't have any say in matters.Which pertained to church and law | | 34 |
| 454674213 | Anne Hutchinson | American colonist (born in England) who was banished from Boston for her religious views (1591-1643) | | 35 |
| 454674214 | Roger Williams | He was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for challenging Puritan ideas. He later established Rhode Island and helped it to foster religious toleration. | | 36 |
| 454674215 | fundamental orders | Fundamental Orders was created in 1639 it was a modern Constitution which was a democratically controlled by the Substantial citizens, Features of the Fundamental Orders was used by Connecticut for its colonial charter and in the State Constitution(It has the features of a written constitution, and is considered by some as the first written Constitution in the Western tradition,[3] and thus earned Connecticut its nickname of The Constitution State) | | 37 |
| 454674216 | Glorious Revolution | Bloodless overthrow of King James II that ended the Dominion and established William and Mary as the new leaders. | | 38 |
| 454674217 | Gustavus Adolphus | Gustavus Adolphus was king of Sweden (1611-1632) he led his nation to military supremacy during the 30 year war, helping to balance religious and political power in Europe ,he is regarded as the greatest military commander of all times. | | 39 |
| 454674218 | Henry Hudson | Henry Hudson was a English sea commander, during the early 17th century Henry made two attempts to find a route to China, above the arctic circle on behalf of English merchants. He explored a river around the New York Metropolitan area which eventually led way to Dutch Colonization and the naming of the river after him which is called the Hudson River. | | 40 |
| 454674219 | New Netherland | Netherland Located on the east coast of Northern America was the 17th century colonel providence made up of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (The claimed territories were the lands from the Delmarva Peninsula to extreme southwestern Cape Cod. The settled areas are now part of the Mid-Atlantic States of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Connecticut, with small outposts in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island) | | 41 |
| 454674220 | Quakers | Religious Society of Friends, The first Quakers lived in mid-17th century England, Quakers' central doctrine is the believers. In other ways, Friends immigrated to America. Some experienced persecution . Quakers today are theologically diverse some | | 42 |
| 454674221 | William Penn | Englishman and Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania (1644-1718) | | 43 |
| 454674222 | Half-Way Covenant | A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations. | | 44 |
| 454674223 | Indentured servitude | person who agreed to work for a colonial employer for a specified time in exchange for passage to america. | | 45 |
| 454674224 | Salem | City in Northeastern Massachusetts, on Massachusetts Bay, this town is where witchcraft trails took place and executions took place in 1692. Salem was founded in 1626 by Roger Conant and a group of immigrants from Cape Ann | | 46 |
| 454674225 | "Witch hunting" | During the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in Europe, many were accused of witch hunting and were typically burned to death. This catastrophic phenomenon began when society started to believe that certain individuals had a relationship with satin and engaged in practices considered to be barbaric and heinous | | 47 |
| 454674226 | Nathaniel Bacon | Nathaniel Bacon, Jr., was born on 1647 in Friston Hall England, to Thomas and Elizabeth Bacon. Bacon's family was of an aristocratic line. Bacon did not live a long life but he obviously had an impact on the people of his time. Bacon had a significant impact on the history of Virginia. "The poverty of the country is such that all the power and sway has got into the hands of the rich, who by extortious advantages, having the common people in their debt, have always curbed and oppressed them in all manner of ways." Nathaniel Bacon spoke these words in 1674, expressing his displeasure of Virginia's gentry and its numerous exploitations of the common colonist. | | 48 |
| 454674227 | Bacon's Rebellion | 1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness. | | 49 |
| 454674228 | Middle passage | the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade | | 50 |
| 454674229 | Slave codes | Slave Codes made blacks and their children property of their white masters for life some colonies made it a crime to teach slaves how to read and write not even converting to Christianity could qualify a slave for freedom, the reason for these slave codes were the legal difference between a slave and servent.making distinction between the two was difficult. But now the law begins to make sharp distinction between slave and servant largely on the basis of race. In 1662 in Virginia, statues appeared decreed iron conditions of slavery for blacks. Slavery may have begun in America for economic reasons, but by the end of the eighteenth century, it was very clear that racial decimation strongly molded the slave industry America. | | 51 |
| 454674230 | Harvard | the 1st American college. It was established in 1636 by the General Court of Massachusetts at the behest of Puritan theologians. | | 52 |
| 454674231 | Freedom dues | what the indentured servants got when they were freed; included some corn, clothes, and maybe some land | | 53 |
| 454674232 | Cotton Mather | American Puritan leader. The son of Increase Mather, he Cotton Mather was a paramount figure during this time, whose writings on witchcraft, particularly in The Wonders of the Invisible World, fed the hysteria that led to many women being persecuted, and for some, put to death. Mather, labeling himself as simply a "historian" , was able to poison his text with propaganda while keeping himself clean, in hopes to spur a hunt for witches. | | 54 |
| 454674233 | Yankee ingenuity | describes an attitude of make-do with materials on hand. It is inventive improvisation, adaptation and overcoming of dire straits when faced with a dearth of materials. Yankee Ingenuity was often necessary for New England colonists. Unlike the rich and fertile soil of Virginia, New England had poor soil as well as a harsh winter and had to rely on improvisation and other means for economic success | | 55 |
| 454674234 | New England Primer | This was a standard reader in New England in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was apparently used in both public and Sunday (religious) schools. | | 56 |
| 454674235 | Leisler's Rebellion | 1689 were watershed years in England. James II, last of the Stuarts, was deposed; William and Mary came to the throne in the Glorious Revolution. The impact of this change was felt in the colonies, notably in the ouster of Sir Edmund Andros and demolition of the Dominion of New England. In New York as well, democratic movements were afoot. An armed mob seized Fort James and installed Jacob Leisler, a militia commander and immigrant from Germany, as the head of a new government. | | 57 |
| 454674236 | Conversions | Conversion the point of transition from "natural life" to spiritual life. In this sense it is seen as both a "radical change of heart and life" and also a more gradual process in which the convert's spiritual nature develops through Christian culture and education | | 58 |
| 454674237 | Pennsylvania Dutch | The Pennsylvania Dutch are not even Dutch at all. They are not from the country that we know today as the Netherlands. Some say that the Pennsylvania Dutch should be more properly known as Pennsylvania German. Deutsch means German and the early English in America corrupted the term Deutsch to Dutch. The term German though had a different meaning before 1800. | | 59 |
| 454674238 | Scotch-Irish | During the 1800's, the Irish population relied heavily on the farming and eating of potatoes grown on land that was not owned by them. The land they cultivated and grew their crops on was owned by strangers. In 1845, a catastrophic blight struck potato crops all over Ireland. The sudden wilting of all potato crops lasted five years and brought about starvation, disease, and death. This also brought massive immigration to North America. These immigrants from Ireland came not only to Ellis Island in New York, but also to Gross Isle near Quebec, Boston, Baltimore, and Philadelphia. They settled on the east coast of the United States and in the British North America, which became modern day Canada. With them, the Irish brought their heritage, customs, and religious backgrounds. | | 60 |
| 454674239 | Triangular trade | A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa | | 61 |
| 454674240 | Naval stores | Materials used to build and maintain ships, such as tar, pitch, rosin, and turpentine | | 62 |
| 454674241 | Great Awakening | a religious movement that became widespread in the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s | | 63 |
| 454674242 | Jonathan Edwards | American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758) | | 64 |
| 454674243 | George Whitefield | One of the preachers of the great awakening (key figure of "New Light"); known for his talented voice inflection and ability to bring many a person to their knees. | | 65 |
| 454674244 | Established Churches | Churches funded by taxes, such as the Anglican and Congregational churches | | 66 |
| 454674245 | Anglican Church | The name "Anglican" means "of England", but the Anglican church exists worldwide. It began in the sixth century in England, when Pope Gregory the Great sent St. Augustine to Britain to bring a more disciplined Apostolic succession to the Celtic Christians. | | 67 |
| 454674246 | John Trumbull | John Trumbull was born in Lebanon, Connecticut, on June 6, 1756. His father, Jonathan Trumbull, was later Governor of Connecticut (1769-1784). John entered Harvard College in 1771 and graduated in 1773. He created numerous sketches of significant people and places, even during his service as an officer and General Washington's aide-de-camp during the Revolutionary War. Resigning his commission as colonel in 1777, he painted for two years and then went to England, where he studied under renowned history painter Benjamin West and at the Royal Academy of Arts. In London, Paris, and New York City, he created scenes of the American Revolution and life portraits or sketches of many of the individuals who would appear in them. | | 68 |
| 454674247 | Benjamin Franklin | A printer, an inventor, a writer, a scientist, a diplomat, and a statesman. There is
only one man that all this can describe. I am talking about no one other than BenjaminFranklin. Benjamin Franklin was well-known during the beginning of our great nation. Hehelped our nation begin. He was one of the framers of the Constitution and was a delegate along with others that were sent over to France to discuss the Treaty of Paris that ended the War for Independence. You will read about how he grew up and how his contributions help us today. Benjamin Franklin was born on Milk Street in Boston, Massachusetts on January17th, 1706 to Josiah and Abiah Folger Franklin. Ben was Josiah's fifteenth child of | | 69 |
| 454674248 | Bicameral | In government, bicameralism is the practice of having two legislative or parliamentary chambers. The relationship between the two chambers of a bicameral legislature can vary. In some cases, they have equal power, and in others, one chamber is clearly superior to the other. It is commonplace in most federal systems to have a bicameral legislature. The United States, for example, has a bicameral legislature in which one chamber, the Senate, has an equal number of members representing each constituent state, and the members of the other chamber, the House of Representatives, number according to each state's population | | 70 |
| 454674249 | Royal colony | Royal Colonies were controlled by the king of the sovereign nation, who named a governor to each colony and, in English colonies, a council to assist him. Royal colonies were governed by an appointed governor with a lieutenant governor and a chief justice as primary staff members. The Crown also selected a council to serve as the colony's upper house while British leaders promised that an elected lower house would be chosen once the colonies developed a population.The Crown was also responsible for appointing colonial judges, usually for life, though by 1760 they could be removed from office at will. | | 71 |
| 454674250 | Proprietary colony | Proprietary colony, were grants of land in the form of a charter, or a license to rule, for individuals or groups. They were used to settle areas rapidly with British subjects at the proprietors' expense during the costly settlement years. The land was titled in the proprietors' name, not the king's. The proprietors could appoint all officials; create courts, hear appeals, and pardon offenders; make laws and issue decrees; raise and command militia; and establish churches, ports, and towns | | 72 |
| 454674251 | Self-governing colony | Self-governing colonies, including Rhode Island and Connecticut, formed when the king granted a charter to a joint-stock company, and the company then set up its own government independent of the crown. The king could revoke the colonial charter at any time and convert a self-governing colony into a royal colony | | 73 |
