Biology 111 PPCC
General College Biology I
Chapter 4
Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
Vocabulary: organic molecule, inorganic molecule, hydrocarbon, isomer, structural isomer, geometric isomers, enantiomers, functional groups, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
Distinguish between inorganic and organic substances and give examples of each.
Know the valence of carbon. Recognize the bonding patterns of O, H, and N to carbon to make biological organic molecules.
Describe the hydrocarbon as the basic structure of organic molecules.
Recognize different carbon skeletons that can be formed as the basis of organic molecules (Fig 4.5)
5. Explain how functional groups make hydrophobic hydrocarbons hydrophilic.
6. Be able to draw/recognize each of the functional groups listed below. (Fig. 4.9)
State a class of biological organic molecule on which each is commonly found.
hydroxyl group
carbonyl group
carboxyl group
amino group
sulfhydryl group
phosphate group
7. Define isomer and give an example of structural isomers, geometric
isomers and enantiomers (stereoisomers).
Terms : Hide Images
| 1648658967 | Organic Chemistry | study of carbon compounds (organic compounds). | 0 | |
| 1648658968 | Hydrocarbons | an organic molecule made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. | 1 | |
| 1648658969 | Isomers | organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure and therefore different properties. | 2 | |
| 1648658970 | Structural Isomers | compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms. | 3 | |
| 1648658971 | Geometric Isomers | compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms. | 4 | |
| 1648658972 | Enantiomers | molecules that are mirror images of each other | 5 | |
| 1648658973 | Functional Groups | perform chemical reactions | 6 | |
| 1648658974 | Hydroxyl Group | a functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond(—OH), which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton of a molecule. Molecules possessing this group are water soluble and called alcohols. | 7 | |
| 1648658975 | Alcohols | organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups. | 8 | |
| 1648658976 | Carbonyl Group | a functional group present in aldehydes and ketones consisting of an oxygen atom double bonded to a carbon atom. | 9 | |
| 1648658977 | Aldehyde | an organic molecule with a carbonyl group at the end (terminal) of the carbon skeleton. | 10 | |
| 1648658978 | Ketone | Name of carbonyl compound when it is within the C-skeleton | 11 | |
| 1648658979 | Carboxyl Group | a functional group present in organic acids consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.(—COOH) | 12 | |
| 1648658980 | Carboxylic acid | organic acids; compounds containing a carboxyl group. | 13 | |
| 1648658981 | Amino Group | (—NH2) a functional group composed of nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton. Can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1. | 14 | |
| 1648658982 | Amines | organic compounds with one or more amino groups. | 15 | |
| 1648658983 | Sulfhydryl Group | (—SH) a functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. | 16 | |
| 1648658984 | Thiols | organic compounds containing sulfahydryl groups. | 17 | |
| 1648658985 | Phosphate Group | a functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms and is important in energy transfer. | 18 | |
| 1648658986 | Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell. | 19 | |
| 1648658987 | Carbohydrates | sugars -- all sugars have CHO in a ratio of 1:2:1 | 20 | |
| 1648658988 | Monosaccharide | single sugar molecule | 21 | |
| 1648658989 | Dissacharide | A molecule made of two monosaccharides. | 22 | |
| 1648658990 | Polysaccharide | a complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides | 23 | |
| 1648658991 | Storage Polysaccharide | stored glucose used overtime as energy by the organism (Alpha Glucose) Ex: Starch | 24 | |
| 1648658992 | Structural Polysaccharide | provide structural support and form to cells (Beta Glucose) Ex: Cellulose (Plant Cell Wall) Chitin (exoskeleton of animal/bugs) | 25 | |
| 1648658993 | Lipid | organic compound that is insoluble in water (hydrophobic/non polar) | 26 | |
| 1648658994 | Saturated Fat | fat in which all three fatty acid chains contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms -- solid at room temperature | 27 | |
| 1648658995 | Unsaturated Fat | a lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms. -- liquid at room temperature | 28 | |
| 1648658996 | Building Block of: Polypeptide | amino acid | 29 | |
| 1648658997 | Building Block of: Polysaccharide | monosaccharide | 30 | |
| 1648658998 | Building Block of: Triglyceride (Fat) | glycerol + fatty acids | 31 | |
| 1648658999 | Building Block of: Nucleic Acid (DNA/RNA) | nucleotides | 32 | |
| 1648659000 | Nucleotides | Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases | 33 | |
| 1648659001 | Nitrogeneous Bases | T C U = Pyramidines A G = Purines | 34 | |
| 1648659002 | Dehydration Synthesis Condensation | remove water to create bonds | 35 | |
| 1648659003 | Glycosidic Linkage | covalent bonds between bonds that hold monosaccharides together | 36 | |
| 1648659004 | Hydrolysis | adding water to create bonds | 37 | |
| 1648659005 | Peptide Bonds | covalent bonds between amino acids | 38 | |
| 1648659006 | Steroids | Structure: 4 fused rings sex hormones | 39 | |
| 1648659007 | Types of Lipids | fat steroids waxes phospholipids | 40 | |
| 1648659008 | Types of Proteins: Structural Protein | fiber proteins Ex: keratin, collagen | 41 | |
| 1648659009 | Types of Proteins: Regulatory Protein | controls something Ex: insulin | 42 | |
| 1648659010 | Types of Proteins: Defense Proteins | antibodies | 43 | |
| 1648659011 | Types of Proteins: Enzymes | ... | 44 | |
| 1648659012 | Types of Proteins: Transport Proteins | hemoglobin (red blood cells) | 45 | |
| 1648659013 | Structure of Polypeptides: Primary Structure | chain of amino acids - produce peptide bonds between amino acids | 46 | |
| 1648659014 | Structure of Polypeptides: Secondary Structure | form a Alpha-helix or a Beta-sheet by forming hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amine group of another amino acid | 47 | |
| 1648659015 | Structure of Polypeptides: Tertiary Structure | *makes one polypeptide* interactions between the variable groups a) hydrogen bonds b) ionic bonds c) disulfide bridges d) hydrophobic reaction | 48 | |
| 1648659016 | Structure of Polypeptides: Quaternary Structure | many polypeptides interacting together | 49 | |
| 1648659017 | Alpha Glucose | OH on bottom | 50 | |
| 1648659018 | Beta Glucose | OH on top | 51 | |
| 1648659019 | Esther | bonds between lipids | 52 | |
| 1648659020 | Bohr Planetary Model | Know what it looks like | 53 | |
| 1648659021 | Isomer | Compounds with the same formula but in a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and properties | 54 | |
| 1648659022 | Hydrocarbon | Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen Example: Sugar | 55 | |
| 1648659023 | Enantiomers | Isomers that are mirror images of each other | 56 | |
| 1648659024 | Stuctural Isomers | Different covalent arrangement of their atoms | 57 | |
| 1648659025 | What are the 7 functional groups? | Hydroxyl Carbonyl (ketone, aldehyde) Carboxyl Amino Group Sulfhydryl Phosphate Methyl | 58 | |
| 1648659026 | Explain the hydroxyl Group? | ... | 59 | |
| 1648659027 | Explain the Carbonyl Group? | ... | 60 | |
| 1648659028 | Explain the Carboxyl Group? | ... | 61 | |
| 1648659029 | Explain the Amino Group | ... | 62 | |
| 1648659030 | Explain the Sulfhydryl Group? | ... | 63 | |
| 1648659031 | Explain the Phosphate Group? | ... | 64 | |
| 1648659032 | Explain the Methyl Group? | ... | 65 | |
| 1648659033 | What is Adenosine Triphosphate | The primary energy transferring molecule in the cell | 66 |
