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American Pageant Chapters 6-9 Flashcards

Terms found in chapters 6-9 in the American Pageant.

900827027	French and Indian War	1689- 1763 The French and Indian War, aka the Seven year war, the English and French fought for colonial domination of the land in North America. The English won, but it left a huge debt that the colonist's were being forced to pay. This brought taxes and tention between the colonies and England.	1
900827028	Treaty of Paris 1763	The Treaty of Paris 1763 ended the French and Indian War. France was forced to give up all its land in the New World.This ended the French threat to the colonies.	2
900827029	Proclamation of 1763	1763, Britain issued a royal decree that prohibited colonies in the New World from making settlements west of the imaginary line that followed the line of the Appalachian Mountains. The Proclomation stated that the Indians had the right of the land west of the line, and that any whites in the area were forced to move.	3
900827030	Intolerable Act	The British parliament snapped when the colonists dumped 342 chests of tea into the harbor, known as the Boston Tea Party. King George III wanted to punish the colonists, so he ordered several acts upon the colonists. These were known as the Intolerable Acts.	4
900827031	Sons and Daughters of Liberty	The Sons of Liberty were a group of male patriots that wanted to protect the colonist's rights from the British. Most of them ended up fightining in the Revolutionary War. The Daughters of Liberty were a group of female patriots that helped the colonists by making and finding substitues for British items.	5
900827032	Committees of Correspondence	The Committees of Correspondence was the colonist's first attempt at communication with one another. It was used to send messages throughtout the colonies on matters that were happening.	6
900827033	Declaration of Independence	As America was fighting England for independence, the Declaration of Independence, a formal statement of America claiming independence from England's reign, was drafted by Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin. The Continental Congress took on the Declaration on July 4, 1776.	7
900827034	John Locke / Montesquieu	John Locke and Baron de Montesquieu were two governmental thinkers during the Enlightment period. They helped build the constitution with thier ideas. John Locke came up with the three natural rights (life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness). Montesquieu came up with the idea that the government got their power from the people.	8
900827035	Thomas Jefferson	Thomas Jefferson was a co-writer of the Declaration of Independence. He also wrote Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom. He was the third president of the United States of America. He also was the founder of the University of Virginia.	9
900827036	French Alliance	As America was fighting England, they realized they would need international help to defeat the British. They turned to France for help. French and American representatives met and signed the Treaty of Alliance and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce. The French sent help to the colonies and helped defeat the English.	10
900827037	Role of Benjamin Franklin	Benjamin Franklin did many things during the Revolutionary War. He helped persuade France to ally with America. He helped write the U.S. Constitution. He signed the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, the Treaty of Alliance, and the Treaty of Paris. He was a great gonvermental influencer in the Revolutionary War.	11
900827038	Marquis de Lafayette	Marquis de Lafayette was born french. He came to America at the age of 19. He presented himself to the Phildelphia congress and greatly befriended George Washington, who later called Marquis his son. He became a major general. Marquis won the formal French support during the Revolution War, and his battle tactics ensured victory many times for the Americans.	12
900827039	George Washington / Continental Army	George Washington was a commander for the British army during the French and Indian War. His experience and reputation caused him to be voted into the Commander-in-Chief position over the Continental Army. He led the American troops in the Revoulutionary War.	13
900827040	Crossing Delaware River	December of 1776, the Continental Army led by George Washingtion encamped along the Pennsylvania shore of the Deleware River. The night of December 25, Washington led the troops over the Delaware River, attacking the Hessian-held town of Trenton early that morning taking an American victory.	14
900827041	Valley Forge	Valley Forge was full of hungry, disease covered, and dying American troops. The winter resutled in a terrible time for them. However, the spring and new and more supplies coming into the Army led to a new found hope and eagerness for the battles to come. This was a turning point for the Continental Army.	15
900827042	Battle of Yorktown	When the French landed ready to fight with the Americans against the British, they decided to go against Cornwallis who held Yorktown. From Sept. 5-9, the French surprised and pushed the British navy fleet back to New York. For five days the American and French army battled against Cornwallis and his troops, achieving success when Cornwallis surrendered on October 19.	16
900827043	Lord Charles Cornwallis	Lord Charles Cornwallis was a British general who fought against America during the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis was a very successful general, except for his surrender at the Battle of Yorktown which was one of the biggest loss in his career.	17
900827044	1783 Treaty of Parris	The 1783 Treaty of Paris was a peace negotiation between America and England that ended the Revolutionary War and achieved independence for the United States of America.	18
900827045	Articles of Conferderation (weaknesses)	The Articles of Confederation served as the first government form in the U.S after it's independence. Unfortuanatly it didn't work out, due to it having many weaknesses. These were that the national government could not force the states to obey it's laws, it did not have the power to tax, it did not have the power to enforce laws, there was no national army or navy, there was no system of national courts, and many more.	19
900827046	Daniel Shay's Rebellion	Due to an economic crisis happening in central and western Massachusetts, many poor farmers who were in debt were put in prison and thier farms were seized. Under the leadership of Daniel Shay, a former captain in the Continental Army, the people revolted leading to the closing of courts and the release of imprisoned debtors. James Bowdoin, the governor of Massachusetts, organized a military force to confront the rebels. The rebellion fell, but it revealed the conflict laying before them in the post-revolutionary time.	20
900827047	Federalist / Anti-Federalists	The Federalists and the Anti-Federalists were two groups of people that either did or didn't want to ratify the Constitution. The Federalists were an organized group that did want to ratify the Constitution. They wanted to add a Bill of Rights and they liked the seperation of power into the three branches. The Anti-Federalists didn't want to ratify the Constitution. They felt that a Bill of Rights would get rid of the well earned rights and that a change would give the government too much power. The Federalist got as they asked and the Constitution was ratified and a Bill of Rights was added.	21
900827048	Checks & Balances	With the three branches of government (judicial, executive, and legislative) the delegates had to put a "check and balance" system into the Constitution. It's main purpose was the make sure that no branch could become too powerful. Each branch has a power limitation it can put on another branch, and those branches can limit the other.	22
900827049	Alexander Hamilton	Alexander Hamilton was a Continental Army officer under George Washington. He was appointed a member of Congress. He had many great achievements in the Revolutionary War. He was a great influencer in the framing of the Constitution.	23
900827050	James Madison	James Madison along with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay wrote the Federalist essays. He was reffered at the "Father of the Constitution". He helped frame the Bill of Rights. He was Secretary of State under Pres. Jefferson. He later became the 4th president.	24
900827051	States' Rights	After the Revolutionary War, states wanted to be able to have thier rights. The founding fathers had to compromise with the states in order to ratify the Constitution and making America one country. They had to give the states' a bill of rights and had to allow slavery.	25
900827052	The Constitution	The Constitution was made in response to the failure of the Articles of Confederation. 12 out of the 13 states (the one missing is Rhode Island) convened at the Constitutional Convention. They seperated the power of the government into three branches. The Great Compromise stated that the House of Representatives would represent people by population, and the Senate would be equal throughout the states. It was given to Gouverneur Morris to write. On September 17, 1787 39 of the 55 delegates signed the Constitution, and it was put into play.	26
900827053	Great Compromise	The Great Compromise was a settlement between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan. The Virginia Plan wanted apportioned representation based on state population. The New Jersey Plan wanted each state to have and equal vote in Congress. The Great Compromise was made to satisfy both plans, by stating the Senate would be equal representation of the states, and the House of Representatives would be represented by the population of the states.	27
900827054	Seperation of Powers	The term was created by Montesquieu. The Seperation of Powers was the seperation of the power of the federal government into the executive, judicial, and legislative branches. The three branches each held a power that would serve as a check and balance to the other branches. This seperation insured that no branch could gain absolute power of abuse the power they were given.	28
900827055	Slavery Issue - 3/5's Compromise	The 3/5ths Compromise was a compromise between the North and the South, about the ability to count slaves as citizens. The South wanted them to count so that they could have more votes in Congress. The North didn't see that as fair. The Compomise stated that slaves counted as 3/5ths of a citizen.	29
900827056	Bill of Rights	The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments of the Constitution. They were created in order to appease the North into end the Articles of Constitution and writing the Constitution. It was a shield so that the anti-feds felt secure in the ratification process.	30
900827057	Pontiac's Rebellion	Pontiac's rebellion was a war between a group of Indians lead by Pontiac (Chief of the Ottawa tribe) and the English. They were upset over the rough treatment that the British gave them. This war lasted from 1763 to 1766.	31
900827058	Quartering Act 1765	The Quartering Act was one of the Intolerable Acts. It forced the colonists to feed and shelter the British soldiers in their own homes.	32
900827059	Sugar Act 1764	The Sugar Act was the 1st law passed to raise tax revenue in America. It was also know as the Revenue Act. This Act reduced taxes on mollasses and sugar, enforced the Navigation Act, and increased duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.	33
900827060	Stamp Act 1765	The Stamp Act was passed to raise revenues. It put a tax on all official documents (newspapers, marriage certificates, etc.). It was repealed due to the colonists' cries of "no taxation without representation", but the Declatory Act was passed immediantly after is was repealed.	34
900827061	Patrick Henry	Patrick Henry was a great speaker in the Revoulutionary times. He served in the House of Burgesses and the Continental Congress. He wrote and delivered his famous speech "Give me liberty, or give me death!".	35
900827062	Stamp Act Congress	The Stamp Act Congress was a meeting in New York that only nine states showed up for. They discussed the new taxes and the problems they caused.They suggested a boycott, and Parliament eventually repealed the Stamp Act.	36
900827063	Declaratory Act 1766	The Declaratory Act of 1766, was immediantly passed by Parliament after they repealed the Stamp Act. This Act stated that Parliament had the power to bind the colonists whenever they pleased.	37
900827064	Townshend Acts 1767	The Townshend Acts of 1767 were passed by "Champagne Charley" Townshend who was a member of Parliament. These Acts included put an import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea.	38
900827065	Writs of Assistance	Writs of Assistance is a search warrent issued by Parliament that gives British government officials the right to enforce trade and navigation laws.	39
900827066	Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania	Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania was writen by John Dickerson. They were written to rally the colonists against the Townshend Acts.	40
900827067	Samuel Adams	Samuel Adams was a political organizer and speaker in the Revolutionary times. He lead the Boston Tea Party, created the Committees of Correspondence, and signed the Dec. of Independence.	41
900827068	Boston Massacre	The Boston Massacre was a fight between a crowd of Patriots and a British Patrol. The colonists threw snowballs and taunted the soldiers. It ended with the soldiers shooting into the crowd killing/wounding eleven.	42
900827069	Committees of Correspondence	The Committees of Correspondence were created by Sam Adams. They were used as a way to spread propaganda and the spirit of independence throughout the colonies.	43
900827070	Gaspee Incident	The Gaspee Incident was when a group of the Sons of Liberty boarded, looted, and burned a crashed British ship.	44
900827071	Boston Tea Party	The Boston Tea Party was a revolt against the Tea Act. Patriots dressed up as indians, boarded the tea ships anchored in the Boston harbor, and dumped 342 chests of tea into the water.	45
900827072	Intolerable Acts	The Intolerable Acts were a series of Acts placed upon the colonists by Parliament as punishment for the Boston Tea Party and other revolts. They included the Boston Port Bill, the Quartering Act, the Administration of Justice Act,the Massachusetts Government Act, and the Quebec Act	46
900827073	Coercive Acts	The Coercive Acts are the Intolerable Acts, but the British called them the Coercive Acts, and the Americans called them the Intolerable Acts.	47
900827074	Enlightenment	The Enlightenment in Colonial America included the Great Awakening and more religious movements.	48
900827075	Deism	Deism is the religion of nature. This is featured in the mention of "unalienable rights" in the Declaration of Independence.	49
900827076	Rationalism	Rationalism is the belief that human beings can arrive at truth by reason. John Locke believed in this principal.	50
900827077	John Locke	John Locke was the person who came up with the three natural rights, all men are created equal, and the seperation of powers that are found in the Constitution.	51
900827078	First Continental Congress	The First Continental Congress met in 1774 with only 12/13 states attending. They met to discuss how to repsond to the Intolerable Acts as one body.	52
900827079	Patrick Henry	Patrick Henry was the author of the "Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death" speech.	53
900827080	Second Continental Congress	The Second Continental Congress met and all three states showed up this time. This time they met to create the Declaration of Independence and put George Washington as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army.	54
900827081	Olive Branch Petition	The Olive Branch Petition was made by the Continental Congress in 1775, professing the American loyalty to the crown and begging the King to prevent further hostilities. However the King didn't acknowledge this, and declared the colonies to be in a state of rebellion.	55
900827082	Thomas Paine; Common Sense	Thomas Paine was the author of Common Sense, which was a pamplet encouraging the colonists to support total independence from the crown.	56
900827083	Battle of Saratoga	The Battle of Saratoga was a major win for the Americans. This battle convinced France to aid the colonists in the war for independence.	57
900827084	Battle of Yorktown	The Battle of Yorktown was the battle the American colonists won thier freedom. General Cornwallis surrendered and America won the war.	58
900827085	Northwest Ordiance	The Northwest Ordiance of 1787 was a compromise made by the Articles of Confederation that created two evolutionary territorial stages that created more land into states when they reached a certain number in population.	59
900827086	Shay's Rebellion	Shay's Rebellion was the a small revolt from 1786-1787 led by Daniel Shay. This was a rebellion of small farmers that were mad because so many of them were being put into prison or having thier land taken away because they couldn't pay their taxes.	60
900827087	The Federalist Papers	The Federalist Papers were a series of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay that promoted the ratification of the Constitution.	61
900827088	Virginia Plan	The Virginia Plan (aka the large state plan) wanted the Congress to be represented by the population of the states.	62
900827089	New Jesey Plan	The New Jersey Plan (aka the small state plan) wanted the Congress to have equal representation.	63
900827090	Great Compromise	The Great Compromise was a settlement between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan. The Virginia Plan wanted apportioned representation based on state population. The New Jersey Plan wanted each state to have and equal vote in Congress. The Great Compromise was made to satisfy both plans, by stating the Senate would be equal representation of the states, and the House of Representatives would be represented by the population of the states.	64
900827091	John Adams	John Adams was a major player in the Revolutionary times. He was a representative in the two Continental Congresses, he represented the British soldiers during the Boston Massacre Trial, he signed the Dec. of Independence, and he later on became President.	65

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 1: The Study of Life Flashcards

Vocabulary: evolution, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), emergent properties, biosphere, ecosystems, community, population, organism, organs and organ systems, tissues, organelles, cell, molecule, eukaryotic cell, prokaryotic cell, gene, genome, negative feedback, positive feedback, adaptation, inductive reasoning, data, hypothesis, deductive reasoning, controlled experiment, dependent variable, independent variable, theory
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define biology.
2. List and explain the characteristics of life.
a. Define metabolism.
b. Define adaptation.
3. Distinguish between types of organisms by describing the differences between and
give examples of:
a. unicellular and multicellular organisms; and,
b. prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
4. List and explain the levels of biological organization.
5. Relating to major concepts in biology, explain what is meant by:
a. "the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things";
b. "the continuity of life depends on the inheritance of biological information";
c. "form fits function";
d. "the unity and diversity of life"; and,
e. "life forms change".
6. Explain why DNA is considered the molecule of inheritance in all organisms.
7. Define evolution.
a. Define population and give examples of characteristics of populations.
b. Explain evolution through natural selection.
c. Explain how adaptations come about through natural selection.
d. Explain why evolution is a central theme in biology.
8. Define science and explain why biology is a science.
9. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning and explain how these
processes of logic are used in science.
10. List in order and explain the logical relationship between the steps of the
scientific method.
11. Explain the difference between hypothesis, theory, and law.
12. Explain the "if . . .

Terms : Hide Images

1685904133	Evolution	Evolution is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth	0
1685904188	DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid: a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix	1
1685904134	Biology	The scientific study of life	2
1685904135	Emergent properties	New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.	3
1685904136	Systems Biology	An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts.	4
1685904189	Eukaryotic Cell	A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.	5
1685904190	Prokaryotic Cell	A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes.	6
1685904137	Gene	A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).	7
1685904138	Gene expression	The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.	8
1685904139	Genome	The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences.	9
1685904140	Biosphere	The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems.	10
1685904141	Ecosystems	All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them	11
1685904142	Community	All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.	12
1685904143	Population	A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.	13
1685904144	Organism	a creature such as a plant, animal or a single-celled life form, or something that has interdependent parts and that is being compared to a living creature	14
1685904145	Organs	A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.	15
1685904146	Organ Systems	A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.	16
1685904147	Tissues	An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both.	17
1685904148	Organelles	Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.	18
1685904149	Cell	The part of a neuron that houses the nucleus and most other organelles.	19
1685904150	Molecule	Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.	20
1685904151	Negative Feedback	A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.	21
1685904152	Positive Feedback	A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change.	22
1685904153	Adaptation	Inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment.	23
1685904154	Inductive Reasoning	Induction moves from a set of specific observations (humans require organic molecules, fish require organic molecules) to reach a general conclusion (all animals require organic molecules	24
1685904155	Data	Recorded observations.	25
1685904156	Hypothesis	A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. A hypothesis is narrower in scope than a theory.	26
1685904157	Deductive Reasoning	A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.	27
1685904158	Controlled Experiment	An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested.	28
1685904159	Dependent Variable	It is something that depends on other factors.	29
1685904160	Independent Variable	It is a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure.	30
1685904161	Theory	An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence.	31
1685904191	What are the 7 Characteristics of Life?	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development	32
1685904162	Metabolism	The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism.	33
1685904163	Why is Biology a Science?	Biology is a science since it takes care to interpret the nature, according to the scientific method, which establishes the resolution of hypotheses raised by the researcher, by means of using different techniques for the creation of representative models of nature.	34
1685904164	Distinguish between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning	Inductive reasoning derives generalizations from specific cases and deductive reasoning predicts specific outcomes from general premises.	35
1685904165	What are the 7 steps of the Scientific Method?	1. Observe 2. Research 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Test the hypothesis 5. Analyze results and draw conclusions 6. Report your findings 7. Conduct more research	36
1685904166	What is the difference between hypothesis, theory and law?	The Difference between a Hypothesis a Theory and a Law there are very distinct. A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested. A theory is a statement that has not been tested. A Law is a statement that is relevant and is true.	37
1685904167	What is the difference between observational and experimental investigations?	Observational investigations do not manipulate data	38
1685904192	What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?	Quantitative data includes recorded measurements which can be organized into tables or graphs and qualitative data would include observations	39
1685904168	What is the relationship between the conclusion and the hypothesis?	The conclusion is a statement about the experiment's results. As a report of your data, it can't be considered wrong even if the results don't support your hypothesis. You have learned that your hypothesis does not answer your original research question.	40
1685904193	What are the three domains by which all living organisms are classified?	Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya	41
1685904169	What are the 4 kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya?	Plantae Animalia Fungi Protista	42
1685904170	What are Bacteria?	All unicellular prokaryotic (no nucleus) organisms with peptidoglycan in their cell walls	43
1685904171	What is the Theory of Natural Selection?	A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.	44
1685904172	How do we distinguish between results(data) and conclusions?	Results are measurable data and a conclusion is a report about what you learned based on w the results	45
1685904173	Concept 1.2: Why is evolution considered the core theme of biology?	Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life and it explains the most fundamental aspects of all life on earth. It accounts for the common features shared by all forms of life due to the descent from a common ancestor.	46
1685904174	Concept 1.3: How could natural selection have led to the evolution of adaptations such as the thick, water conserving leaves of the mother of pearl plant?	Ancestors of this plant may have exhibited variation in how well their leaves conserved water. Because not much soil is present in the crevices where these plants are found, the variant plans that could conserve water may hav survived better and been able to produce more offspring.	47
1685904175	Define Biology? What is the definition of Biology	Biology is the scientific study of life	48
1685904176	What is the molecule that can account for both the unity and the diversity of life?	DNA	49
1685904177	What is the appropriate term for an interacting group of individuals of a single type occupying a defined area?	A Population	50
1685904194	How would you define a Eukaryotic cell?	A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus	51
1685904195	How would you define a prokaryotic cell?	A prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles	52
1685904178	What is deductive reasoning?	Deductive reasoning uses general premises to make specific predictions	53
1685904196	What are the 7 Properties/Characteristics of Life	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development	54
1685904179	What is reductionism?	The approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.	55
1685904197	What are the 10 levels of Biological Organization?	1. Biosphere 2. Ecosystem 3. Communities 4. Populations 5. Organisms 6. Organs and Organ Systems 7. Tissues 8. Cells 9. Organelles 10. Molecules	56
1685904198	Cell	The lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life	57
1685904180	What is a theory?	A theory is a statement that has not been tested	58
1685904181	What is a law?	A Law is a statement that is relevant and is true.	59
1685904182	What is a hypothesis?	A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested	60
1685904183	What are data?	Data are recorded observations or items of information	61
1685904184	Of the three domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, which one is prokayotic?	Archaea	62
1685904185	The energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from....	The sun	63
1685904186	Eukaryotic organisms that decompose dead organisms and absorb the nutrients are generally found in which kingdom?	Fungi	64

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Intro to Psychology- Sensation and Perception (Chapter 6) Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

1548852818	Gestalt Principle	Principles that describe the brains organization of sensory information into meaningful units and patterns	1
1548852819	binocular cues	Visual cues to depth or distance requiring two eyes.	2
1548852820	convergence	The turning inward of the eyes, which occurs when they focus on a nearby object.	3
1548852821	retinal disparity	The slight difference in lateral separation between two objects as seen by the left eye and the right eye.	4
1548852822	monocular cues	Visual cues to depth or distance that can be used by one eye alone. (linear perspective, shading, relative height, depth perception)	5
1549393384	pitch	The dimension of auditory experience related to the frequency of a pressure wave; the height or depth of a tone.	6
1549393385	Ambiguity	an impt concept in understanding perception -single image> multiple interpretation	7
1549393386	retinal disparity	The slight difference in lateral separation between two objects as seen by the left eye and the right eye.	8
1549393387	perceptual constancy	The accurate perception of objects as stable or unchanged despite changes in the sensory patterns they produce.	9
1549393388	sensation	The detection of physical energy emitted or reflected by by physical objects; it occurs when energy in the external environment or the body stimulates receptors in the sense organs.	10
1549393389	perception	The process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information	11
1549393390	sense receptors	Specialized cells that convert physical energy in the environment or the body to electrical energy that can be transmitted as nerve impulses to the brain.	12
1549393391	doctrine of specific nerve	The principle that different sensory modalities exist because signals received by the sense organs stimulates different nerve pathways leading to different areas of the brain.	13
1549393392	synesthesia	A condition in which stimulation of one sense also evokes another.	14
1549393393	absolute threshold	The smallest quantity of physical energy that can be reliably detected by an observer.	15
1549393394	difference threshold	The smallest difference in stimulation that can be reliably detected by an observer when two stimuli are compared; also called just noticeable difference(jnd)	16
1549393395	signal- detection theory	A psychophysical theory that divides the detection of a sensory signal into a sensory process and a decision process.	17
1549393396	sensory adaptation	The reduction or disappearance of sensory responsiveness when stimulation is unchanging or repetitious.	18
1549393397	sensory deprivation	The absence of normal levels of sensory stimulation	19
1549393398	selective attention	The focusing of attention on selected aspects of the environment and the blocking out of others	20
1549393399	in attentional blindness	Failure to consciously perceive something you are looking at because you are not attending to it.	21
1549417039	hue	The dimension of visual experience specified by colour names and related to the wave lengths of light	22
1549417040	brightness	Lightness or luminance; the dimension of visual experience related to the amount of light emitted from or reflected by an object.	23
1549417041	saturation	Vividness or purity of colour; the dimension of visual experience related to the complexity of light waves.	24
1549417042	retina	Neural tissue lining the back of the eyeballs interior, which contains the receptors for vision	25
1549417043	rods	Visual receptors that respond to dim light	26
1549417044	cones	Visual receptors involved in colour vision.	27
1549417045	dark adaptation	A process by which visual receptors become maximally sensitive to dim light	28
1549417046	ganglion cells	Neurons in the retina of the eye that gather information from receptor cells (by way of intermediate bipolar cells); their axons make up the optic nerve.	29
1549417047	feature detector cells	Cells in the visual cortex that are sensitive to specific features of the environment.	30
1549417048	trichromatic theory	A theory of colour perception that proposes three mechanisms in the visual system, each sensitive to a certain range of wavelengths; their interaction is assumed to produce all the different experiences of hue.	31
1549417049	opponent-process theory	A theory of colour perception that assumes that the visual system treats pairs of colours as opposing or antagonistic.	32

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AMERICAN HISTORY (BRINKLEY) CH4 Flashcards

CHAPTER 4 OF ALAN BRINKLEY'S 13TH EDITION OF AMERICAN HISTORY

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1149034444	Each of the following was a reason for the colonists to enjoy their membership in the British Empire in the 1750s EXCEPT	British subsidies for colonial industry.	1
1149034445	During the fifty years after the Glorious Revolution, the British policy of neglect of the colonial economy	was sustained by some Parliamentary leaders who believed relaxation of restrictions would spur commerce.	2
1149034446	By the 1750s colonial legislatures had come to see themselves as	little parliaments.	3
1149034447	A conference of colonial leaders gathered in Albany, New York in 1754 to discuss a proposal by Benjamin Franklin to	establish "one general government" for all the colonies.	4
1149034448	Both the French and the English were well aware that the battle for control of North America would be determined in part by	which group could win the allegiance of native tribes.	5
1149034449	The British victory in the Great War for the Empire	gave England control of most the settled regions of North America.	6
1149034450	Prior to the Great War for the Empire, the Iroquois Confederacy	maintained their autonomy by avoiding a close relationship with both the French and the English.	7
1149034451	Which of the following did NOT occur during the prime ministry of William Pitt?	Most of the fighting was done by colonial militia.	8
1149034452	For which of the following was the result of the Great War for the Empire a disaster?	the Iroquois Confederacy	9
1149034453	The English decision to reorganize the British Empire after 1763 was the result of	enormous war debts and large increases in territory.	10
1149034454	George III influenced the growing strain between the colonies and Great Britain through	his insecure personality, which contributed to the instability of the British government during these years.	11
1149034455	In an effort to keep peace between frontiersmen and Indians and provide for a more orderly settlement of the West, the British government	forbade settlers from crossing the mountains that divided the Atlantic coast from the interior.	12
1149034456	Which of the following was a consequence of the policies of the Grenville ministry?	British tax revenues in the colonies increased ten times.	13
1149034457	British policies after 1763	actually helped the colonial economy.	14
1149034458	Colonists argued that the Stamp Act was not proper because	colonies could be taxed only by their provincial assemblies.	15
1149034459	British authorities decided to repeal the Stamp Act primarily because of the	economic pressure caused by a colonial boycott of English goods.	16
1149034460	Townshend believed his taxes on the colonists would not be protested because they were	"external" taxes—taxes on goods brought from overseas.	17
1149034461	The Boston Massacre	was probably the result of panic and confusion.	18
1149034462	Colonial "committees of correspondence" were created to	publicize grievances against England	19
1149034463	American complaints concerning lack of representation made little sense to the English, who pointed out that	each member of Parliament represented the interests of the whole empire rather than a particular individual or geographical area	20
1149034464	Colonists felt that when the English constitution was allowed to function properly, it created the best political system because it	distributed power among the three elements of society—the monarchy, the aristocracy, and the common people.	21
1149034465	The Coercive or Intolerable Acts	made Massachusetts a martyr in the eyes of other colonies	22
1149034466	Which of the following was NOT a step taken by the First Continental Congress?	It adopted a plan for a colonial union under British authority.	23
1149034467	The dispute over the Tea Act:	caused the implementation of the Intolerable Acts.	24
1149034468	The Regulator movement of 1771 consisted of:	farmers of the Carolina upcountry opposed to high taxes.	25

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APUSH Chapter 7 Flashcards

APUSH Chapter 7

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952443421	What was America's involvement in previous world wars?	Americans were unable to stay out of any world wars	1
952443422	What set the stage for America's independence?	The Seven Years' War, or the French and Indian War	2
952443423	What countries were latecomers in the scramble for New World real estate?	Holland, England, and France	3
952443424	What two groups clashed through foreign wars and domestic strife in the 1500s?	The Roman Catholics and the Protestant Huguenots	4
952443425	What was the day in 1572 when ten thousand Huguenots were butchered?	St. Bartholomew's Day	5
952443426	What was the Edict of Nantes?	issued by the crown, granted limited toleration to French Protestants	6
952443427	Who was King Louis XIV?	Ruler of France as it blossomed into mighty, feared nation, took deep interest in overseas colonies	7
952443428	What was the first permanent French settlement in the New World?	Quebec	8
952443429	Who was Samuel de Champlain?	Soldier and explorer who led Quebec, was known as the "Father of New France"	9
952443430	Who did Samuel de Champlain establish relations with in Quebec?	The Huron Indian tribes	10
952443431	Who were the foes of the Huron Indians?	The Iroquois tribes of the upper New York area	11
952443432	What feud worked against the favor of the French?	The French and the Iroquois after they terrified the tribes in war alongside the Hurons, as they prevented the penetration of the Ohio Valley, and served as allies of the British	12
952443433	Who were the allies of the Iroquois?	The British and colonists	13
952443434	What royal regime was completely autocratic?	The government of New France after it fell under the control of the king	14
952443435	What was the population in Catholic New France like?	It grew at a increasing pace	15
952443436	How many whites inhabited New France as laet is 1750?	Sixty thousand	16
952443437	Who had little motive to move from New France?	Landowning French peasants	17
952443438	Who were denied refuge in New France?	The Huguenots, despite having a religious motive to migrate	18
952443439	Which colonies did the French government favor and why?	The Caribbean islands, as they were rich in sugar and rum	19
952443440	What valuable resource did New France contain?	The beaver	20
952443441	Where were French fur-trappers ranged and why?	Over the woods and waterways of North America, in pursuit of the beaver	21
952443442	What places did the coureurs de bois (runners of the woods) name?	Baton Rouge (red stick), Terre Haute (high land), Des Moines (some monks), and Grand Teton (big breast)	22
952443443	Who recruited the Indians into the fur business?	The French voyageurs	23
952443444	What were the negative effects of recruiting Indians into the fur business?	Disease and alcohol took control over many Indians, and the slaughtering of beaver violated religious beliefs	24
952443445	What early problem demonstrated the shattering effect that contract with the Europeans had on Indian way of life?	The recruiting of Indians into fur business, and the slaughtering of beaver	25
952443446	What did the French Catholic missionaries aim to do?	Save the Indians for Christ and from the fur-trappers	26
952443447	What important roles did the Jesuits play?	Explorers and geographers	27
952443448	Who was Antoine Cadillac and what territory did he find?	A french explorer who founded Detroit to prevent English settlers from pushing through to the Ohio Valley	28
952443449	Who was Robert de Salle?	Explorer who sailed down the Mississippi to check for Spanish settlements, and named the interior basin Louisiana	29
952443450	Why didn't de Salle colonize the Gulf?	Three years after his discovery, he sailed back but could not find the Mississippi delta, and was later murdered after landing in Spanish Texas	30
952443451	Who did the French want to block from the Gulf of Mexico?	The Spanish	31
952443452	What were two wars that served as the earliest known contests among the European powers for control of North America?	King William's War and Queen Anne's War	32
952443453	Who mainly battled in King William and Queen Anne's wars?	The British colonists and the French coureurs de bois and the Indian allies they could recruit	33
952443454	What kind of warfare was waged during King William and Queen Anne's wars, and why?	Guerrilla warfare, as France nor Britain considered America worth the commitment of large detachments of regular troops	34
952443455	What did Schenectady, New York, and Deerfield, Massachusetts have in common during the King and Queen's wars?	Were both colonial frontiers that were sites of bloody violence from the Indian allies of the French	35
952443456	What single victory did British colonists score during the King and Queen's wars?	The seizing of the stronghold of Port Royal in Acadia	36
952443457	What was the Treaty of Utrecht?	treaty that ended Queen Anne's War, and gave Acadia, Newfoundland, and the Hudson Bay to the British, as well as trading rights in Spanish America, showed how badly France and its Spanish ally had been beaten	37
952443458	What was the War of Jenkin's Ear?	Started when British captain Jenkins had his ear sliced off by a Spanish commander, confined to the Caribbean Sea and the buffer colony of Georgia, fought Spanish to a standstill	38
952443459	Who was James Olgethorpe?	Philanthropist-soldier who fought his Spanish foe to a standstill during the War of Jenkin's Ear	39
952443460	What did the War of Jenkin's Ear lead to?	King George's War	40
952443461	Who was France allied with during King George's War?	Spain	41
952443462	What fortress did the New Englanders capture with help from the British fleet?	Louisbourg, that commanded the approaches to the St. Lawerence River	42
952443463	What did the peace treaty of 1748 decide, and why were the colonists angered?	It returned Louisburg to the French in exchange for Madras in India, colonists were angered because they needed Louisburg for safety	43
952443464	What was the primary cause of feud between the French and the British in the New World?	The Ohio Valley	44
952443465	Where was Fort Duquesne located?	At the pivotal point where the Monongahela and the Allegheny Rivers join to form the Ohio River, later Pittsburgh	45
952443466	Why was George Washington sent by the governor?	To direct French to leave the territory so colonists could continue their westward push and settlement	46
952443467	What happened at Fort Necessity?	Washington and his troops were forced to surrender by the French	47
952443468	What did British authorities do in Nova Soctia?	Uproot four thousand French Acadians, and deport them as far south as Louisiana	48
952443469	What are the French-speaking Acadians called now, and number how many?	Cajuns, and nearly a million	49
952443470	Where had the first three Anglo-French wars started compared to the fourth?	The first three started in Europe, but the last, the French and Indian War, started in America	50
952443471	Where was the French and Indian War fought?	America, Europe, the West Indies, the Philippines, in Africa, and on the ocean	51
952443472	What were the principal adversaries in Europe?	Britain and Prussia against France, Spain, Austria, and Russia	52
952443473	Who was Frederick the Great?	Repelled the French, Austrian, and Russian armies despite being outnumbered, was subsidized with gold as he could not be reinforced with effective troops by the government in London	53
952443474	Why were the colonists lucky the French wasted so much strength in the European bloodbath?	They were unable to throw an adequate force into the New World as their army was focused in Europe, allowed for British victory in North America	54
952443475	What was the purpose at the meeting in Albany, and the Albany Plan of Union?	To achieve greater colonial unity and power, thus enhancing the cmoon defense against France	55
952443476	Who published the Pennsylvania Gazette?	Benjamin Franklin	56
952443477	What famous cartoon was shown in the Pennsylvania Gazette?	Join, or Die snake	57
952443478	Who was the leading spirit at the Albany Congress?	Benjamin Franklin	58
952443479	Who rejected the Albany Plan of Union?	The individual colonies as it did not give enough independence, and the London regime because it seemed to give too much	59
952443480	Who would President-General be chosen by?	The king	60
952443481	Who would the Grand Council be chosen by?	Colonial legislatures	61
952443482	What would the Union have the power to do?	Raise armies, levy taxes, manage pubic lands, make laws for the general good, protection relations with Indians	62
952443483	Who was General Braddock?	British general who set out with two thousand men to capture Fort Duquesne, but encountered a French and Indian army miles from the fort, despite Washington's aid suffered loss and wounds	63
952443484	Who was William Pitt?	became prime minister, increased commitment to win war in America	64
952443485	Why did Pitt soft-pedal assaults on the French West Indies?	He wanted to stop these battles that were bleeding away most of British strength, and concentrate on the vitals of Canada	65
952443486	Who did Pitt pick to lead the war in the New World?	New, energetic leaders to bypass incompetent and cautious old generals	66
952443487	What was the first powerful expedition dispatched by Pitt?	Against Louisbourg, fell to Britain, and became the first significant British victory of the entire war	67
952443488	Who did Pitt choose for the expedition against Quebec?	James Wolfe, who attacked through the St. Lawrence River and behind Quebec on the Plains of Abraham	68
952443489	Who was the French commander that fell alongside James Wolfe at the Battle of Quebec?	Marquis de Montcalm	69
952443490	What happened during the Battle of Montreal?	Montreal fell to the British after they were attacked via the Hudson River and Lake Champlain, signaled the end of French presence in North America	70
952443491	What was the Treaty of Paris?	Ended the French and Indian War, France gave England all of Canada and lands east of the Mississippi to the Appalachian Mountains, lost trading posts in Indian and Senegal	71
952443492	What did Spain give Florida to Britain in exchange for?	Cuba	72
952443493	Why did Pitt want Canada?	To help build his empire	73
952443494	What did Britain emerge as after the French and Indian War?	The leading naval power of the world	74
952443495	What the the colonists gain from the French and Indian War?	Combat experience, confidence, and a sense of nationality through a common language and wartime	75
952443496	What myth did the French and Indian War shatter in regards to the colonists view of the British?	British invincibility	76
952443497	What threats were eliminated as a result of the French and Indian War?	The French presence, as well as the threat of the Spanish and Indians	77
952443498	Why did the Indians lose their European ally?	To limit British power and stop American expansion	78
952443499	What territories did Britain control after the French and Indian War?	Canada, American colonies, Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys, and Florida	79
952443500	Where were the 200,000 Indians located?	West of the Appalachian Mountains	80
952443501	What control did the Indians prefer, regarding to North America?	The French, feared British control	81
952443502	Who was Neolin?	Delaware prophet that encouraged Indians to resist English encroachment on their land	82
952443503	Why did Pontiac drive a violent campaign?	In attempt to drive the British out of the Ohio country	83
952443504	What was the British response to their defeat against Pontiac?	Sent blankets infested with smallpox to the Indians, and sent 10,000 troops to defend the colonists	84
952443505	What was the Proclamation of 1763?	established by the London government, prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians	85
952443506	Why did the London government establish the Proclamation of 1763?	To protect Indian relations by prohibiting settlement on their lands, and preventing another bloody uprising	86
952443507	Why were the colonists angered?	They believed the British were trying to oppress them, and take away the recent purchase of the war	87

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AP Biology Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Flashcards

Campbell Biology Book. Unit 1: The Chemistry of Life. Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism.

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1020726437	Metabolism	The totality of an organism's chemical reactions. Manages the material and energy resources of the cell.	1
1020726438	Metabolic Pathway	Begins with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product.	2
1020726439	Catabolic Pathways	Release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. Ex: Cellular Respiration	3
1020726440	Anabolic Pathways	Consume energy to build complicated molecules form simpler ones (AKA biosynthetic pathways). Ex: synthesis of a protein from amino acids.	4
1020726441	Bioenergetics	The study of how energy flows through living organisms.	5
1020726442	Energy	The capacity to cause change. Can be used to do work.	6
1020726443	Kinetic Energy	Energy associated with the relative motion of an object.	7
1020726444	Thermal energy	AKA Heat. Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules.	8
1020726445	Potential Energy	Energy possessed because of location or structure. Molecules possess this type of energy because of the arrangement of their atoms.	9
1020726446	Chemical Energy	Potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction. Complex molecules like glucose are high in this type of energy.	10
1020726447	Thermodynamics	The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.	11
1020726448	Isolated System	Unable to exchange energy or matter with its surroundings.	12
1020726449	Open System	Energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. Ex: Organisms	13
1020726450	First Law of Thermodynamics	Energy can be transferred and transformed, but cannot be created or destroyed (principle of conservation of energy).	14
1020726451	Entropy	A measure of disorder or randomness. Change in this represented by delta S.	15
1020726452	Second Law of Thermodynamics	Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. (For a process to occur spontaneously, it must increase the entropy of the universe)	16
1020726453	Spontaneous	A process that can occur without the input of energy.	17
1020726454	Nonspontaneous	A process that cannot occur on its own.	18
1020726455	Free Energy	The portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system. The change in this is represented by delta G. A measure of a system's instability.	19
1020726456	Enthalpy	In biological systems, equivalent to total energy. Change in this represented by delta H.	20
1020726457	Gibbs Free Energy	Delta G = Delta H - T *Delta S	21
1020726458	Negative Delta G	Only processes with this are spontaneous. Every spontaneous process decreases the system's free energy.	22
1020726459	Equilibrium	A state of maximum stability. The lowest possible value of G for that system. Cannot spontaneously change, and can do no work.	23
1020726460	Exergonic Reaction	Proceeds with a net release of free energy. (G decreases, so delta G is negative). Occur spontaneously. The magnitude represents the work capacity.	24
1020726461	Endergonic Reaction	Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings. G increases and delta G is positive. Nonspontaneous, and the magnitude of delta G is the quantity required to drive the reaction.	25
1020726462	Chemical Work	The pushing of endergonic reactions, which would not occur spontaneously. Ex: synthesis of polymers from monomers	26
1020726463	Transport Work	The pumping of substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement.	27
1020726464	Mechanical Work	Ex: the beating of cilia, the contraction of muscle cells, and the movement of chromosomes during cellular reproduction.	28
1020726465	Energy Coupling	The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. ATP is responsible for mediating most of this, and acts as the immediate source of energy that powers most cellular work.	29
1020726466	ATP	Adenosine triphosphate. Contains the sugar ribose + nitrogenous base adenine + 3 phosphate groups. Releases energy during hydrolysis.	30
1020726467	Phosphorylated	Describes the state of a recipient of a phosphate group.	31
1020726468	Enzyme	Macromolecule that acts as a catalyst. Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction to occur.	32
1020726469	Catalyst	A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.	33
1020726470	Activation Energy	The energy required to contort the reactant molecules so the bonds can break. The amount of energy needed to push the reactants over an energy barrier. Often supplied in the form of heat.	34
1020726471	Substrate	The reactant an enzyme acts on.	35
1020726472	Enzyme-Substrate Complex	The enzyme and substrate are joined together.	36
1020726473	Active Site	The region of the enzyme which binds to the substrate. Typically a pocket or groove on the surface of the protein where catalysis occurs.	37
1020726474	Induced Fit	Like a clasping handshake. Brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the chemical reaction.	38
1020726475	Cofactors	Nonprotein helpers which may be bound tightly to the enzyme of loosely and reversibly along with the substrate.	39
1020726476	Coenzyme	A cofactor that is an organic molecule. Ex: vitamins.	40
1020726477	Competitive Inhibitors	Reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites. Can be overcome by increasing the concentration of substrate.	41
1020726478	Noncompetitive Inhibitors	Do not directly compete with the substrate, but bind to the enzyme at another part and cause the enzyme to change shape so the active site becomes less effective.	42
1020726479	Allosteric Regulation	Any case in which a protein's function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site. Can result in inhibition or stimulation.	43
1020726480	Cooperativity	When an enzyme has two or more subunits, a substrate molecule causing induced fit in one subunit can trigger the same favorable shape change in all other subunits of the enzyme. Amplifies the response of enzymes to substrates.	44
1020726481	Feedback Inhibition	When a metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway.	45

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Parenting: Chapter 11: The Birth Process Flashcards

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1689082319	labor	the process of giving birth	0
1689082320	contraction	a tightening of the uterus muscles followed by relaxation of muscles	1
1689082321	fetal monitor	a device that allows medical staff to keep track of the fetus's heart rate during labor and watch for signs of stress	2
1689082322	transition	a phase in which the woman's contractions intensify toward the end of the first stage of labor	3
1689082323	anesthetic	a medication that causes loss of sensation	4
1689082324	episiotomy	a surgical cut made to widen the vaginal opening during labor	5
1689082325	breech presentation	a situation in which an unborn baby, close to the time of delivery, is positioned with the feet or buttocks closest to the cervix, rather than the normal head-down position	6
1689082326	cesarean delivery	a procedure in which a baby is delivered through a surgical opening in the mother's abdomen (C-section)	7
1689082327	vernix	a greasy white material covering the skin of newborns	8
1689082328	jaundice	a fairly common medical problem that occurs when newborn's liver is not yet able to break down a substance called bilirubin, causing skin to have a yellowish tint	9
1689082329	bonding	the process of forming an attachment, or feeling of close connection, between parent and child	10
1689082330	Apgar scale	a system used to rate an infant's physical condition minutes after delivery to detect any problems that require immediate emergency treatment	11
1689082331	rooming-in	the practice of allowing a newborn baby to be cared for in the mother's room rather than in the hospital nursery	12
1689082332	colostrum	the first breast milk; a yellow fluid that a new mother produces for a few days after delivery	13
1689082333	circumcision	a surgical procedure performed on some newborn males in which part of the foreskin is cut away from the tip of the penis	14

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AP US History Chapter 5 Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution Flashcards

1770 -- 1775

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1629971935	Philadelphia	Leading city of the colonies; home of Benjamin Franklin	0
1629971936	African Americans	Largest non-English group in the colonies	1
1629971937	Scots-Irish	Group that settled the frontier, made whiskey, and hated the British and other governmental authorities	2
1629971938	Paxton Boys and Regulators	Scots-Irish frontiersmen who protested against colonial elites of Pennsylvania and North Carolina	3
1629971939	Patrick Henry	Eloquent lawyer-orator who argued in defense of colonial rights	4
1629971940	Molasses Act	Attempt by British authorities to squelch colonial trade with French West Indies	5
1629971941	Anglican Church	Established religion in southern colonies and New York; weakened by lackadaisical clergy and too-close ties with British crown	6
1629971942	Jonathan Edwards	Brilliant New England theologian who instigated the Great Awakening	7
1629971943	George Whitefield	Itinerant British evangelist who spread the Great Awakening throughout the colonies	8
1629971944	Phillis Wheatley	Former slave who became a poet at an early age	9
1629971945	Benjamin Franklin	Author, scientist, printer; "the first civilized American"	10
1629971946	John Peter Zenger	Colonial printer whose case helped begin freedom of the press	11
1629971947	Quakers	Dominant religious group in colonial Pennsylvania, criticized by others for their attitudes toward Indians	12
1629971948	Baptists	Nonestablished religious group that benefited from the Great Awakening	13
1629971949	John Singleton Copley	Colonial painter who studied and worked in Britain	14
1630076578	Paxton Boys	Armed march on Philadelphia by Scotts-Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker establishment's lenient policies toward Native Americans	15
1630076579	Regulator movement	Eventually violent uprising of backcountry settlers in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite	16
1630076580	triangular trade	Exchange of rum, slaves, and molasses between the North American Colonies, Africa, and the West Indies. A small but immensely profitable subset of the Atlantic trade	17
1630076581	Molasses Act	Tax on imported molasses passed by Parliament in an effort to squelch the North American trade with the French West Indies. It proved largely ineffective due to widespread smuggling	18
1630076582	Arminianism	Belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God's grace. Different from Calvinism, which emphasizes predestination and unconditional election	19
1630076583	Great Awakening	1730s and 40s religious revival that swept the colonies. Participating ministers, most notably Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield, paced an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality. A second Great Awakening arose in the nineteenth century	20
1630076584	old lights	Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality	21
1630076585	new lights	Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening	22
1630076586	Poor Richard's Almanack	Widely read annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry, morality, and common sense.	23
1630076587	Zenger trial	New York libel case against John Peter Zenger. Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel	24
1630076588	royal colonies	Colonies where governors were appointed directly by the King. Though often competent administrators, the governors frequently ran into trouble with colonial legislatures, which resented the imposition of control from across the Atlantic	25
1630076589	proprietary colonies	Colonies--Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware--under the control of local proprietors, who appointed colonial governors	26
1630076590	Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crèvecoeur	French settler who questioned America's national identity, saying "What then is the American, this new man?"	27
1630076591	Jacobus Arminius	Dutch theologian who preached that individual free will, not divine decree, determined a person's eternal fate, and that all humans, not just the elect, could be saved if they freely accepted God's grace	28
1630076592	John Trumbull	an aspiring Connecticut painter who was forced to travel to London to pursue his ambitions	29

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Melody's Chinese Now Set One Book 4 Flashcards

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1658902615	哪里 (nǎ lǐ)	where	0
1658902616	哪儿 (nǎr)	where	1
1658902617	在(zài)	in;at; on	2
1658902618	家 (jiā)	home	3
1658902619	客厅 (kè tíng)	living room	4
1658902620	你的 (nǐ de)	your	5
1658956677	狗 (gǒu)	dog	6
1658956678	卧室 (wò shì)	bedroom	7
1658956679	厨房 (chú fáng)	kitchen	8
1658956680	浴室 (yù shì)	bathroom	9
1658956681	后院 (hòu yuàn)	backyard	10

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Unit 1, lesson 2 what is your nationality extended lesson, I can speaknchinese. 我会说中文 I can speak Chinese. Flashcards

Can/can't

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674324782	中文	Chinese language	1
674324783	说中文	speak Chinese say Chinese	2
674324784	妈妈会说中文。	Mommy can say Chinese	3
674324785	爸爸不会说中文。	Daddy can not speak Chinese	4
674324786	会不会	can or can not	5
674324787	你会不会说中文？	Can you speak Chinese?	6
674324788	会。我会。	Yes.	7
674324789	他会不会说中文？	Can he speak Chinese?	8
674324790	不会。他不会。	No.	9
674324791	你会吗？你会不会？	Can you?	10
674324792	姐姐会。弟弟也会。	Elder sister can. Younger brother also can.	11

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