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Biology : Chapter 10 :Cell Growth and Division Flashcards

Biology Vocabulary for Chapter 10
Book : Miller & Levine Biology

169736987	Cell Division	process in which a cell divides into two new daughter cells	1
169736988	Asexual Reproduction	process of reproduction involving a single parent that results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent	2
169736989	Sexual Reproduction	type of reproduction in which cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism	3
169736990	Chromosome	threadlike structure within the nucleus that contains genetic information that is passed on from one generation to the next	4
169736991	Chromatin	threadlike structure within the nucleus that contains genetic information that is passed on from one generation to the next	5
169736992	Cell Cycle	series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells	6
169736993	Interphase	peroid of the cell cycle between cell divisions in which the cell grows	7
169736994	Mitosis	part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides	8
169736995	Cytokinesis	division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells	9
169736996	Prophase	first and longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible	10
169736997	Centromere	region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach	11
169736998	Chromatid	one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome	12
169736999	Centriole	structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division	13
169737000	Metaphase	phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell	14
169737001	Anaphase	phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell	15
169737002	Telophase	phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin	16
169737003	Cyclin	one of a family of proteins that regulates the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells	17
169737004	Growth Factors	one of a group of external regulatory proteins that stimulate the growth and division of cells	18
169737005	Apoptosis	the process of programmed cell death	19
169737006	Cancer	disorder in which some of the body's cells lose the ability to control growth	20
169737007	Tumor	mass of rapidly dividing cells that can damage surrounding tissue	21
169737008	Embryo	developing stage of a multicelllar organism	22
169737009	Differentiation	process in which cells become specialized in structure and function	23
169737010	Totipotent	cells that are able to develop into any type of cell found in the body (including the cells that make up the extraembryonic membranes and placenta)	24
169737011	Blostocyst	stage of early development in mammals that consists of a hollow ball of cells	25
169737012	Pluripotent	cells that are capable of developing into most, but not all, of the body's cell types	26
169737013	Stem Cells	unspecialized cell that can give rise to one or more types of specialized cells	27
169737014	Multipotent	cell with limited potential to develop into many types of differentiated cells	28

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APUSH Chapter 8 - America Secedes from the Empire Flashcards

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1220579636	George Washington	General of the colonial army during the Revolutionary War.	1
1220579637	William Howe	Noteable General for the English and Washington's rival.	2
1220579638	Nathanial Greene	A Quaker general made known by his trategy of delay.	3
1220579639	Bendedict Arnold	A general of the Colonial Army turned traitor who agreed to sell out West Point to the English.	4
1220579640	John Burgoyne	English general who was charged with the invasion and capture of the Hudson River Valley.	5
1220579641	Charles Cornwallis	British general who surrendered and lost the war in Yorktown.	6
1220579642	Thomas Paine	A radical Patriot who wroe Common Sense.	7
1220579643	Barry St. Leger	A British general who invaded the Hudson River Valley by way of Lake Onterio.	8
1220579644	George Rogers Clark	A frontiersman who, along with others, attacked isolated British forts on the frontier.	9
1220579645	Richard Henry Lee	Man who resolved that a formal decleration of independece was needed.	10
1220579646	Horatio Gates	An American general who defeated Burgoyne at Saratoga.	11
1220579647	John Paul Jones	A young Scotsman who led part of the newly established American Navy.	12
1220579648	Thomas Jefferson	Virginian lawyer and writer of the Decleration of Independence.	13
1220579649	Marquis de Lafayette	A ninteen year old French general in the Colonial Army.	14
1220579650	Admiral de Grasse	A french admiral who suggested that we attack Cornwallis at Yorktown.	15
1220579651	Patrick Henry	Patroit who stood before the Virginian Assembly and said "give me liberty or give me death."	16
1220579652	Comte de Rochambeau	French general in Newport, Rhode Island who boosted colonial morale.	17
1220579653	John Jay	A delegate from New York sent to work on the Treaty of Paris: he didn't trust the French.	18
1220579654	mercenaries	Professional soldiers who serve in a foreign army for pay.	19
1220579655	natural rights	Rights that every person should have and use.	20
1220579656	privateering	Boarding smugglers' ships in the name of one's country.	21
1220579657	Second Continental Congress	Selected George Washington to be general of the army, drafted appeals to the king, and raised money for an army.	22
1220579658	Common Sense	Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that supported a rebublic over a monarchy.	23
1220579659	Decleration of Independence	A document written by the 13 colonies that stated the Independence of America from England.	24
1220579660	Loyalist/Tories	Those who remained loyal to the King and England/ a conservative member of Parliament.	25
1220579661	Patroits/Whigs	Those who didn't like what the King and England stood for/ a liberal member of Parliament.	26
1220579662	Treay of Paris (1783)	Treaty where England broke ties from America and America became a country.	27

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APUSH Chapter 8 Study Sheet Flashcards

Chapter 8 Study Sheet of APUSH vocab from the American Pageant

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493685698	George Washington	US Commander in Chief of colonial revolutionary army. First President of the United States.	1
493685699	William Howe	English General who commanded English forces at Bunker Hill. Left the English forces in New York for a battle at Philadelphia, leading to the English forces in NY to lose the battle.	2
493685700	Nathanael Greene	Cleared South Carolina and Georgia of British troops. Used tactic of retreating and having the British chase them for mile to win battles.	3
493685701	Benedict Arnold	American General in the Revolution. He prevented the British from reaching Ticonderoga. Later tried to help British take West Point and the Hudson, but was discovered and declared a traitor.	4
493685702	John Burgoyne	Burgoyne was a British general that submitted a plan for invading New York state from Canada. Was defeated at Saratoga, however. This defeat brought France into the war as an ally of the US.	5
493685703	Thomas Paine	Persuasive writer who published a bestseller called "Common Sense" in 1776. Had the radical idea that the colonies should set up as an independent republic from England.	6
493685704	Richard Henry Lee	Member of the Philadelphia Congress in the late 1770's. Declared "These United colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." This resolution was the start of the Declaration of Independence.	7
493685705	Thomas Jefferson	Was a member of the House of Burgesses, wrote the Declaration of Independence, was ambassador to France, and was the President of the United States of America.	8
493685706	Patrick Henry	"Give me liberty of give me death!" Served two terms as governor of Virginia and was also instrumental in the development of the Bill of Rights.	9
493685707	John Jay	First chief justice of the Supreme Court. Also helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris w/ Great Britain, ending the American Revolution. Served as governor of New York State from 1795 to 1801, and was a advocate of a strong national government.	10
493685708	Mercenary	A Mercenary is someone who is hired for military service.	11
493685709	Natural Rights	AKA Natural Rights Theory, the belief that people are born with "natural rights" that are anything that involve people pursuing liberty, so long as it does not interfere with the rights of others.	12
493685710	Privateering	Privately owned armed Ships specifically authorized by congress to prey on the shipping of the enemies. They brought in urgently needed gold, raised morale, and harassed the enemy.	13
493685711	Natural Aristocracy	A society ruled by an aristocracy which arises out of work and competition rather than birth, education, or special privilege.	14
493685712	Republicanism	Power comes from the people not a corrupt monarch.	15
493685713	Popular Consent	All government officials, be it Judges, governors, Senators, etc., should be elected by the people.	16
493685714	Civic Virtue	Sacrificing your personal self-interest for the good of the people as a whole.	17
493685715	Second Continental Congress	A congress that met in Philly in 1775. The congress took on the duties of a government, such as appointing war leaders. This congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, and was dissolved once the Articles of Confederation took over.	18
493685716	"Common Sense"	A pamphlet that called for the colonists to realize their mistreatment and push for independence from England. It was immensely popular.	19
493685717	Declaration of Independence	A document that helped to start the American Revolution by allowing England to hear of the colonists disagreements with British authority. Was approved on July 4th of 1776.	20
493685718	Treaty of Paris of 1783	A treaty ending the revolutionary war, with the British recognizing the independence of the United States. It granted boundaries to the newly formed nation, which stretched from the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the south.	21
493685719	Hessians	German mercenaries hired by the King of England to fight the revolutionists. Called Hessians because most came from the principality of Hesse.	22

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APUSH Chapter 7 Study Guide Flashcards

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900210890	Change in colonial policy by the Britsih Government that helped precipitate the American Revolution involved _____	compelling the American colonist to shoulder some of the financial costs of the empire	1
900210891	When it came to the Revolution it could be said that the Americna colonist were	reluctant revolutionaries	2
900210892	In a broad sense, America was a revolutionary force since	the day of its discovery by the Europeans.	3
900210893	The American colonial exponents of republicanism argued that a just society depends on	the willingness of all citizens to subordinate their private interest to the common good	4
900210894	Republican belief held that the stability of society and the authority of the government depended on	the virtue of its citizenry	5
900210895	The readical whigs feared	the arbitrary power of the monarchy	6
900210896	Mercantilist believed that a countrys economic wealth could be measured by the amount of	gold and silver in its treasury	7
900210897	the founding of the Americna colonies by the British was undertaken in	a haphazard manner	8
900210898	Under mercantilist doctrine the American colonies were expected to all of the following:	supply britain with raw materials not available there, furnish shops, seamen and trade to bolster the strength of the Royal Navy, provide a market for British Manufactured goods, refrain from exporting woolen cloth.	9
904587141	What were the first Navigation Laws designed to eliminate?	Dutch shoppers from the American carrying trade	10
904587142	The British Parliament enacted currency legislation that was intended primarily to benefit	British Merchants	11
904587143	The British Crowns royal veto of colonial legislation was used sparingly by	The British Parliament	12
904587144	Under the mercantilist systme the british governmetn reserved the right to do all of the following regarding the American colonies	restrict the passage of lax bankruptcy laws, nullify any colonial legislation deemed bad for the mercantilist system, restrain the colonies from printing paper currency, enumerate products that must be shipped to britain.	13
904587145	before 1763, the navigation laws were ________ enforced in the American colonies	loosely	14
904587146	despite the benefits of the mercantile system, the american colonists disliked it because	it kept them in a state of perpetual exonomic adolescence	15
904587147	IN some way the Navigation laws were a burden to certain colonist because	they stifled economic initiative (the ability to be creative economically)	16
904587148	a new relationship between britain and its american colonies was initiated in 1763 when ________	george grenville assumed charge of colonial policy	17
904587149	Sugar Act first law intened to _______________	raise revenues in the colonies	18
904587150	Stamp Act generated the most ___________	protest in the colonies	19
904587151	Declaratory Act asserted _________-	Parliaments absolute power over the colonies	20
904587152	the first law ever passed by Parliament for raising tax revenues in the colonies for the crown was	Sugar Act	21
904587153	Why did the british parliament pass the stamp act	to raise money to support new military forced needed for colonial defense	22
904587154	Passage of the sugar Act and the Stamp Act convinved many colonist that ____________	the british were trying to take away their historic liberty	23
904587155	Unlike the stamp act the sugar act and townshend act were both	indirect taxes on trade goods arriving in American ports	24
904587156	put the following in chronological order: stamp act, sugar act, declaratory act, repeal of the stamp act	1. Sugar act 2. Stamp Act 3. repeal of the stamp act 4. declaratory act	25
904587157	Colonist objected to the stamp act beacause	parliament passed the tax not the colonist	26
904587158	when the colonist shouted NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION they were rejecting what	parliaments power to levy revenue raising taxes on the colones	27
904587159	actions taken by the colonist that helped them unite included	the stamp act congress, nonimportation agreements, spinning bees, the making and wearing of homemade woolen goods.	28
904587160	Virtual representation meant	every member of Parliament represented all british subjects without an actual colonial member being present	29
904587161	colonial protest against the stamp act took the form of	convening a colonial congress (first continental congress)_ to request repeal of the act, a colonial boycott against britsh goods, violence in several colonial towns, wearing homemade woolen clothes	30
904587162	as a result of american opposition to the townshend Acts	british officals sent regiments of troops to boston to restore law and order	31
904587163	the colonists took the townshend acts less seriously than the stamp act because	it was light and indiect	32
904587164	put the following in chronological order: intolerable acts, boston massacre, townshend acts, tea act	townshend acts, boston massacre, tea act, intolerable acts	33
904587165	samual adams	a paphleteer who first organized committees to exchange ideas an dinformation on resisting british policy	34
904587166	john adams	a massachusetts politician who opposed the moderates solution to the imperial crisis at the first continental congress. the moderates wanted a weakened control of colonial ruel	35
904587167	crispus attacks	a casualty of the boston massacre	36
904587168	Tax on teas was not repealed when the townshend acts were because	it kept alive the principle of parliamentary taxation	37
904587169	the local committees of correspondence organized by ___________ kept opposition to british alive, through ______________	Samual Adams: exchange of propaganda	38
904587170	put the following in chronological order: clash at lexingon and concord, boston tea party, meeting of the first continental congress, quebec act	boston tea party, quebec act, meeting of the first continental congress, clash at lecington and concord	39
904587171	When parliament passed the tea act colonist suspected that it was ____________	a trick to get them to violate their principle of no taxatio without representation	40
904587172	the boston tea party of 1773 was not the only such protest to occur, the colonist also	burned tea ships in maryland	41
904587173	the most drastic measure of the intolerable acts was	the boston port act which closed the port of boston	42
904587174	the quebec act denied quebec	a representative assemblly and trail by jury	43
904587175	the quebec act was especially unpopular in the american colonies because it did all of the following	turn an extensive amount of territory over to catholic control (including the Ohio River Valley), affect many colonies, just not massachusetts, alarm land speculators who saw a huge area snatched from their grasp, it set a dangerous precedent against jury trials	44
904587176	the first continental congress was called to consider	ways of redressing colonial grievances	45
904587177	the first continental congress called for	a boycott of british goods	46
904587178	as a result of parliaments rejection of the pertitions of the continental congress	fighting and bloodshed took place and war began	47
904587179	as the war for independence began britain had the advantage of overwhelming	national wealth and navel power	48
904587180	all of the following were weaknesses of the british military during the war for independence	second rate officers, the need to keep many soldiers in europe in case of trouble, the long supply lines, brutal treatment of their soldiers	49
904587181	Many whigs in britain hoped for an american victory in the war for independence beacuse	they feared that if George III triumphed his rule at home might become tyrannical	50
904587182	as the war for independence began the colonies had the advantage of	many outstanding civil and miliary leaders	51
904587183	the colonist faced all of the following weaknesses in the war for independence:	poor organization, sectional jealousy which constantly interfered with the appointment of military leaders, great difficulties in raising in money to support the army, a weak central authority running the war effort	52
904587184	by the end of the war for independence	a few thousand american regular troops were finally whopped into shape	53
904587185	Regarding American independence only a select minority	supported indepenedce with selfless devotion	54

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chapter 7 apush review Flashcards

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749178167	pragmatism	the attribute of accepting the facts of life and favoring practicality and literal truth	1
749178168	john dewey	He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."	2
749178169	fredrick w taylor	"efficiency expert"; mechanical engineer who wrote "principles of scientific management"; standardized tools and equipment	3
749178170	muckrackers	journalists who wrote about corruption in business and politics in order to bring about reform.	4
749178171	lincoln steffens	United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.	5
749178172	ida tarbell	A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.	6
749178173	jacob riis	A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.	7
749178174	australian ballots	Many states introduced this secret voting, which reduced bribery	8
749178175	direct primary	a primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office	9
749178176	robert lafollette	Republican Senator from Wisconsin - ran for president under the Progressive Party - proponent of Progressivism and a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, World War I, and the League of Nations	10
749178177	17th ammendment	direct election of senators	11
749368660	initiative referendum recall	Initiative: people have the right to propose a new law. Referendum: a law passed by the legislature can be reference to the people for approval/veto. Recall: the people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office. These all made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific.	12
749368661	social welfare	governmental provision of economic assistance to persons in need	13
749368662	municipal reform	Samuel M. Jones introduced a comprehensive program, which included free kindergartens, night schools, and public playgrounds.	14
749368663	anthracite coal strike	Large strike by coal miners led by Miner's Union president George F. Baer	15
749368664	northern securities act	Court case that established Teddy Roosevelts' reputation as a trust-buster	16
749368665	elkins act	(1903) gave the Interstate Commerce Commission more power to control railroads from giving preferences to certain customers	17
749368666	hepburn act	This 1906 law used the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods.	18
749368667	newlands reclamation act	1902 act authorizing federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states	19
749368668	gifford pinchot	head of the U.S. Forest Servic under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them	20
749368669	pinchot ballinger affair	A Power struggle between Gifford Pinchot and Richard Ballinger, SSecretary of the Interior. Ballinger had removed 1 million acres of forest and mineral land from the reserved list, which betrayed conservation policy. Taft supported Ballinger and dismissed Pinchot when he asked Congress to investigate the matter. The congressional committee also pardoned Ballinger. This contributed to the split of the republican party.	21
749368670	payne aldrich tarrif	law passed in 1909 that significanly lowered tariffs ; produced much controversy during Taft's presidency ; split the republican party	22
749368671	mann elkins act	(WT) 1910, gave right to prevent new rates if challenged in courts, communication now regulate directly by the Interstate Commerce Commission	23
749368672	socialist party	Political parties formed in the unity of an international organization with a set beliefs inspired by the writings of Karl Marx. They desired economic and political philosophy favoring public or government control of property and income. Their goal was to end the capitalist system, distribute wealth more equally, and nationalize American industries	24
749368673	iww	a former international labor union and radical labor movement in the United States	25
749368674	bull moose party	a former political party in the United States	26
749368675	new nationalism v new freedom	accepting economic concentration and using gov. to regulate it v. destroying it	27
749368676	underwood tariff	Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax	28
749368677	clayton antitrust act	New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions	29
749368678	federal trade commision	A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy	30
749368679	18th ammendment	Prohibited the manufacture, sale and transport of alcoholic beverages	31
749368680	w.e.b. dubois	1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910	32
749368681	alice paul	United States feminist (1885-1977)	33
749368682	19th ammendment	Gave women the right to vote	34
749368683	allied powers vs central powers	Allies- Great Britain, France, Russia; Japan + Italy joined later Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary; Bulgaria + Ottoman Empire joined later	35
749368684	sussex pledge	A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.	36
749368685	Russian revolution	the revolution against the Czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917	37
749368686	george creel	Headed the Committee on Public Information, for promoting the war effort in WWI	38
749368687	schenck v us	Can limit free speech when there is a "clear and present danger"	39
749368688	american expeditionary force	About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals	40
749368689	big four	Woodrow Wilson (US president), Georges Clemenceau (french premier), David Lloyd George (british prime minister), Vittorio Orlando (italian prime minister)	41
749368690	henry cabot lodge	Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations	42
749368691	irreconcilables	Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations	43
749368692	palmer raids	A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities	44
749368693	red summer	summer of 1919 brought race riots, began in July when whites invaded a black section of Longview, Texas and burned shops and houses. It was a lash out against the growth of blacks in cities	45
749368694	fordney mccumber tariff	This tariff rose the rates on imported goods in the hopes that domestic manufacturing would prosper. This prevented foreign trade, which hampered the economy since Europe could not pay its debts if it could not trade.	46
749368695	bureau of the budget	Created in 1921; its primary task is to prepare the Annual Budget for presentation every January. It also controls the administration of the budget; improving it and encouraging government efficiency.	47
749368696	teapot dome scandal	a government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921	48
749368697	calvin coolidge	elected Vice President and succeeded as 30th President of the United States when Harding died in 1923 (1872-1933)	49
749368698	herbert hoover	31st President of the United States	50
749368699	alfred e smith	He was the Democratic presidential candidate in the 1928 election. He was the first Catholic to be elected as a candidate.	51
749368700	business prosperity	(1919-1928) boom years before the crash in 1929. Caused by Increased productivity, energy technologies and governmental policy favoring big business.	52
749368701	open shop	a company whose workers are hired without regard to their membership in a labor union	53
749368702	welfare capitalism	When companies provide incentives to build better relationships with employees; health insurance, safety standards, buy stock in the company	54
749368703	kdka	The first commercial radio station in America (in Pittsburgh).	55
749368704	lost generation	Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe	56
749368705	scott fitzgerald	the symbol of "the lost generation" of american writers in the 1920s. He wrote 'the great Gatsby:	57
749368706	james weldon johnson	NAACP leader and Harlem Renaissance writer; he wrote poetry and, with his brother, the song "Lift Every Voice and Sing."	58
749368707	modernism v fundamentalism	Modernism- a theory to adapt scientific knowledge with religion ; defense of scientifc knowledge in place of religious belief Fundamentalism- a theory that defends religion as a basis of life; unchangeable	59
749368708	billy sunday	American fundamentalist minister; he used colorful language and powerful sermons to drive home the message of salvation through Jesus and to oppose radical and progressive groups.	60
749368709	scopes trial	a highly publicized trial in 1925 when John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school	61
749368710	prohibition and volstead act	18th amendment prohibits but the Volstead tells of the punishments for drinking. It was a failure because the majority of the population believed that drinking was not that bad, even politicians violated the law	62
749368711	al capone	United States gangster who terrorized Chicago during Prohibition until arrested for tax evasion (1899-1947)	63
749368712	100% americanism	The end of WWI brought about this movement which celebrated all this American and attacked all ideas and people it viewed as foreign or anti American. People were afraid that immigrant ideologies would lure Americans into radically revolting against the government. It also brought about a revival of the KKK and felt that if you were not a white Anglo Saxon protestant you needed to do your best to act like one.	64
749368713	sacco and vanzetti trial	Anti-redism. Convicted 1921 of murder of Mass. paymaster and his guard. Jury and judge prejudiced because defendants were Italian, atheists, anarchist, draft dodgers, etc. Electrocuted 6 years later	65
749368714	black tuesday	October 29, 1929; the day the stock market crashed. Lead to the Panic of 1929	66
749368715	income distribution	the way all the income earned in a country is divided among different groups of income earners	67
749368716	buying on margin stock speculation	- People of all economic classes were buying stocks with money they didn't have - Lost everything with crash	68
749368717	herbert hoover	31st President of the United States	69
749368718	hawley smoot tariff	charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation	70
749368719	debt moratorium	War debts could no longer continue, it was so bad. Hooever proposed a suspension on the payment of international debts, Britain and Germany agree, but France declined. The international economy suffered from massive loan defaults.	71
749368720	farm board	Created in 1929 before the crash but supported and enacted to meet the economic crisis and help farmers. Authorized to help farmers stabilize prices by temporarily holding surplus grain and cotton in storage.	72
749368721	reconstruction finance cooperation	a program that provided aid to struggling banks and other institutions during the Great Depression	73
749368722	boulder hoover dam	dam on the Colorado that was built as part of the public works program	74
749368723	20th ammendment	Moved the date on the day the prsident and vice president take office form march 4th to January 20th "lame duck ammendment" ratified in 1933	75
749368724	brain trust	Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression	76
749368725	francis perkins	Roosevelt's Secretary of Labor and first woman cabinet member in U.S. history.	77
749368726	glass steagal act	Granted the government the authority to curtail irresponsible bank speculation. This act created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.	78
749368727	21st ammendment	Repeal of the 18th Ammendment (prohibition)	79
749368728	civilian conservation corps	Relief: (CCC) March 31, 1933; reduced poverty/unemployment, helped young men and families; young men go to rural camps for 6 months to do construction work; $1/day; intended to help youth escape cities; concerned with soil erosion, state/national parks, telephone/power lines; 40 hr weeks	80
749368729	tenesee valley authority	TVA 1933, provided cheap electricity for southeast, contolled flooding, reforestation occured	81
749368730	national recovery administration	Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours.	82
749368731	schechter v united states	This case took place in May 1935 when a New York company was charged with a violation of an NRA poultry code which dealt with wage-fixing and pricess. It resulted in the Supreme Court declaring the NRA unconstitutional by stating that the NRA was regulating interstate commerce a violation of federal regulation.	83
749368732	securities and exchange commission	an independent federal agency that oversees the exchange of securities to protect investors	84
749368733	second new deal	A new set of programs and reforms launched by FDR in 1935	85

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APUSH Chapter 7 Flashcards

Review over chapter 7 in APUSH

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889449942	Establishing New Government	George Washington was voted as our 1st President of the U.S. Americans assumed that they would promote common good and could manage political affairs. Congress refined the machinery of government with the creation of executive departments and a federal court system and provided revenue with passage of a tariff act.	1
889449943	Jefferson and Hamilton	These 2 men started the developement of political parties. Federalist and Republican; Their differences forced the Congress to make many important decisons. Even though Washington was trying to stop political fighting, these factions developed and advocated diverse, dynamic, and differing ideas.	2
889449944	Hamilton's Plan for Prosperity and Security	As being secretary of treasury, Hamilton had to make a plan for funding the federal debt which became a great problem. He made two proposals, "funding" and "assumption." He also asked Congress for a national bank and government aid to manufacturing.	3
889449945	Hamilton's meaning of Assumption	Assumption meant that the federal government would become liable for the states' debts. Some states, such as Virginia, had already paid off their debts and would gain nothing from assumption. They defeated this in House of Rep. but Hamilton salvaged it by paying Virginia some money.	4
889449946	The Bank Controversy	Hamilton also proposed that Congress charter a national bank. Madison however thought this was only to pay the rich. Public opinion began to turn against Hamilton because he wanted the President to interpret the Constitution broadly, as giving Congress implied powers.	5
889449947	Setback for Hamilton	Hamilton asked Congress to enact a program favorable to manufacturing, but opposition had now grown. Madison raised prospect of the central government becomeing more powerful than individual state governments. Jefferson warned the rise of cities would destroy agriculture and the civic virtue that farming made. Hamilton's recommendations were defeated.	6
889449948	The Battle over Foreign Affairs	The United States had to respond to the wars set off in Europe by the French Revolution, but Hamilton and Jefferson disagreed on the proper course of action. Republicans stood for states' rights, strict interpretation of the Constitution and friendship with France; Federalists stood for a strong national government, central economic planning, social order and friendship with England.	7
889449949	The Peril of Neutrality	Americans wanted to remain neutral when France and England went to war in 1793, but both sides made that difficult. England was a serious problem because they still occupied land in the NorthWest and did not want to cooperate with America.	8
889449950	Jay's Treaty	John Jay was sent to negotiate demands for removale of English form America, payment of seized ships, better commercial relations, and acceptance of the United States as a neutral nation. He however had no chance because Hamilton went behind his back and told England that America would negotiate freely. His treaty gave American nothing, and Federalist portrayed Republicans as traitors.	9
889449951	Pushing Natives Aside	English posts in the Northwest Territory had supplied and encouraged Indian raids on American settlements. Americans finnaly beat Indians in the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Spain saw this as an Anglo-American alliance against Spain. They suddenly offered to open the Mississippi, settle the disputed border between Spanish Florida and United States, and cease to supply the Indians. These offers resulted in the Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckney's Treaty).	10
889449952	Informing The Publc	Newspapers transformed the political culture of he U.S. Gazette of the U.S.-Federalist National Gazette- Republicans Birthe of Political Clubs "Democrat and Republican"	11
889449953	Whiskey Rebellion linked to Conspiracy	A group of Farmers protested a tax on whiskey because it threatened their business. Washington sent militiamen with Hamilton to stop the protest, but when they arrived the troublemakers disappeared. Federalist thought Republicans sent French officials to stir up unrest and Federalists thought it was a pretext to create a strong army to intimidate Republicans.	12
889449954	Washington's Farewell Address	Washington left and told Americans to avoid forging permanent foreign alliances and to avoid forming political parties.	13
889449955	The Adams Presidency	During the John Adams administration, the Federalist party controlled the government and tried to suppress the Republican party. The Federalists failed because they could not remain united.	14
889449956	XYZ Affair	An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand. Started mainly from Jay's Treaty and Quasi-War	15
889449957	Crushing Political Dissent	The extreme Federalists began to build up the army, even though there was no prospect of a French invasion to stifle international opposition. Hamilton needed a declaration of War against France, but Adams never made one.	16
889449958	Alien and Sedition Acts	Made to Persecute Repbulicans; The Alien Enemies Act and the Alien Act gave the president power to expel any foreigner. The Naturalization Act required immigrants to reside in the United States for fourteen years before becoming eligible for citizenship. The last act, the Sedition Act, made it a crime to criticize the government.	17
889449959	Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions	Jefferson's and Madison's repsonse to the Alien and Sedition Acts. Jefferson claimed each state had power to decide if acts of Congress were constitutional, and if not, to nullify them. Madison urged the states to protect their citizens, but did not assert a state's right to nullify federal law.	18
889449960	Adams Finest Hour	In 1799 Adams openly broke with Hamilton, he made negotians with France that brought down war hysteria against France and made Hamilton's Army a usless expense. Adams saved the nation from the schemes of the High Federalists.	19
889449961	Election of 1800	There was a tie between Jefferson and Burr that had to be resolved by the House. This lasted until Jefferson was elected; Made the 12th Amendment to never let this happen again. Even though this was bad, there were no riots, no attempted coup by military, no secession, nothing except the peaceful transfer of government between the parties.	20
889449962	Federalist	Main Supporter: Hamilton Beliefs: Favored Great Britain, Strong Central Government, National Bank, Alien and Sedition Acts, National Debt is Good, Income came from Manufactoring.	21
889449963	Republicans	Main Supporter: Jefferson Beliefs: Favored France, Unnecessary to help rich, Weak Central Government, Income from the People, Free speech during Alien & Sedition Acts, U.S. Constitution Strictly Interpreted.	22
889449964	Thomas Jefferson	A prominent statesman, Thomas Jefferson became George Washington's first secretary of state. Along with James Madison, Jefferson took up the cause of strict constructionists and the Republican Party, advocating limited federal government.	23
889449965	George Washington	American commander-in-chief; first president, set precedents for future presidents, put down Whiskey Rebellion (enforced Whiskey Tax), managed first presidential cabinet, carefully used power of executive to avoid monarchial style rule	24
889449966	John Adams	He was the second president of the United States and a Federalist. He was responsible for passing the Alien and Sedition Acts. Prevented all out war with France after the XYZ Affair. His passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts severely hurt the popularity of the Federalist party and himself	25
889449967	John Jay	United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829). One of the 3 who wrote the Federalist Papers and made Jay's Treaty.	26

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AP Bio Ch.4&5 Vocab Flashcards

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886115906	cis-trans isomers	one of several compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent bonds between atoms but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds; formerly called a geometric isomer	1
886115907	enantiomers	one of the two compounds that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon	2
886115908	functional groups	a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions	3
886115909	hydrocarbons	an organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen	4
886115910	structural isomers	one of several compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms	5
886115911	cellulose	a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by β glycosidic linkages	6
886115912	chitin	a structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods	7
886115913	dehydration reaction	a chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule	8
886115914	denaturation	in proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. denaturation occurs under extreme (noncellular) conditions of pH, salt concentration, or temperature	9
886115915	glycogen	an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch	10
886115916	glycosidic linkage	a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction	11
886115917	hydrolysis	a chemical with a charge of 1+. the dissociation of a water molecule (H2O) leads to the generation of a hydroxide ion (OH-) and a hydrogen ion (H+); in water, H+ is not found alone but associates with a water molecule to form a hydronium ion	12
886115918	peptide bond	the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction	13
886115919	phospholipid	a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and phosphate group. the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar hydrophilic head. phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes	14
886115920	purine	one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. adenine (A) and guanine (G) are purines	15
886115921	pyrimidine	one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. cytotine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (u) are pyrimidines	16
886115922	saturated fatty acid	a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton	17
886115923	sickle-cell disease	a recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the β-globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms in afflicted individuals	18
886115924	steroid	a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached	19
886115925	trans fat	an unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils,, containing one or more trans double bonds	20
886115926	unsaturated fatty acid	a fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton	21

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AP BIO CH. 3: WATER AND THE FITNESS OF THE ENVIRONMENT Flashcards

Mr. Howell AP BIO class.
Vanden High School.

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1657522094	Polar Molecule	Opposite ends with opposite charges	0
1657522095	Why is water considered polar?	The oxygen have a negative charge and hydrogen has a positive charge.	1
1657522096	Hydrogen Bonding	The slightly positive hydrogen is attracted to the slightly negative oxygen of a nearby molecule.	2
1657522097	How many hydrogen bonds can a single water molecule form?	Four.	3
1657522098	Cohesion	The tight structure of molecules	4
1657522099	Adhesion	The clinging of one substance to another	5
1657522100	Demonstrated when you see beads of water on a waxed car hood.	Adhesion	6
1657522101	Property explaining the ability of a water strider to walk on water.	High surface tension of water.	7
1657522102	calorie	the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius	8
1657522103	What does it mean that water has "high specific heat"?	It will change its temperature less when it absorbs/loses heat.	9
1657522104	How hydrogen bonding contributes to water's high specific heat	The heat is used to disrupt hydrogen bonds before the water molecules can begin to move faster.	10
1657522105	How does water's high specific heat contribute to the moderation of temperature?	Water on Earth keeps temperature fluctuations on land and water within limits that permit life.	11
1657522106	Evaporation	Transformation from a liquid to a gas.	12
1657522107	Heat of Vaporization	The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 gram of it to be converted from a liquid to a gas.	13
1657522108	Why does ice float	It is less dense than water.	14
1657522109	Solvent	Dissolving agent	15
1657522110	Solute	Substance dissolved	16
1657522111	Solution	liquid that is completely a homogeneous mixture of two or ore substances	17
1657522112	Why is water such a fine solvent	It is versatile because of its polarity. It can dissolve almost any molecule.	18
1657522113	Hydrophobic	Repel water. Non ionic and non polar.	19
1657522114	Hydrophilic	Likes water whether polar or ionic	20
1657522115	Two ions when water dissociates	Hydroxide ion (-OH), hydronium (H30+)	21
1657522116	Acid	increases hydrogen ion concentration	22
1657522117	Base	Reduces hydrogen ion concentration	23
1657522118	How do buffers moderate pH change?	They accept hydrogen ions from the solution when they are in excess and donating hydrogen ions to the solution when they have depleted.	24

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AP Bio Ch. 3: Water and the Fitness of the Environment Flashcards

AP Bio vocab words.

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1628186369	Polar molecule	A molecule with opposite charges on opposite sides.	0
1628186370	Cohesion	The binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds.	1
1628186371	Adhesion	The attraction between different kinds of molecules.	2
1628186372	Surface tension	A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. It is high in water because of hydrogen bonding.	3
1628186373	Kinetic energy	The energy of motion, which is directly related to the speed of that motion.	4
1628186374	Heat	The total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter. It is energy in its most random form.	5
1628186375	Temperature	A measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules.	6
1628186376	Celsius scale	A temperature scale (C) equal to 5/9 (F-32) that measures the freezing point of water at 0C and the boiling point of water at 100C.	7
1628186377	Calorie	The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1C; also the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1C.	8
1628186378	Kilocalorie	1000 calories; the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1*C.	9
1628186379	Joule	A unit of energy = 0.239 calories	10
1628186380	Specific heat	The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1*C.	11
1628186381	Heat of vaporization	The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state.	12
1628186382	Evaporative cooling	The property of a liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a loss of highly kinetic molecules to the gaseous state.	13
1628186383	Solution	A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.	14
1628186384	Solvent	The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile of these.	15
1628186385	Solute	A substance that is dissolved in a solution.	16
1628186386	Aqueous solution	A solution in which water is the solvent.	17
1628186387	Hydration shell	The sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion.	18
1628186388	Hydrophilic	Having an affinity for water.	19
1628186389	Colloid	A mixture made up of a liquid and fine particles that remain suspended in that liquid.	20
1628186390	Hydrophobic	Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.	21
1628186391	Molecular mass	The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight.	22
1628186392	Mole	The number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro's number of molecules.	23
1628186393	Molarity	A common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.	24
1628186394	Hydrogen ion	A single proton with a charge of 1+. The dissociation of a water molecule leads to the generation of a OH- ion and a H+ ion.	25
1628186395	Hydroxide ion	A water molecule that has lost a proton, OH-.	26
1628186396	Acid	A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.	27
1628186397	Base	A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.	28
1628186398	pH	A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log[H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14.	29
1628186399	Buffer	A substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.	30
1628186400	Acid precipitation	Rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.6.	31

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Biochemistry Final Exam Flashcards

Study for the Biochemistry Final: All quizzes and tests given and answers to final chapter study guide questions.

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1044009300	What is a monosaccharide?	The most basic units of carbohydrates. Made of 1 aldehyde and 1 ketone. They are the simplest form of sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids. Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste. Examples of monosaccharides include glucose (dextrose), fructose (levulose) and galactose	1
1044009301	Nature uses the D or L form of carbohydrates	D	2
1044009302	The two kinds of monosaccharides are	Aldoses, Ketoses	3
1044009303	The bonds between carbohydrate monomers are called	Glycosidic	4
1044009304	Starches are polymers made exclusively from	Glucose	5
1044009305	The difference between amylose and amylopectin are	The structure (branched vs linear)	6
1044009306	Dietary fiber is	Complex Carbohydrates Cellulose Divided into soluble and insoluble	7
1044009307	In the 2-compartment model for water in the body, water partitions into	Intracellular and extracellular	8
1044009308	In the 3 compartment model for water in the body, the__________ compartment is further divided into interstitial and plasma compartments	extracellular	9
1044009309	Fluid in the blood is classified specifically as _________ fluid	extracellular	10
1044009310	In an ideally balanced human system water inputs would equal	Water outputs	11
1044009311	An electrolyte is a) sugar b. fat c. charged molecule d water	charged molecule	12
1044009312	______________ ions account for nearly 90% of the positively charged ions found in extracellular fluid	Sodium	13
1044009313	The hormone aldosterone regulates the concentrations of _______ and ________ in the body.	Potassium ions and sodium ions	14
1044009333	_______ is the most common extracelluar cation, while _________ is the most abundant intracellular cation.	Sodium, potassium	15
1044009334	The three most important buffer systems in body fluids include the bicarbonate buffer system, the ____ buffer system and the protein buffer system.	Phosphate	16
1044009335	How is it possible for the rate and depth of breathing to affect hydrogen ion concentrations in body fluids?	The rate and depth of breathing does not alter hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids.	17
1044009361	What is the normal pH of the blood?	7.35-7.45	18
1044009362	What is the most significant plasma buffer?	bicarbonate	19
1044009363	Which of these is not a consequence of vomiting? a. dehydration b. metabolic acidosis c. respiratory alkalosis d. metabolic alkalosis	c. respiratory alkalosis	20
1044009364	What is the most common intracellular buffer?	phosphate	21
1044009365	Which of the following is the product of trans-deaminiatio reactions a. urea b. NH3 c. NH4 d. Carbonic acid	c. NH4	22
1044009366	Which of the following terms is the total of all the breakdown processes in the body?	catabolism	23
1044009367	Amino acids that must be consumed in the diet are called	essential amino acids	24
1044009368	The amino acid pool is	all the amino acids within the tissue and body fluids	25
1044009369	Select the best definition of an enzyme a. an enzyme is an amino acid that speeds up chemical reactions. b. an enzyme is a protein that is consumed in the diet and aids in chemical reactions. c. enzymes are proteins that speed up metabolic reactions and are destroyed in the process. d. enzymes are proteins that speed up metabolic reactions and are not destroyed in the process.	d. enzymes are proteins that speed up metabolic reactions and are not destroyed in the process.	26
1044009370	The bond that links to amino acids together is called	a peptide bond	27
1044009371	There are a total of __ amino acids and _______ are considered essential	20;9	28
1044009372	The side chain on an amino acid may include which element?	Sulfur	29
1044009373	A small chain of amino acids is called a	peptide	30
1044009374	Each amino acid contains	an amine group and a carboxyl group	31
1044009375	Proteins are necessary for which of the following? a. Muscle structure b. Immune system function c. Neurotransmitter production d. All of the above	d. All of the above	32
1044009376	Which of these food groups is not considered a good source of protein? a. meat b. beans. c. milk d. fruit	d. fruit	33
1044009377	What determines the three-dimensional shape of a protein molecule?	The order and chemical properties of the amino acids	34
1044009378	The necessary coenzyme for the transamination reaction is	Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP)	35
1044009379	Which of the following statements about protein synthesis is false? a. limiting amino acids can halt protein synthesis b. nonessential amino acids can be made through transamination c. amino acids needed for protein synthesis come from the amino acid pool d. Essential amino acids can be made through transamination	d. Essential amino acids can be made through transamination	36
1044009380	In transamination an amine group is transferred to ________ to form a nonessential amino acid.	a. Alpha keto acid	37
1044009381	The NH3 produced in muscle degradation of amino acids and other nitrogenated compounds is transported through blood to the liver using ______ as a carrier	alanine	38
1044009382	The 3 carbon alpha ketoacid formed from the oxidative deamination of alanine is	Pyruvate	39
1044009383	In oxidative deamination, an amine group is removed from an amino acid (usually glutamic acid) leaving ammonia and keto acid. In this process _________ is formed which can enter the electron transport chain.	NADH	40
1044009384	Which of the following processes is involved in using proteins as a source of energy?	Keogenesis	41
1044009385	What biomolecule is formed at very high levels in the blood of PKU patients?	phenylalanine	42
1044009386	T/F Protein complementation combines foods containing proteins with different limiting amino acids in order to improve the protein quality of the diet.	True	43
1044009387	T/F Proteins help keep fluids an pH balanced in the body	True	44
1044009388	T/F Methionine is the only amino acid that contains sulfur.	False- cysteine also does	45
1044009389	T/f Alanine exists as a zwitterion at a pH7	True	46
1044009390	T/F Amino acid catabolism is increased during starvation	True	47
1044009391	T/F The Urea cycle is regulated by an enzyme called CPS-1	True	48
1044009392	T/F All amino acids are essential amino acids	False	49
1044009393	T/F The major excretory product of amino acid catabolism is ammonia	False	50
1044009394	T/F Protein synthesis is decreased during periods of growth.	False- increased during periods of growth	51
1044009395	Ammonia is detoxified to urea via the urea cycle in the liver	True	52
1044009396	Explain the major role of glutamate and alpha ketoglutarate in amino acid biosynthesis and degradation	They lose or gain an amine group to generate energy and create NH4 or NADH	53
1044009397	An abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid is called	edema	54
1044009398	What do we call the amino acids that human beings can synthesize?	nonessential	55
1044009399	How do humans obtain the amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body?	we eat them	56
1044009400	Name two classes of protein in the body	structural enzymes	57
1044009401	How many common amino acids are there?	20	58
1044009402	Which amino acid is not chiral?	Glycine	59
1044009403	Name the two classification of secondary structures found in proteins	alpha helix beta sheet	60
1044718979	The most common monomer of carbohydrate is	Glucose	61
1044718980	Monosaccharides are	Aldoses and ketoses	62
1044718981	A disaccharide is _____ monosaccharides joined together covalently by a	2; Glycosidic bond	63
1044996337	Sucrose is a disaccharide made up of	Glucose and fructose	64
1044996338	Glucose, lactose and galactose are all _____ each other, in that they all have the molecular formula C6H12O6	isomers of	65
1044996339	Glucose is used for a. Structure b. Energy storage c. Quick energy d. All of the above	d. All of the above	66
1044996340	Which carbohydrate is not digestible and provides fiber or "roughage" in humans?	cellulose	67
1044996341	Which carbohydrate does not come from plant sources	Lactose	68
1044996342	Complex carbohydrates a. include glycogen, cellulose, and starch b. consist of many glucose molecules bound together in long chains. c. can be energy storage molecules d. are polysaccharides. e.all of these	e. all of these	69
1044996343	The brain relies almost entirely on _______ for energy production	glucose	70
1044996344	For long-term storage, glucose is converted to _________ while for short-term storage glucose is converted to	Fat, glycogen	71
1044996345	Skeletal muscle cells derive most of their energy from	Glycogen	72
1044996346	Which carbohydrate is formed from 2 glucose molecules?	Maltose	73
1044996347	Before the payoff phase of glycolysis can begin, the cell needs to invest _____ ATP	2	74
1044996348	The energy currency of the cell is	ATP	75
1044996349	Given these phases of aerobic respiration list the phases in order 1. Acetyl-coenzyme A formation 2. citric acid cycle 3. Electron-transport chain 4. Glycolysis	4 Glycolysis 1 acetyl-coenzyme A formation 3 Citric Acid cycle 2 Electron transport chain	76
1044996350	During glycolysis, fructose and galactose enter the liver and are phosphorylated at carbon number	1	77
1044996351	Anaerobic respiration produces _____________ ATPs and _____________ as a waste product	2, lactic acid	78
1044996352	Aerobic respiration _____________ ATPs and _____ require oxygen	38 does	79
1044996353	Which major metabolic product is produced under anaerobic conditions by muscle cells during intense exercise	Lactate	80
1044996354	The electron-carrier molecules that are used in electron-transport chain to generate additional ATP are	NADH and FADH2	81
1044996355	NADH is produced	from the reduction of NAD	82
1044996356	Besides ATP the end products of aerobic respiration are	carbon dioxide water	83
1044996357	At the end of aerobic respiration all six carbon atoms from the glucose molecule are	found in carbon dioxide molecules	84
1044996358	Excess glucose in the body following a meal can be stored in the liver as this is for use in the near future:	Glycogen	85
1044996359	These events occur during the reactions of the citric acid cycle except: a. ATP production b. NADH and FADH2 production c. Carbon dioxide formation d. Water molecule formation	d water molecule formation	86
1044996360	This energy-requiring process forms larger molecules by joining together smaller molecules	Anabolism	87
1044996361	During vigorous exercise, pyruvate produced by glycolysis is converted to	lactate	88
1044996362	The process by which amino acids and glycerol can be converted to glucose is called	Gluconeogenesis	89
1044996363	The energy released by oxidation of glucose is stored as	ADP	90
1044996364	How many total ATP are made from the complete oxidation of 1 glucose molecule to CO2 and H2O	38	91
1044996365	The 6-carbon molecule that is formed by the addition of acytyl CoA to ocaloacetate is	Citrate	92
1045439549	Amino acid carbon skeletons can be used to synthesize ________ or ________	Ketones or Glucose	93
1045439550	The main site for gluconeogenesis is	The liver	94
1045439551	Gluconeogenesis is the	Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors	95
1045439552	The carbohydrate storage polysaccharide made by animals is	Glycogen	96
1045439553	What are the storage polymers	Starch, cellulose, glycogen	97
1045439554	A person who is lactose intolerant is deficient in which enzyme's activity?	Lactase	98
1045439555	what do amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, and cellulose all have in common?	starches	99
1045439556	What condition is required in the cell for pyruvate to be converted to acetyl CoA	aerobic	100
1045439557	How many CO2 molecules are released during one round of the Citric Acid Cycle?	2	101
1045439558	Which metabolic step is irreversible? What consequence does that have for gluconeogenesis?	Conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA - less efficient	102
1045439559	Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?	cytoplasm	103
1045439560	Where in the cell does the TCA cycle occur?	matrix of the mitochondria	104
1045439561	What are Eicosanoids	signaling molecules made by oxidation of 20-carbon fatty acids. They exert complex control over many bodily systems, mainly in inflammation or immunity, and as messengers in the central nervous system. They are derived from either Omega 6 or 3 Fatty acids.	105
1045439562	What is a buffer?	A buffer is an aqueous solution that has a highly stable pH. If you add acid or base to a buffered solution, its pH will not change significantly. Similarly, adding water to a buffer or allowing water to evaporate will not change the pH of a buffer.	106
1045439563	What are the phases of detoxification? What enzymes are used?	PhaseI:Functionalization • Hepatic enzymes are responsible for the metabolism of xenobiotics by first activating them • Oxidation • Reduction • Hydrolysis • Hydration • PhaseII:Conjugation • active secondary metabolite with • Glucuronic acid • Sulphuric acid • Glutathione • Followed by excretion in bile or urine.	107
1045439564	What is the primary organ site for detoxification?	Liver	108
1045439565	Central principle/dogma of molecular biology:	genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein Amino acids can't do anything without template from DNA DNA replicates its information (via many enzymes): REPLICATION DNA codes for mRNA during transcription : TRANSCRIPTION mRNA processed into proteins : TRANSLATION	109
1045439566	RNA can turn back into	DNA via Reverse Transcription	110
1045464673	Difference between RNA and DNA	The hydroxy group on 2 prime carbon indicates RNA.	111

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