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Chapter 5: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution Flashcards

1700-1755

956761124	Most populous states	Virginia, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and MD	1
956761125	German immigration	fled religious persecution, economic oppression, and war (6%) C: came to Quaker, PA I: enhanced religious diversity	2
956761126	Scots-Irish immigration	Catholics took over Ireland, poor economic conditions due to English restrictions on their production (7%) C: led Paxton Boys March in PA (1764) to protest against friendly policy of Indians; Presbyterian; Regulator Movement	3
956761127	Multicolored immigration	consisted of other groups (5%)	4
956761128	African immigration	largest non-English group; in the South (20%)	5
956761129	Colonial Ethnic Diversity	South (90% black slaves), NE (least ethnic diversity), PA (bulk of white immigrants)	6
956761130	18th century colonial society	most small farmers, cities contained artisans	7
956761131	17th century colonial society	stratified and barried; merchant princes (middle), churches and schools according to rank	8
956761132	New England society	smaller farms, children forced to do labor	9
956761133	South society	great planters = more power; money not distributed equally	10
956761134	Agriculture	leading industry (tobacco in MD/VA) (grain in middle)	11
956761135	Triangular Trade	Africa (liquor <==> slaves), West Indies (slaves <==> molasses), NE (molasses = rum); trip began again	12
956761136	Molasses Act	British Indies wanted to decrease North American trade with French Indies (1733) C: colonists responded with smuggling and bribing	13
956761137	Taverns	source of amusement, social mixing, and sources of information (gossip) in the colonial era; cradle of democracy	14
956761138	Anglican Church	an established church by 1775; had shorter sermons and a less frightening description of hell, amusements were less scorned C: established in GA, SC, NC, VA, MD, and part of NY	15
956761139	Congregational Church	established by 1775; grown from the Puritan Church C: established in all NEW colonies except RI	16
956761140	Great Awakening	religious revival held in the 1730's and 1740's to motivate the colonial America through speakers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield that used emotive spirituality to bring Americans together; established a number of new Protestant churches C: increased number and competitiveness; old lights vs new lights I: first spontaneous mass movement, contributed to growing sense of unity	17
956761141	Old Lights	orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality	18
956761142	New Lights	ministers called who promoted religious revival and an emotional religious experience (Great Awakening)	19
956761143	George Whithfield	One of the preachers of the Great Awakening; known for his talented voice inflection and persuasiveness; brought new ways of preaching (emotional appeal)	20
956761144	"Poor Richard's Almanack"	written by Ben Franklin; influential and contained many common sayings and phrases C: advanced science	21
956761145	John Peter Zenger	journalist that questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700s; jailed and sued; found not guilty C: court case is a basis of freedom of speech and press; protected by Andrew Hamilton	22
956761146	1733	Molasses Act	23
956761147	1734	Jonathan Edwards begins Great Awakening	24
956761148	1734-1735	Zenger free-press trial in New York	25
956761149	1738	George Whithfield spreads Great Awakening	26
956761150	1764	Paxton Boys march on Philadelphia	27
956761151	1775	Anglican Church and the Congregational Church became established churches	28
956761152	Andrew Hamilton	A former indentured servant, he acted as a lawyer for Zenger in his court case	29
956761153	Anglican	A former indentured servant, he acted as a lawyer for Zenger in his court case	30
956761154	Ben Franklin	Helped to create the first college free from denominational control- University of Pennsylvania. Considered the first civilized American C: Poor Richard's Almanac." I: everything	31
956761155	boys	forced to do labor in New England	32
956761156	Congregational	Puritans	33
956761157	great planters	held most power in the south; had lots of money because of slaves	34
956761158	John Singleton Copley	colonial painter who studied and worked in Britian; a loyalist C: considered to be one of the great colonial painters	35
956761159	Jonathan Edwards	started the Great Awakening with his new, lively method of preaching (alongside Whithfield) C: wrote "Sinners in the hand of an Angry god" sermon (road to hell is paved with the skulls of unbaptized children)	36
956761160	merchants	laid the foundations of their fortunes with profits made as suppliers C: responded to Molasses Act by bribing and smuggling	37
956761161	Paxton Boys	group of Scots-Irish that marched on Philadelphia (1764) to protest lenient way the Quakers treated the Indians C: started Regulator Movement in North Carolina	38
956761162	Phyllis Wheatley	first African-American writer to be published in US; slave girl brought to Boston and taken to England; published book of verses and wrote other poems revealing influence of Alexander Pope	39
956761163	royal governors	appointed by the king; only 8 of 13 colonies had one	40
956761164	skilled artisans	shopkeepers, tradespeople, etc that were mainly around during 18th century	41
956761165	slaves	least fortunate in colonial society	42
956761166	small farmers	society in New England as children were forced to do labor	43
956761167	widows and orphans	depended on charity due to war	44
956761168	Africa	gave slaves in exchange for liquor as a part of the triangular trade	45
956761169	Chesapeake region	turn to African slaves as their primary labor source; tobacco	46
956761170	frontier	border separating two colonies; pleasure was often combined with work at house-raising, quilting bees, husking bees, and apple parings; Scots-Irish lived here	47
956761171	Middle Colonies	border separating two colonies; pleasure was often combined with work at house-raising, quilting bees, husking bees, and apple parings; Scots-Irish lived here	48
956761172	New England	received the bulk of later white immigrants and boasted an astonishing variety of peoples	49
956761173	North Carolina	Regulator Movement	50
956761174	Pennsylvania	where many immigrated to	51
956761175	the South	great planters had the most power more money meant one was a larger slaveowner; money was not distributed equally; widened gap between prosperous gentry and poor whites	52
956761176	West Indies	gave molasses that were planted by the slaves as a part of the triangular trade	53
956761177	African American community	prospered tribe communities as Africans would often wed (multicultural) C: same with Native American community	54
956761178	arts	colonial Americans shared same art and culture taste with England C: Trumbull, Peale, West, and Copley = great colonial painters	55
956761179	denominations increase	increased numbers and competitiveness of churches C: Great Awakening	56
956761180	fishing, whaling	major industry in New England	57
956761181	freedom of the press	established in Zenger's case as his comments against a royal governor were found legal	58
956761182	hotbeds of agitation	debate; found in taverns	59
956761183	literature & poetry	undistinguished from England; exception being Phyllis Wheatley	60
956761184	mass movement of Americans	Great Awakening	61
956761185	molasses	used in triangular trade; West Indies produced this and gave in exchange for slaves	62
956761186	newspapers	allowed freedom of press	63
956761187	qualifications to vote	many colonies held religious or property qualifications to vote; many didn't vote	64
956761188	Regulator Movement	movement by NC (Scots-Irish) that resented Eastern state domination of political affairs; believed tax money was unevenly distributed; unfairly taxed C: included Andrew Jackson	65
956761189	religious toleration	all North American colonies had some degree of religious toleration	66
956761190	rum	used in triangular trade; America produced this and gave to Africa in exchange for slaves	67
956761191	schools & colleges	emphasis on religion and classical languages; independent thinking discouraged	68
956761192	social mobility	high degree of social mobility in colonies, a growing economy and the availability of land prevented the development of a permanent underclass, no land aristocracy	69
956761193	tax supported churches (established churches)	Anglican church and the Congregational church	70
956761194	tobacco	leading industry in VA and MD C: wheat is another one	71
956761195	true statements about gov., not libel	freedom of press	72
956761196	upperhouse of legislature	appointed by the crown in the royal colonies; by the proprietor in the proprietary colonies; by the voters in the self-governing colonies	73
956761197	waterways as roads	slow and undependable; form of transportation	74
956761198	wheat	another leading industry in VA and MD C: tobacco is another one	75
956761199	Regulators	Rebellious movement of frontiersmen in the southern colonies that included future President Andrew Jackson	76

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Jamestown Flashcards

'' Jamestown '' is about the history/facts of Jamestown and how the colony ALMOST failed.

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1670140768	How did Jamestown start?	The colony of Jamestown was founded when 105 colonists landed near the mouth of the James River, in Virginia.	0
1670140769	Who was Jamestown and the James River named after?	Like Jamestown, the James River was named after King James.	1
1670140770	Who was John Smith?	Captain John Smith was the leader of the Jamestown colony and required all men to work the jobs necessary for survival.	2
1670140771	What did most of the gentlemen do in Jamestown?	Most of the gentlemen didn't want to build houses or work in the fields, instead they searched for gold.	3
1670140772	Give at least two reasons why Jamestown almost failed.	It was built close to a swamp, diseases spread because of bad water/mosquitoes and Native Americans often attacked the settlement.	4
1670140773	What happened in the winter of 1609-1610?	The winter of 1609-1610 was known as the ''starving time'' ; All but 60 of the 500 colonists would die.	5
1670140774	What happened when Jamestown showed no profit?	When Jamestown showed no profit, the king made it a royal colony ( A royal colony is a colony governed by the King).	6
1670140775	How much did Tobacco Shipments to Europe rise from 1616 to 1640?	In 1616, 2,500 lbs ( pounds ) of Tobacco were shipped to Europe. In 1640, 3,000,000 lbs of Tobacco were shipped to Europe.	7
1670140776	Right before the "starving time" there were about 500 colonists. How many survived the "starving time"?	Only 60 out of 500 survived.	8
1670140777	What is an Indentured Servant?	A laborer who is under contract for a specified period of time.	9

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AP Biology Chapter 4 Flashcards

AP Biology Chapter 4 Need-to-know

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906697277	Carbon has 4 valence electrons, so it can form covalent bonds with 4 other atoms	Explain how carbon's electron configuration explains its ability to form large, complex, diverse organic molecules (bullets 1-2)	1
906697278	these covalent bonds can be single, double, or triple bonds, but one carbon atom is limited to only 4 covalent bonds. it can bond with other carbon atoms and different atoms (H, O, N, P, S) to form long chains, ring shaped molecules, and branched/irregular shapes	Explain how carbon's electron configuration explains its ability to form large, complex, diverse organic molecules (Bullets 3-5)	2
906697279	carbon skeletons vary in length and may be straight, branched, or arranged in closed rings; carbon skeletons may include double bonds; atoms of other elements can be bonded to the atoms of the carbon skeleton	Describe how carbon skeletons may vary and explain how this variation contributes to the diversity and complexity of organic molecules	3
906697280	isomer	compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures and, therefore, different chemical properties	4
906697281	structural isomer	have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangement of atoms	5
906697282	geometric isomer	have the same covalent partnerships but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms around a carbon-carbon double bond	6
906697283	enantiomers	molecules that are mirror images of each other	7
906697284	Methyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, amino, carboxyl, sulfhydryl, phosphate	name the major functional groups found in an organic molecule	8
906697285	methyl	H \| C-H \| H acts as a marker on organic molecules, nonpolar, not reactive; ex. acetic acid	9
906697286	hydroxyl	-OH polar, it increases solubility of organic molecules; ex. alcohols, ethanol	10
906697287	carbonyl	C=O polar, two types (aldehyde and ketone)	11
906697288	aldehyde	if the carbonyl group is on the end of the skeleton, it is a(n) _____; ex. propanal	12
906697289	ketone	if the carbonyl group is within the carbon skeleton, it is a(n) ______; ex. acetone	13
906697290	amino	NH2 acts as a base, it picks of a hydrogen ion (H+) from the solution; ex. glycine	14
906697291	carboxyl	O=C-OH acts as an acid because the combined electronegativities of the two adjacent oxygen atoms increase the chance of dissociation of hydrogen as an ion (H+); ex. acetic acid	15
906697292	sulfhydryl	-SH two of these groups can interact to help stabilize the structure of proteins, it forms cross-bridges; ex. cysteine	16
906697293	phosphate	-PO4 or -OPO3 important in energy transfer between organic molecules, is connects to the carbon backbone via one of its oxygen atoms, they are anions with 2 negative charges because 2 protons dissociate from the oxygen atoms; ex. glycerol phosphate	17
906697294	amino	consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton, what functional group is this?	18
906697295	sulfhydryl	consists of a sulfur atom bonded to an atom of hydrogen, resembles a hydroxyl group in shape, what functional group is this?	19
906697296	phosphate	a phosphorus atom bonded to 4 oxygen; one oxygen is bonded to the carbon skeleton; two oxygens carry negative charges; also, 1 oxygen double bonded to the phosphorus, and the 3 other oxygens single bonded; this group is an ionized form of a phosphoric acid group (-OPO3H2; note the two hydrogens); what functional group is this?	20
906697297	methyl	consists of carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms; it may be attached to a carbon or to a different atom; what functional group is this?	21
906697298	hydroxyl	a hydrogen atom is bonded to an oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton of the organic molecule, (do not confuse this functional group with the hydroxide ion); what functional group is this?	22
906697299	carbonyl	consists of a carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond; what functional group is this?	23
906697300	carboxyl	when an atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom that is also bonded to an -OH group, the entire assembly of atoms is called a _______ group	24
906697301	adenosine is attached to a string of three phosphate groups; when one inorganic phosphate ion is split off as a result of a reaction with water, ATP becomes adenosine diphosphate (ADP); ATP "stores" the potential to react with water, releasing energy that can be used by the cell	Explain how ATP functions as the primary energy transfer molecule in living cells	25
906697302	vitalism	the idea that organic compounds arise only in organisms; was disproved when chemists synthesized these compounds	26
906697303	mechanism	the view that all natural phenomena are governed by physical and chemical laws	27
906697304	organic compounds	they range from simple molecules to colossal ones; most of them contain hydrogen atoms in addition to carbon atoms	28
906697305	atmosphere; Earth; sea water; early atmosphere; lightening; amino acids; reducing; organic molecules	in miller and urey's experiment, the created an early ________ of early _______; they tested the experiment by using ______ _______; the sea water was heated and it went into a flask that held the ____ _______, which constituted ammonia, methane, and hydrogen. they then had ______ rods in it; the atmosphere was than cooled and they found various ___ ____; the purpose of this experiment was to see if a(n) _______ atmosphere can produce _____ _____	29
906697306	hydrocarbons	organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen; many organic molecules, such as fats, have these; they can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy	30

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The French and Indian War Flashcards

The French and Indian War
(1) 10 Multiple Choice.
(2) 10 Matching.
(3) Chronology (place events in the order in which they happened).
(4) 2 / 3 essays.
Essay topics: French and Indian War, Democracy in the colonies, Albany Congress.

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1156449214	Edward Braddock	A general that had attempted to invade Fort Duquesne in 1755 but he and most of his men were killed by a suprise attack from the Native Americans. This was the general that Washington served under.	1
1156449215	James Wolfe	A British general that had coordinated a strategic attack on the French by lining up on the plains of Abraham and won the battle over Quebec which ended the French and Indian War.	2
1156449216	William Pitt	The prime minister of England in 1756	3
1156449217	What was the Albany Plan Of Union?	It was based on the belief that the colonies would have a better chance against the Native Americans and the French if the colonies are bound together.It was suggested by Benjamin Franklin.	4
1156449218	Why was the Albany Plan of Union shot down?	Two reasons (1) The colonists were afraid of loosing their individual government power (2) The king feared that it would give the colonists a sense of rebellion and power.	5
1156449219	mercantilism	an economic system based on trading to make money through taxation of imports and exports but usually imports.	6
1156449220	Why was mercantilism significant to Britain?	England set up this system to use the 13 colonies to produce money. The establishment of the colonies was for the sake of having a source of raw materials and also a market of manufactured goods for Britain to cater the demand of exotic goods.	7
1156449221	Who was John Hancock?	A trader in Boston who was outraged by the taxes so he joined the Patriots.	8
1156449222	Why did British Parliament pass the Navigation Acts on the colonists?	Britain did not want the colonists to buy Dutch ships because the money they spent of the ship goes to the Dutch. They wanted the colonists to buy British ships, so the British can get money for ships.	9
1156449223	What kind of trade did North America have with the West Indies and Africa?	North America trades rum with Africa. Africa supplies slaves to the West Indies and the West Indies gives molasses and slaves. (Triangular Trade)	10
1156449224	What caused the British government to loosen their control on the colonies?	The Glorious revolution in 1688 in England (When William and Mary took power from James II, and wrote the first bill of rights)	11
1156449225	What happened as a result to Britain leaving the colonists to fend for themselves?	The colonies began to rely on self-government run by a representative assembly. Each colony had their own government and their own way of living	12
1156449226	What were the four nations colonizing North America?	Spain, France, England and the Netherlands	13
1156449227	Describe Spain as a colonizing nation.	Spain had taken control of most of South America, Central America, California, Mexico, Arizona, Texas, and fought for Florida but lost Florida after the French and Indian War to the British but later on given land on the west of the Mississippi.	14
1156449228	Describe France as a colonizing nation.	France (1) gone through difficult internal problems so they were behind in colonization and exploration. (2) colonized North American territories around Ohio. (3) focused on turning a profit rather than permanent settlement. (4) began to establish trading outputs trading fur with the Native American tribes	15
1156449229	What caused disputes between French colonists and British colonists?	The French and British colonists were crossing borders from Virginia.	16
1156449230	How did the French and Indian War begin?	The growth of the English colonies made a clash with France inevitable.For some time the English and the French stayed far enough apart as to not bother each other. But with the English expanding westward and the events after the Glorious revolution. Not long after, the two leading colonial powers in North America were at war.	17
1156449231	What did the Europeans call the French and Indian War?	The 7 years war	18
1156449232	Why did Lt. George Washington build Fort Necessity?	On March 28, 1754, a small group of French soldiers were captured by the British interrogated them and found out that the French and Native Americans would attack Virginia. So George Washington had built Fort Necessity to protect Virginia.	19
1156449233	What plan did William Pitt devise to win the war?	He needs to capture the following places to win the war: (1) Fort Niagra- hoping to cut the French off from the Great Lakes because they wanted to limit the French which would the British an advantage. (2) Lake Champlain- establishing forts around the Lake to ambush French ships coming through . (3) Quebec- one of the key areas of French Canada if attacked would end the war which was captured in September 13, 1759.	20
1156449234	Where and When was the Treaty of Paris signed?	In 1763, Paris	21
1156449235	What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris?	The terms of the Treaty of Paris (1) France had to surrender Canada to the English which includes lands east of the Mississippi. (2) Spain gave up Florida but were given land west of the Mississippi.	22
1156449236	What happened to France after the French and Indian War?	France was finished as a new world power, the only land they had were land in the West Indies specifically Haitian lands.	23
1156449237	What were the problems after the war?	The three problems they had after the war: (1) Native Americans- They were still there in North America after they sided with the French. (2) Settlement of the New Land- new lands from the French need protection and protection costs money and after the war Britain had suffered from a great postwar debt. (3) Post War Debt- 75 pounds sterling to 135 pounds sterling was the debt after the war and had increased by 50% within seven years of the war.	24

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Chapter 18 - The Rise of Russia Flashcards

World Civilazations- A Global Experience, The Third Edition [AP]

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607214371	Catherine the Great	Russian ruler (1762-1796) with Western ideas, took steps to modernize and reform Russia (Enlightenment); put limited reforms in place (more important to extend central governmental authority than Western reform), and did little to improve the lives of the Russian peasants; gave nobles absolute power over serfs because she needed the nobles' support (just crushed them in a rebellion); fought to gain access to the Black Sea against Ottoman Turks and expanded empire into Poland, Siberia, Alaska.	1
607214372	Copernicus	Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)	2
607214373	Third Rome	Russia, with Moscow as its capital, claimed to be the successor of the Roman and Byzantine empires.	3
607214374	partitions of Poland	18TH CENTURY - Polish nobility proved incapable of regulating own affairs. In 1763 Catherine got former lover Poniatowski on throne. Fred II concerned about extension of Russian power over Poland - diplomatically intervened and arranged first of 3 partitions. 1) 1772, Poland lost about half its territory. Prussia got Pomerelia, Russia took Byelorussia and Austria got Galicia. 2) 1793, Russia gained most of Lithuania and the western Ukraine while Prussia took area around Danzig and additional territory in western Poland. 3) 1795, after Polish national revolt under Kosciuszko the three powers undertook 3rd partition. POLAND CEASED TO EXIST AS AN INDEPENDENT STATE. PRUSSIA TOOK AREA AROUND WARSAW, AUSTRIA GAINED THE CRACOW REGION AND RUSSIA TOOK WHAT WAS LEFT OF LITHUANIA AND THE UKRAINE. POLES, LITHUANIANS, BYELORUSSIANS AND UKRAINIANS RESENTED BEING UNDER RUSSIAN DOMINATION. (Catherine only ruler to take part in all 3)	4
607214375	Peter I (The Great)	Also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models.	5
607214376	Pugachev rebellion	A Cossack chieftain who claimed to be the legitimate tsar, launched a rebellion against tsarist authority and promised to abolish serfdom, taxation and military conscription.	6
607214377	Time of Troubles	followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613.	7
607214378	Ivan the Terrible	Confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars; continued policy of expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture.	8
607214379	Alexis Romanov	Second Romanov tsar; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over Russian Orthodox church.	9
607214380	Radishev	a noble; one of first Western inspired radicals; sought abolition of serfdom and more liberal political rule; vigorously harassed by Catherine the Great's police; his writings were banned	10
607214381	Serfdom	Institution in which a peasant is attached to a feudal estate.	11
607214382	Rurik Dynasty	A time period starting tradition of centralized rule from 862 AD; influenced Ivan the Terrible	12
607214383	Obruk	Labor obligations of Russian peasants to either their aristocratic landlords or to the state; typical of increased labor burdens placed on Russian peasantry during the 18th century.	13
607214384	St. Petersburg	Capitol city of Russia built by Peter the Great. It was on the coast of the Baltic Sea and considered Russia's window to the West and is a symbol of Peter's desire to westernize.	14
607214385	Cossacks	Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.	15
607214386	Old Believers	Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization.	16
607214387	Boyars	Russian nobles	17
607214388	Peter III	Husband of Catherine the Great, was mentally unstable, and was murdered by a group of Russian army officers. Whether or not Catherine was involved in the murder is unknown, but she did benefit by it as she then had the throne to herself., Withdrew from the Seven Year's War because he liked Frederick II of Prussia. This essentially stopped the war.	18
607214389	Ivan III	In the reign of Ivan III (r. 1462-1505), the process of gathering in the territories around Moscow was completed. Of the principalities the Ivan III purchased and conquered, the large, rich merchant republic of Novgorod was the most crucial. This prince of Moscow was an autocrat and tsar. This imperious conception of absolute power was powerfully reinforced by two developments. First, about 1480 Ivan III felt strong enough to stop acknowledging the khan as the supreme ruler. Second, after the fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453, the tsars saw themselves as the heirs of both the Caesars and Orthodox Christianity, the one true faith. Also, he dispatcheddiplomatic missions to leading Western states.	19
607214390	Kremlin	The fortress at the center of Moscow; Ivan III had palaces and cathedrals built there.	20
607214391	Instruction of 1767	document prepared by Empress Catherine (II), the Great, that recommended liberal, humanitarian political theories for use as the basis of government reform and the formulation of a new legal code.	21
607214392	Westernization	policy of Peter the Great. Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture	22
607214393	Romanov dynasty	dynasty that favored the nobles, reduced military obligations, expanded the Russian empire further east, and fought several unsuccessful wars, yet they lasted from 1613 to 1917.	23
607214394	Alexis of Tocqueville	Writer, came from France to America in 1831. He observed democracy in government and society. His book (written in two parts in 1835 and 1840) discusses the advantages of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power. First to raise topics of American practicality over theory, the industrial aristocracy, and the conflict between the masses and individuals. About 1800, he likened Russia (post Cath the Grt who died, 1796), to the US as the two giants of future world history.	24
607214395	Chancery of the Secret Police	A police force operating largely in secret and often using terror tactics to suppress dissent and political opposition, survived under different names from Peter the Great, 1690 to modern times, 1990s.	25

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AP World History Chapter 18 Quiz Flashcards

Chapter 18: The Rise of Russia

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1280878263	Ivan III	Also known as Ivan the Great; prince of Duchy of Moscow; claimed descent from Rurik; responsible for freeing Russia from Mongols after 1462; took title of tsar of Caesar - equivalent of emperor	1
1280878264	Ivan IV	Also known as Ivan the Terrible; confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars (aristocrats); continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with Western European commerce and culture	2
1280878265	Cossacks	Peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements	3
1280878266	Time of Troubles	Followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613	4
1280878267	Michael Romanov	Reestablished internal order without great difficulty, drove out the foreign invaders and resumed the expansionist policy of his predecessors	5
1280878268	Peter I	Also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of Western European models	6
1280878269	Catherine II (the Great)	German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy be granting them new power over peasantry	7
1280878270	Pugachev rebellion	During 1770s in reign of Catherine the Great; led by cossack Emelyan Pugachev, who claimed to be legitimate tsar; eventually crushed; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter	8

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AP World History Chapter 18 Flashcards

The Rise of Russia

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Ap Bio Chapter 3 Flashcards

Chapter 3 of the AP bio Book

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860696238	global warming	an increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)	1
860696239	organic compounds	compounds that contain carbon	2
860696240	hydrocarbons	hydrogen covalently bonded to carbon	3
860696241	______ and _______ are examples of hydrocarbons	gasoline and other fossils fuels	4
860696242	functional groups	particular/cluster of atoms covalently bonded to carbon	5
860696243	hemoglobin	iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells	6
860696244	alcohols	organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups	7
860696245	carbonyl	Building blocks of fats and carbohydrates. Highly reactive and prone to electron transfers	8
860696246	Carboxyl	amino acids, fatty acids., -COOH	9
860696247	phosphate	energy carrying function and the backbones of DNA and RNA	10
860696248	sulfhydryl	helps stabilize protein structure	11
860696249	monomers	subunits	12
860696250	polymers	long chains of monomers	13
860696251	enzymes	proteins that speed up chemical reactions	14
860696252	functional group transfer	A functional group split away from one molecule is transferred to another	15
860696253	electron transfer	A electron split away from one molecule is donated to another.	16
860696254	rearrangement	one type of organic compound is converted to another type through the rearrangement of internal bonds	17
860696255	condensation	two molecules combine to form a larger molecule	18
860696256	cleavage	a molecule splits into two smaller ones	19
860696257	carbohydrates	the most abundant 1 carbon : 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen	20
860696258	saccharide	sugar in greek	21
860696259	monosaccharide	one sugar two (-OH) bonded to the carbon backbone plus an aldehyde or a ketone group. Dissoved easily in water	22
860696260	____ and _____ are the sugar unit of RNA and DNA	ribose;deoxyribose	23
860696261	oligosaccharide	a few bonded monosaccharides	24
860696262	polysacharides	large macromolecule formed from manosaccharides	25
860696263	types of polysacharides	cellulose starch glucose chitin	26
860696264	cellulose	plant cell walls	27
860696265	starch	chain is spiral , energy storage in plants	28
860696266	glycogen	human sugar storage equivalent	29
860696267	chitin	nitrogen containing groups attached to glucose monomers. , A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.	30
860696268	lipids	nonpolar hydrocarbons	31
860696269	fats	1,2,or 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol.	32
860696270	unsaturated	bended. oils 2(double bonds)	33
860696271	saturated	straight single bonds only	34
860696272	triglycerides	3(double bonds) most abundant lipids and richest energy source.	35
860696273	phospholipid	glycerol backbone, two fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic head.	36
860696274	sterols	lipids with no fatty acids	37
860696275	waxes	long chain fatty acid. repels water and restricts water loss.	38
860696276	amino acids	amino group, carboxyl group, a hydrogen atoms, R group	39
860696277	polypeptide chain	A chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.	40
860696278	peptide bonds	Bonds between amino acids	41
860696279	fibrous protein	contribute to a cell's shape and organization	42
860696280	globular proteins	compact, rounded, readily enter aqueous solution; function only if they remain in solution	43
860696281	domain	a polypeptide chain, or part of it, that has become self organized as a structurally stable functional unit.	44
860696282	HLAs	human leukocyte antigen... bodys defending cells aware of an invader	45
860696283	denaturation	breaking weak bonds of a protein	46
860696284	nucleotides	made of sugar, one phosphate group, with a nitrogen containt base. building blocs of nucleic acids	47
860696285	ATP	adenosine triphosphate	48
860696286	coenzymes	enzymes helper. accepts hydrogen atoms and electrons stripped from molecules at one reaction site and then transfer them to a different sites in the cell	49
860696287	nucleic acids	complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information	50

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AP Bio-Ch. 7: Photosynthesis Flashcards

McGraw Hill 8th Edition by Sylvia S. Mader. 25 Vocab

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107968355	Absorption spectrum	The various portions of visible light that pigments are capable of absorbing	107968355
107968356	Action spectrum	The data of the measure of the rate of photosynthesis at each wavelength of light that are plotted on a graph results in ght record of the action spectrum of photosynthesis in plants.	107968356
107968357	ATP synthase	Enzyme that is part of an ATP synthase complex and functions in the production of ATP in chloroplasts and mitochondria	107968357
107968358	C3 plant	Plant that fixes carbon dioxide via the Calvin cycle; the first stable product of C3 photosynthesis is a 3-carbon compound.	107968358
107968359	C4 plant	Plant that fixes carbon dioxide to produce a c4 molecule that releases carbon dioxide to the Calvin cycle	107968359
107968360	Calvin cycle reaction	Portion of photosynthesis that takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts and can occur in the dark; it uses the products of the light reactions to reduce CO2 to a carbohydrate	107968360
107968361	CAM	Plant that fixes carbon dioxide at night to produce a C4 molecule that releases carbon dioxide to the Calvin cycle during the day; CAM stands for crassulacean-acid metabolism	107968361
107968362	Carbon dioxide fixation	Photosynthetic reaction in which carbon dioxide is attached to an organic compound.	107968362
107968363	Carotenoid	Yellow or orange pigment that serves as an accessory to chlorophyll in photosynthesis	107968363
107968364	Chemiosmosis	Ability of certain membranes to use a hydrogen ion gradient to drive ATP formation.	107968364
107968365	Chlorophyll	Green pigment that absorbs solar energy and is important in algal and plant photosynthesis; occurs as chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.	107968365
107968366	Chloroplast	Membrane-bounded organelle in algae and plants with chlorophyll-containing membranous thylakoids; where photosynthesis takes place	107968366
107968367	Cyclic electron pathway	Portion of the light reaction that involves only photysystem I and generates ATP	107968367
107968368	Electron transport system	Passage of electrons along a series of membrane-bounded electron carrier molecules from a high to lower energy level; the energy released is used for the synthesis of ATP.	107968368
107968369	Granum	Stack of chlorophyll-containing thylakoids in a chloroplast	107968369
107968370	Light reaction	Portion of photosynthesis that captures solar energy and takes place in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts; produces ATP and NADPH.	107968370
107968371	Noncycylic electron pathway	Portion of the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves both photosystem and I and photosystem II. It generates both ATP and NADPH	107968371
107968372	Photorespiration	Series of reaction that occurs in plants when carbon dioxide levels are depleted but oxygen continues to accumulate and the enzyme RuBP carboxylase fixes oxygen instead of carbon dioxide	107968372
107968373	Photosynthesis	Process occurring usually within chloroplast whereby chlorophyll-containing organelles trap solar energy to reduce carbon dioxide to carbohydrate.	107968373
107968374	Photoysystem	Photosynthetic unit where solar energy is absorbed and high-energy electrons are generated; contains a pigment complex an electron acceptor; occurs as PS I and PS II	107968374
107968375	RuBP carboxylase	An enzyme that starts the Calvin cycle reaction by catalyzing attachment of the carbon atom form CO2 to RuBP	107968375
107968376	Stomata	Small openings between the between two guard cells on the underside of leaf epidermis through which gases pass.	107968376
107968377	Stroma	Fluid within a chloroplast that contains enzymes involved in the synthesis of carbohydrates during photosynthesis	107968377
107968378	Thylakoid	Flattened sac within a granum whose membrane contains chlorophyll and where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur	107968378
107968379	Visible light	Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye	107968379

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DCCS APWH Key Concepts Review 8000 BCE to 600 BCE Flashcards

Key Concept 1.1 Big Geography & the Peopling of the Earth
Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies
Key Concept 1.3 The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies

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1272938662	What is the evidence that explains the earliest history of humans and the planet? What are the theories that interpret this evidence?	The term "Big Geography" draws attention to the global nature of world history. Throughout the Paleo¬lithic period, humans migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas. Early humans were mobile and creative in adapting to different geographical settings from savannah to desert to Ice Age tundra. By analogy with modern hunter/forager societies, anthropologists infer that these bands were relatively egalitarian. Humans also developed varied and sophisticated tech-nologies.	1
1272938663	Where did humans first appear on Earth, and what were their societal structure(s), technology, and culture?	Archeological evidence indicates that during the Paleolithic Era, hunting-foraging bands of humans gradually migrated from their origin in East Africa to Eurasia, Australia and the Americas, adapting their technology and cultures to new climate regions.	2
1272938664	Describe earliest humans' technology & tools	Humans used fire in new ways: to aid hunting and foraging, to protect against predators and to adapt to cold environments. Humans developed a wider range of tools specially adapted to different environments from tropics to tundra.	3
1272938665	What were the earliest humans' religious beliefs and practices?	Religion was most likely animistic.	4
1272938666	How did the earliest humans' society help them procure enough supplies to survive?	Economic structures focused on small kinship groups of hunting/foraging bands that could make what they needed to survive. However, not all groups were self-sufficient; they exchanged people, ideas and goods.	5
1272963696	How did human societies change during the Neolithic Revolution? What were the long-term demographic, social, political, and economic effects of the Neolithic Revolution?	In response to warming climates at the end of the last Ice Age from about 10,000 years ago, some groups adapted to the environment in new ways while others remained hunter/foragers. Settled agri-cul¬ture appeared in several different parts of the world. The switch to agriculture created a more reliable, but not necessarily more diversified, food supply. Agriculturalists also had a massive impact on the environment, through intensive cultivation of selected plants to the exclusion of others, through the construction of irrigation systems and through the use of domesticated animals for food and for labor. Populations increased; family groups gave way to village and later urban life with all its complexity. Patriarchy and forced labor systems developed giving elite men concentrated power over most of the other people in their societies.	6
1272963697	How did pastoral societies resemble or differ from early agricultural societies? Where did pastoralism persist even after the Neolithic Revolution?	Pastoralism emerged in parts of Africa and Eurasia. Pastoral peoples domesticated animals and led their herds around grazing ranges. Like agriculturalists, pastoralists tended to be more socially stratified than were hunter-foragers. Because pastoralists were mobile, they rarely accumulated large amounts of material possessions, which would have been a hindrance when changing grazing areas. Pastoralists' mobility allowed them to become an important conduit for technological change as they interacted with settled populations.	7
1272963698	How did the Neolithic Revolution affect human societies economically & socially?	Beginning about 10,000 years ago, the Neolithic Revolution led to the development of new and more complex economic and social systems.	8
1272963699	Why did the Neolithic Revolution start (at all)? Where did the Neolithic Revolution first transform human populations? (Plural answer)	Possibly as a response to climatic change, permanent agricultural villages emerged first in the lands of the eastern Mediterranean. Agriculture emerged at different times in Mesopotamia, the Nile River valley and sub-Saharan Africa, the Indus River valley, the Yellow River or Huang He valley, Papua-New Guinea, Mesoamerica and the Andes.	9
1272963700	Where did pastoralism persist even after the Neolithic Revolution?	Pastoralism developed at various sites in the grasslands of Afro-Eurasia.	10
1272963701	What various crops & animals were developed or domesticated during the Neolithic Revolution?	Different crops or animals were domesticated in the various core regions, depending on available local flora and fauna.	11
1272963702	What labor adjustments did hu¬mans make in order to facilitate the Neolithic Revolution?	Agricultural communities had to work cooperatively to clear land and to create the water control systems needed for crop production.	12
1272963703	What were the environ¬ment¬al effects of the Neolithic Revolution?	These agricultural practices drastically impacted environmental diversity. Pastoralists also affected the environment by grazing large numbers of animals on fragile grasslands, leading to erosion when over-grazed.	13
1272963704	What effects did pastoralism & agriculture have on the food supply?	Agriculture and pastoralism began to transform human societies. Pastoralism and agriculture led to more reliable and abundant food supplies which increased population.	14
1272963705	What were the social effects of the increased food supply caused by increase of agri¬culture?	Surpluses of food and other goods led to specialization of labor, including new classes of artisans and warriors, and the development of elites.	15
1272963706	What technological innovations are associated with the growth of agriculture?	Technological innovations led to improvements in agricultural production, trade, and transpor-tation, including pottery, plows, woven textiles, metallurgy, wheels and wheeled vehicles.	16
1272963707	What is a 'civilization,' and what are the defining characteristics of a civilization?	From about 5,000 years ago, urban societies developed, laying the found¬ations for the first civilizations. The term civilization is normally used to designate large societies with cities and powerful states. While there were many differences between civilizations, they also shared im¬por¬tant fea¬tures. They all pro¬duced agricultural surpluses that permitted signif¬icant specialization of labor. All civilizations contained cities and generated complex institutions, such as political bureaucracies, including armies and religious hierarchies. They also featured clearly stratified social hier¬archies and organized long-distance trading relationships. Economic exchanges intensified within and between civilizations, as well as with nomadic pastoralists.	17
1272963708	How did civilizations develop and grow more complex before 600 BCE? What were the effects of this increasing complexity?	As populations grew, competition for surplus resources, especially food, led to greater social stratifi-cation, specialization of labor, increased trade, more complex systems of government and religion, and the development of record keeping. As civilizations expanded, they had to balance their need for more resources with environmental constraints such as the danger of under¬mining soil fertility. Finally, the accumulation of wealth in settled communities spurred warfare between communities and/or with pastoral¬ists; this violence drove the development of new technologies of war and urban defense.	18
1272963709	Where did the earliest civilizations develop, and why did they develop in those locations?	Core and foundational civilizations developed in a variety of geographical and environmental settings where agriculture flourished. NOTE: Students should be able to identify the location of all of the following: • Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River valleys • Egypt in the Nile River valley • Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River valley • The Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He valley • The Olmecs in Mesoamerica • Chavín in Andean South America.	19
1272963710	What is a "state?" Who ruled the early states, and which segments of society usually supported the ruler?	The first states emerged within core civilizations. States were powerful new systems of rule that mobilized surplus labor and resources over large areas. Early states were often led by a ruler whose source of power was believed to be divine or had divine support, and who was supported by the religious hierarchy and professional warriors.	20
1272963711	Why were some early states able to expand and conquering neighboring states?	As states grew and competed for land and resources, the more favorably situated had greater access to resources—including the Hittites' access to iron, produced more surplus food and experienced growing populations. These states were able to undertake territorial expansion and conquer surrounding states.	21
1272963712	Give four examples of early empires in the Nile & Tigris/Euphrates River Valleys.	Early regions of state expansion or empire building were Mesopotamia and Babylonia—Sumerians, Akkadians and Babylonians—and Egypt and Nubia along the Nile Valley.	22
1272963713	What role did pastoral civilizations play vis a vis empires?	Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of new weapons and modes of transportation that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations. • compound bows • chariots • iron weapons • horseback riding	23
1272963714	What methods did rulers use to unify their populations?	Culture played a significant in role in unifying states through law, language, literature, religion, myths and monumental art.	24
1272963715	What architectural forms did early civilizations produce?	Early civilizations developed monumental architecture and urban planning. • ziggurats • temples • streets and roads • pyramids • defensive walls • sewage and water systems	25
1272963716	Which social strata encour¬aged the development of art in ancient civilizations?	Elites, both political and religious, promoted arts and artisanship. • sculpture • painting • wall decorations • elaborate weaving	26
1272963717	What forms of writing developed in ancient civilizations?	Systems of record keeping arose independently in all early civilizations. • cuneiform • hieroglyphs • pictographs • alphabets • quipu	27
1272963718	What was the relationship between literature and culture?	Literature was also a reflection of culture. • the Epic of Gilgamesh • Rig Veda • Book of the Dead	28
1272963719	What pre-600 BCE religions strongly influenced later eras?	New religious beliefs developed in this period continued to have strong influences in later periods, including the Vedic religion, Hebrew monotheism and Zoroastrianism.	29
1272963720	How "big" were the pre-600 BCE trading regions?	Trade expanded throughout this period, with civilizations exchanging goods, cultural ideas and technology. Trade expanded from local to regional and transregional, including between Egypt and Nubia, Mesopotamia and the Indus valley.	30
1272963721	How did social and gender identities develop pre-600 BCE	Social and gender hierarchies intensified as states expanded and cities multiplied.	31

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576897946	Early Russian czars often referred to Russia as the _____after Byzantium	third Rome	1
576897947	What are the three lessons that may be taken that are important for Russian and World History alike?	...	2
576897948	What political center served as the focal point for the Russian liberation of the Mongols?	...	3
576897949	Identify Ivan III or Ivan the Great	...	4
576897950	What happened to literacy rates in Russia under Mongal rule?	...	5
576897951	What happened to the Russian economy under Mongol rule?	...	6
576897952	Ivan the Great claimed an earlier tradition of _____rule.	...	7
576897954	The idea of Russia as a third_____explained why Ivan called himself _____, or _____, the "autocrat of all Russias"?	...	8
576897956	What title did Ivan the Great take?	...	9
576897959	What policy did Ivan the Terrible continue?	...	10
576897960	How did Ivan the Terrible earn his nickname?	...	11
576897963	Why did the territorial expansion plan focus mainly on Asia?	...	12
576897966	Why was Russia an easy area to invade?	It was flatland and had no natural barriers	13
576897967	Define cossacks	...	14
576897969	What happened to independent central Asia as a result of Russia's early expansion?	...	15
576897972	How did this expansion make Russia more like the Mughals or Ottomans?	...	16
576897974	What was the tsarist policy with western Europe?	...	17
576897977	How were Italian artists and architects used by the Russians?	...	18
576897980	Ivan IV died without an _____.	...	19
576897981	Identify the Romanov dynasty	...	20
576897982	What were some accomplishments of the first Romanov, Michael?	...	21
576897984	How did Alexis Romanov increase the tsar's authority?	...	22
576897986	Who were the Old Believers and what happened to them under the rule of Alexis?	...	23
576897989	By the end of the 17th Century, Russia had become on of the great ________ ________, but it remained unusually _________ by the standards of the _____ and the great ________ civilizations.	...	24
576897991	What were Peter the Great's feelings towards Westernization?	...	25
576897994	What were peter the Great's feelings about parliament?	...	26
576897997	How did Peter the Great imitate the West?	...	27
576898000	Why was a secret Police created?	...	28
576898002	Access to what sea was obtained as a result of victory over Sweden?	...	29
576898003	Why was access to this sea so important?	...	30
576898005	Where did Peter the Great move the capital city?	...	31
576898008	How did Peter's reforms influence political change?	...	32
576898011	What did Peter's economic efforts focus on?	...	33
576898012	How was the Westernization effort selective?	...	34
576898014	What were some hostile responses to Westernization in Russia?	...	35
576898016	Following the death of Peter the Great, who was the next powerful ruler of Russia?	...	36
576898017	What was Catherine the Great's attitude towards westernization?	...	37
576898019	How did Catherine react to the French Revolution?	...	38
576898021	Identify Radishev	...	39
576898023	What were some areas colonized or claimed by Russia under the rule of Catherine?	...	40
576898025	In Europe, Catherine joined Prussia and Austria to partition _______ and end its independence.	...	41
576898027	Why was Russian nobility able to maintain a vital position in Russian society?	...	42
576898029	When did Russian serfdom become hereditary?	...	43
576898030	What percent of the population remained rural in the eighteenth century?	...	44
576898032	Although it was clear the Russian economy had advanced, what were some important limitations?	...	45
576898034	By the end of the eighteenth century, what were Russian reformers urging for?	...	46
576898036	Who was Pugachev and what did he do next?	...	47
576898038	Today, Russia spans through ________ time zones, and much of this territory had been acquired in the late ______ century.	...	48

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