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AP Biology Chapter 2 Vocab Flashcards

AP Biology Chapter 2 Vocab

458618807	compound	a substance that consists of two or more elements in a fixed ratio	1
458618808	trace elements	required by an organism but only in minute quantities; ex. Iron (Fe)	2
458618809	neutrons	they are electrically neutral; weights about 1.7*10^-24 grams per particle, close to 1 dalton	3
458618810	electron	can be visualized as forming a cloud of negative charge around the nucleus; one unit of negative charge; 1/2,000 the mass of a neutron/proton	4
458618811	proton	one unit of positive charge; weights about 1.7*10^-24grams per particle, close to 1 dalton	5
458618812	atomic nucleus	a dense core packed with neutrons and protons	6
458618813	dalton	used to measure the masses of subatomic particles, atoms, and molecules	7
458618814	atomic number	the number of protons (and electrons) is the element's _____	8
458618815	mass number	the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom; an approximation of the total mass of an atom	9
458618816	atomic mass	the total mass of an atom	10
458618817	isotopes	two atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons	11
458618818	radioactive isotopes	has many applications in biological research; can be used to trace atoms through metabolic processes; also used to diagnose disorders	12
458618819	energy	the ability to do work	13
458618820	potential energy	the energy that matter stores because of its position or location	14
458618821	kinetic energy	energy in motion	15
458618822	valence electrons	electrons in the valence shell	16
458618823	valence shell	the chemical behavior of an atom depends mostly on the number of electrons in it outermost shell, the ________	17
458618824	orbital	the space in which the electron is found 90% of the time; it can hold a maximum of 2 electrons	18
458618825	covalent bond	formed when two atoms share a pair of valence electrons	19
458618826	molecule	two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds	20
458618827	single bond	H—H is the structural formula for the covalent bond between two hydrogen atoms; the line represents a _____, a pair of shared electrons	21
458618828	double bond	two oxygen atoms can form a molecule by sharing two pairs of valence electrons, these atoms form a ________	22
458618829	electronegativity	the attraction of an atom for the shared electrons of a covalent bond	23
458618830	nonpolar covalent bond	if electrons in a covalent bond are shared equally, then this is a ______	24
458618831	polar covalent bond	when two atoms that differ in electronegativity bond, they do not share the electron pair equally and they form a _____	25
458618832	ion	two atoms of the same element that differ in the number of electrons, which gives it a charges	26
458618833	cations	atoms with a positive charge	27
458618834	anions	atoms with negative charges	28
458618835	ionic compounds/salts	compounds formed by ionic bonds	29
464208833	cohesion	water molecules tend to hydrogen bond to other water molecules. what property is this?	30
464208834	cohesion and adhesion	this property aids the movement of fluids up the vascular tissue of plants against the pull of gravity?	31
464208835	adhesion	water molecules tend to hydrogen bond to non-water molecules. what property is this?	32
464208836	surface tension	a great affinity for bonding to each other at the interface between air and water. what property is this?	33
464208837	surface tension	this property contributes to water's tendency to fall as drops of rain, instead of more potentially damaging sheets of water. what property is this?	34
464208838	specific heat	it takes a relatively large amount of heat to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1 degree Celsius. what property is this?	35
464208839	specific heat	water tends to absorb heat from air that is warmer and release it into air that is cooler. it helps moderate temperatures on Earth; also bodies of water can resist quick changes in temperature so aquatic environments tend to be thermally stable. what property is this?	36
464208840	4 degrees Celsius	when is water the densest at?	37
464208841	ice	what floats?	38
464208842	ice	it insulates the water below	39
464208843	ice; cools; 4; up; oxygen; nutrients; spring	___ does not sink and crush organisms in the water; as water ____ in the fall to ___ degrees Celsius, it sinks, forcing bottom water ___ to the surface; this distributes ____ to the bottom and circulates ____ to the surface. also occurs in the _____	40
464208844	heat of vaporization	requires large amounts of heat for 1g of a substance to change from the liquid to the gaseous state	41
464208845	heat of vaporization	as molecular motion increases, the hydrogen bonds holding the molecules together are broken and vapor can leave the liquid. what property is this?	42
464208846	heat of vaporization	this property makes water a good coolant for organisms, removing large quantities of heat as sweat evaporates. what property is this?	43
464208847	solvent	water is a very effective ______	44
464208848	solvent	it dissolves most polar substances; they are attracted to the polar ends of the molecules (hydrophilic)	45
464208849	solvent	dissolving occurs when spheres of water molecules called hydration shells form around particles being dissolved, separating them in space. what property does this describe?	46
464208850	dissociate	1 or 2 of each 50 million or so water molecules comes apart spontaneously into a H+ (hydrogen) or OH- (hydroxide) ion, what property is this?	47
464208851	acidic	if the pH is in a range of 1-6, what is it, acidic or basic?	48
464208852	basic	if the pH is in a range of 8-14, what is it, acidic or basic?	49
464208853	7	what is neutral number on the pH scale?	50
464208854	acid rain	it is caused by chemicals released when fossil fuels are burned combining with water in the atmosphere; it depletes minerals in the soil as it dissolves and washes them away	51
464208855	power of hydrogen	the measurement of H+ concentration in a solution is called ______	52
464208856	acid	a(n) ____ is a substance that increases the concentration of H+ in a solution	53
464208857	base	a(n) _____ will decrease the concentration of H+ in a solution by either accepting a H+ ion or by adding OH- to the solution	54
464208858	acid	the lower the number the stronger the _____	55
464208859	base	the higher the number the stronger the _____	56
464208860	negative logarithm	the pH of a solution is defined as the _______ ______ (base 10) of the hydrogen concentration	57
464208861	buffers	substances that minimize changes in pH of biological systems	58
464208862	buffers	they either accept H+ when H+ concentration becomes too high or more acidic or donate H+ when the H+ declines or becomes too basic	59

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AP Biology Chapter 1 Flashcards

Vocabulary: evolution, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), emergent properties, biosphere, ecosystems, community, population, organism, organs and organ systems, tissues, organelles, cell, molecule, eukaryotic cell, prokaryotic cell, gene, genome, negative feedback, positive feedback, adaptation, inductive reasoning, data, hypothesis, deductive reasoning, controlled experiment, dependent variable, independent variable, theory
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define biology.
2. List and explain the characteristics of life.
a. Define metabolism.
b. Define adaptation.
3. Distinguish between types of organisms by describing the differences between and
give examples of:
a. unicellular and multicellular organisms; and,
b. prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
4. List and explain the levels of biological organization.
5. Relating to major concepts in biology, explain what is meant by:
a. "the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things";
b. "the continuity of life depends on the inheritance of biological information";
c. "form fits function";
d. "the unity and diversity of life"; and,
e. "life forms change".
6. Explain why DNA is considered the molecule of inheritance in all organisms.
7. Define evolution.
a. Define population and give examples of characteristics of populations.
b. Explain evolution through natural selection.
c. Explain how adaptations come about through natural selection.
d. Explain why evolution is a central theme in biology.
8. Define science and explain why biology is a science.
9. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning and explain how these
processes of logic are used in science.
10. List in order and explain the logical relationship between the steps of the
scientific method.
11. Explain the difference between hypothesis, theory, and law.
12. Explain the "if . . .

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1638474094	Evolution	Evolution is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth	0
1638474149	DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid: a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix	1
1638474095	Biology	The scientific study of life	2
1638474096	Emergent properties	New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.	3
1638474097	Systems Biology	An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts.	4
1638474150	Eukaryotic Cell	A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.	5
1638474151	Prokaryotic Cell	A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes.	6
1638474098	Gene	A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).	7
1638474099	Gene expression	The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.	8
1638474100	Genome	The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences.	9
1638474101	Biosphere	The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems.	10
1638474102	Ecosystems	All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them	11
1638474103	Community	All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.	12
1638474104	Population	A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.	13
1638474105	Organism	a creature such as a plant, animal or a single-celled life form, or something that has interdependent parts and that is being compared to a living creature	14
1638474106	Organs	A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.	15
1638474107	Organ Systems	A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.	16
1638474108	Tissues	An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both.	17
1638474109	Organelles	Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.	18
1638474110	Cell	The part of a neuron that houses the nucleus and most other organelles.	19
1638474111	Molecule	Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.	20
1638474112	Negative Feedback	A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.	21
1638474113	Positive Feedback	A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change.	22
1638474114	Adaptation	Inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment.	23
1638474115	Inductive Reasoning	Induction moves from a set of specific observations (humans require organic molecules, fish require organic molecules) to reach a general conclusion (all animals require organic molecules	24
1638474116	Data	Recorded observations.	25
1638474117	Hypothesis	A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. A hypothesis is narrower in scope than a theory.	26
1638474118	Deductive Reasoning	A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.	27
1638474119	Controlled Experiment	An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested.	28
1638474120	Dependent Variable	It is something that depends on other factors.	29
1638474121	Independent Variable	It is a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure.	30
1638474122	Theory	An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence.	31
1638474152	What are the 7 Characteristics of Life?	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development	32
1638474123	Metabolism	The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism.	33
1638474124	Why is Biology a Science?	Biology is a science since it takes care to interpret the nature, according to the scientific method, which establishes the resolution of hypotheses raised by the researcher, by means of using different techniques for the creation of representative models of nature.	34
1638474125	Distinguish between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning	Inductive reasoning derives generalizations from specific cases and deductive reasoning predicts specific outcomes from general premises.	35
1638474126	What are the 7 steps of the Scientific Method?	1. Observe 2. Research 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Test the hypothesis 5. Analyze results and draw conclusions 6. Report your findings 7. Conduct more research	36
1638474127	What is the difference between hypothesis, theory and law?	The Difference between a Hypothesis a Theory and a Law there are very distinct. A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested. A theory is a statement that has not been tested. A Law is a statement that is relevant and is true.	37
1638474128	What is the difference between observational and experimental investigations?	Observational investigations do not manipulate data	38
1638474153	What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?	Quantitative data includes recorded measurements which can be organized into tables or graphs and qualitative data would include observations	39
1638474129	What is the relationship between the conclusion and the hypothesis?	The conclusion is a statement about the experiment's results. As a report of your data, it can't be considered wrong even if the results don't support your hypothesis. You have learned that your hypothesis does not answer your original research question.	40
1638474154	What are the three domains by which all living organisms are classified?	Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya	41
1638474130	What are the 4 kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya?	Plantae Animalia Fungi Protista	42
1638474131	What are Bacteria?	All unicellular prokaryotic (no nucleus) organisms with peptidoglycan in their cell walls	43
1638474132	What is the Theory of Natural Selection?	A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.	44
1638474133	How do we distinguish between results(data) and conclusions?	Results are measurable data and a conclusion is a report about what you learned based on w the results	45
1638474134	Concept 1.2: Why is evolution considered the core theme of biology?	Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life and it explains the most fundamental aspects of all life on earth. It accounts for the common features shared by all forms of life due to the descent from a common ancestor.	46
1638474135	Concept 1.3: How could natural selection have led to the evolution of adaptations such as the thick, water conserving leaves of the mother of pearl plant?	Ancestors of this plant may have exhibited variation in how well their leaves conserved water. Because not much soil is present in the crevices where these plants are found, the variant plans that could conserve water may hav survived better and been able to produce more offspring.	47
1638474136	Define Biology? What is the definition of Biology	Biology is the scientific study of life	48
1638474137	What is the molecule that can account for both the unity and the diversity of life?	DNA	49
1638474138	What is the appropriate term for an interacting group of individuals of a single type occupying a defined area?	A Population	50
1638474155	How would you define a Eukaryotic cell?	A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus	51
1638474156	How would you define a prokaryotic cell?	A prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles	52
1638474139	What is deductive reasoning?	Deductive reasoning uses general premises to make specific predictions	53
1638474157	What are the 7 Properties/Characteristics of Life	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development	54
1638474140	What is reductionism?	The approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.	55
1638474158	What are the 10 levels of Biological Organization?	1. Biosphere 2. Ecosystem 3. Communities 4. Populations 5. Organisms 6. Organs and Organ Systems 7. Tissues 8. Cells 9. Organelles 10. Molecules	56
1638474159	Cell	The lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life	57
1638474141	What is a theory?	A theory is a statement that has not been tested	58
1638474142	What is a law?	A Law is a statement that is relevant and is true.	59
1638474143	What is a hypothesis?	A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested	60
1638474144	What are data?	Data are recorded observations or items of information	61
1638474145	Of the three domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, which one is prokayotic?	Archaea	62
1638474146	The energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from....	The sun	63
1638474147	Eukaryotic organisms that decompose dead organisms and absorb the nutrients are generally found in which kingdom?	Fungi	64
1638474148	All the organisms on a campus make up...	a community	65

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APUSH: American Pageant 13th Edition: Chapter 2 Flashcards

Chapter 2 Study Questions using the American Pageant 13th Edition textbook. For eleventh grade Advanced Placement United States History. Vidalia High School.

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878815152	Why did England NOT try to compete with Spain and establish an empire in N. America?	Because Spain was its ally at the century's beginning. (Pg: 25)	0
878815153	Explain how defeat of the Spanish Armada caused England to be prepared to colonize North America.	It marked the start of Spain's dream of imperialism crashing down. (Pg: 26)	1
878815154	What changes in Europe created 4 factors that led to English colonization?	Peace with Spain, population growth, and joint-stock companies. (Pg: 28)	2
878815155	Why is the charter of the Virginia Company so important?	It guaranteed that settlers from overseas would have the same rights as Englishmen back home. (Pg: 28)	3
878815156	How did John Smith save Jamestown?	By forcing the townspeople to work harder and to not be so gold-hungry. He used the saying 'He who shall not work shall not eat'. (Pg: 29)	4
878815157	What were the 'Irish Tactics' used by De La War?	Attacking Indian villages and destroying them. (Pg: 30)	5
878815158	How did the first Anglo-Powhatan war end?	In a peace treaty and the marriage of Pocahontas (an Indian princess) to John Rolfe (a colonist). (Pg: 30)	6
878815159	What happened in 1622 in Virginia?	The Indians, after eight years of fragile respite, finally fought back against the colonists. After a series of Indian attacks, 347 colonists were left dead. As a result, the Virginia Company called for attacks to limit the power and numbers of the Indian tribes. These attacks lowered Indian population and caused many of them to move futher westward. (Pg: 30)	7
878815160	What were the 3 D's that led to Powhatan's demise?	Disease, disorganization, and disposability. (Pg: 31)	8
878815161	What was the result of the second Anglo-Powhatan war?	The Indians were defeated again and with the peace treaty of 1646, the Chesapeake Indians were banished from their native lands and formally separated Indian and white lands. (Pg: 31)	9
878815162	How did English colonization disrupt Native American life positively and negatively?	Positive: bringing in horses and other animals, new lands, trade, firearms. Negative: forcing them to move, diseases, fighting (Pg: 31-32)	10
878815163	How was "King Nicotine" both Savior and Tyrant?	It built up Virginia's economy, but ruined the soil when planted continuously. (Pg: 32)	11
878815164	What is important about the year 1619? (2 things)	1. A Dutch warship sold around 20 slaves. 2. A representative self-government was born in Virginia. (Pg: 33)	12
878815165	How is Maryland's founding ironic compared to what happened there?	It was founded as a refuge for Catholics, but more Protestants moved in than Catholics so they had to draw up the Toleration Act to make sure that Catholics would be able to freely worship even though they founded Maryland. (Pg: 34)	13
878815166	How were sugar and tobacco cultivation different?	Tobacco was the 'poor man's crop' as it could be easily planted and was simply processed whereas sugar was the 'rich man's crop' because it required extensive planting and strenuous processing. (Pg: 34)	14
878815167	What was the Barbados Code of 1661?	It denied slaves any rights and gave their masters complete control over them. (Pg: 35)	15
878815168	How did the Caribbean islands serve as a staging ground for the slave system in English North America?	By housing the first version of the Barbados system that was later brought to the colonies. (Pg: 36)	16
878815169	How is the settlement of Carolina linked to the Caribbean sugar islands?	Because the two had close economic ties and many Caribbeans emigrated to Carolina as settlers and developed a slave trade there. (Pg: 36)	17
878815170	How and why did slavery develop in Carolina?	By migrants from the English West Indies bringing in a new slave code because they needed workers for their sugar/rice plantations. (Pg: 36)	18
878815171	Why have North Carolinians been referred to as the "quintessence of Virginia's discontent"?	Because they were "squatters" without legal rights to the soil who raised their crops on small farms with little need for slaves. (Pg: 38)	19
878815172	For what purposed was the colony of Georgia settled?	As a buffer between Florida and the French and Carolina, and the be a haven for debtors, and it produced silk and wine. (Pg: 39)	20
878815173	Describe the distinctive features that are shared by the plantation colonies?	They are all exporters of agricultural products, slavery was prevalent, granted some religious toleration, and all were expansionary. (Pg: 39)	21

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Intro to Bio -- Chapter 2 Flashcards

Chapter 2 from exam 1 study guide

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310554300	what are elements?	substances that cannot be further broken down into other substances	1
310554301	what is an atom?	the smallest unit of an element that still retains the properties of that element	2
310554302	what is an electron?	a particle that contributes no significant mass to the atom, but carries a (-1) electrical charge	3
310554303	what is a proton?	a particle that contributes a mass of approximately 1 amu, and carries a (+1) electrical charge	4
310554304	what is a neutron?	a particle that contributes a mass of approximately 1 amu, and carries a neutral charge	5
310554305	where are protons and neutrons found?	the nucleus	6
310554306	what is the atomic number?	the number of protons in the nucleus	7
310554307	what is an isotope?	atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.	8
310554308	What are radioisotopes?	unstable isotopes	9
310554309	what is the valence shell?	outermost shell that electrons occupy	10
310554310	what is a molecule?	two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds may be composed of one or more elements	11
310554311	what is a compound?	a specific combination of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio can be held together by covalent or ionic bonds	12
310554312	What do chemical bonds do?	hold molecules together and store energy	13
310554313	What type of bond shares electrons between two atoms?	a covalent bond	14
310554314	What type of bond has one atom that completely gives up an electron while another atom gains an electron?	ionic bond	15
311634838	What type of bond includes the following? 1. results in filled valence shells 2. electrons are shared in pairs 3. a single electron pair = a single_____ bond 4. can include double and triple bonds 5. carbon forms four of these bonds 6. gives molecules definite shape 7. can be polar or nonpolar	covalent bonds	16
311634839	What is a polar bond?	an unequal sharing of electrons that occurs if one nucleus holds a stronger attraction on the electron pair	17
311634840	What is a non-polar bond?	an equal sharing of electrons between atoms	18
311634841	What are hydrogen bonds?	1. weak interactions involving partially positively charged hydrogen atoms 2. interaction is with another atom with a partially (-) charge 3. can be with the same (large) molecule, or between molecules	19
311634842	Why are hydrogen bonds common and important in living things?	water forms hydrogen bonds. because they are weak, hydrogen bonds are relatively easy to manipulate. collectively, hydrogen bonds can be very strong	20

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Intro to Bio -- Chapter 1 Flashcards

Chapter 1 from exam 1 study guide

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310434071	Biology is studied using what?	the scientific method	1
310434072	Science is based on what?	a systematic thought process	2
310434073	Define deductive reasoning	drawing conclusions from general information to specific info	3
310434074	Define inductive reasoning.	drawing conclusions from specific to general. It is impossible to prove the accuracy of this generalization.	4
310434075	What is the scientific method?	a recursive process for discovering knowledge that involves making observations, making testable models and conducting experiments.	5
310434076	What does the first step of the scientific method involve?	collecting information and/or summarizing existing observations about the phenomenon under predictions that can be tested	6
310434077	What is a hypothesis?	a testable model that explains the existing observations and makes predictions that can be tested	7
310434078	What is the experimental or treatment group?	the individuals given the specific treatment or condition being tested	8
310434079	what is the control group?	the individuals/group not given the specific treatment.	9
310434080	what is a theory?	a well supported hypothesis that links together a large body of observations	10
310434081	what is a principle or law?	a theory that links together significant bodies of thought and yields unvarying and uniform predictions over a long period of time	11
310434082	What are the goals of science and technology?	science: to understand nature technology: to apply scientific knowledge for a specific purpose	12
310434083	What is a cell?	the basic structure and functional unit of living material bounded by a membrane. The smallest unit of living things capable of growth and development.	13
310434084	what does a cell do when it grows?	it increases in size because the number of cells or size of cells increases	14
310434085	what does a cell do as it develops?	changes in roles of cells during the life cycle of an organism	15
310434086	what does metabolism include?	the chemical processes essential to growth and repair.	16
310434087	metabolism is what?	the sum of the chemical reactions and energy transformations that take place within a cell.	17
310434088	what is homeostasis?	the tendency of an organism to maintain a relatively constant internal environment.	18
310434089	what is a stimulus?	a physical or chemical change in the internal or external environment of an organism	19
310434090	what is asexual reproduction?	copying; reproduction not involving sex; resulting from cell division.	20
310434091	what is sexual reproduction?	typically involves the formations of a zygote which grows and develops into a new organism.	21
310434092	What is responsible for information transferred from one generation to the next?	DNA	22
310434093	What are genes and what makes them?	they are the units of hereditary formed by DNA	23
310434094	What are hormones?	chemical signals used for intercellular signalling	24
310434095	Name 3 Domains and 6 Kingdoms.	Domains: Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria Kingdoms: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia	25
310434096	What two domains consist of prokaryotes?	Archaea and Bacteria	26
310434097	Which domain consists of eukaryotes?	Eukarya	27
310434098	What does the Kingdom Protista consist of?	singled cell and simple multicellular organisms having nuclei, and not fitting into the other 3 eukaryotic kingdoms	28
310434099	What does the Kingdom Plantae consist of?	complex multicellcular organisms having tissues and organs. have cell walls containing cellulose as the main structural component. most are photosynthetic, and those that are have chlorophyll in chloroplasts.	29
310434100	What does the Kingdom Fungi consist of?	Organisms with cell walls containing chitin as the main structural component. most are multicellular. most are decomposers.	30
310434101	What does the Kingdom Animalia consist of?	complex multicellular organisms that must eat other organisms for nourishment. no cell walls. typically have organs and organ systems. most are motile.	31

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Intro to Bio -- Chapter 1 Flashcards

Chapter 1 from exam 1 study guide

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310434071	Biology is studied using what?	the scientific method	1
310434072	Science is based on what?	a systematic thought process	2
310434073	Define deductive reasoning	drawing conclusions from general information to specific info	3
310434074	Define inductive reasoning.	drawing conclusions from specific to general. It is impossible to prove the accuracy of this generalization.	4
310434075	What is the scientific method?	a recursive process for discovering knowledge that involves making observations, making testable models and conducting experiments.	5
310434076	What does the first step of the scientific method involve?	collecting information and/or summarizing existing observations about the phenomenon under predictions that can be tested	6
310434077	What is a hypothesis?	a testable model that explains the existing observations and makes predictions that can be tested	7
310434078	What is the experimental or treatment group?	the individuals given the specific treatment or condition being tested	8
310434079	what is the control group?	the individuals/group not given the specific treatment.	9
310434080	what is a theory?	a well supported hypothesis that links together a large body of observations	10
310434081	what is a principle or law?	a theory that links together significant bodies of thought and yields unvarying and uniform predictions over a long period of time	11
310434082	What are the goals of science and technology?	science: to understand nature technology: to apply scientific knowledge for a specific purpose	12
310434083	What is a cell?	the basic structure and functional unit of living material bounded by a membrane. The smallest unit of living things capable of growth and development.	13
310434084	what does a cell do when it grows?	it increases in size because the number of cells or size of cells increases	14
310434085	what does a cell do as it develops?	changes in roles of cells during the life cycle of an organism	15
310434086	what does metabolism include?	the chemical processes essential to growth and repair.	16
310434087	metabolism is what?	the sum of the chemical reactions and energy transformations that take place within a cell.	17
310434088	what is homeostasis?	the tendency of an organism to maintain a relatively constant internal environment.	18
310434089	what is a stimulus?	a physical or chemical change in the internal or external environment of an organism	19
310434090	what is asexual reproduction?	copying; reproduction not involving sex; resulting from cell division.	20
310434091	what is sexual reproduction?	typically involves the formations of a zygote which grows and develops into a new organism.	21
310434092	What is responsible for information transferred from one generation to the next?	DNA	22
310434093	What are genes and what makes them?	they are the units of hereditary formed by DNA	23
310434094	What are hormones?	chemical signals used for intercellular signalling	24
310434095	Name 3 Domains and 6 Kingdoms.	Domains: Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria Kingdoms: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia	25
310434096	What two domains consist of prokaryotes?	Archaea and Bacteria	26
310434097	Which domain consists of eukaryotes?	Eukarya	27
310434098	What does the Kingdom Protista consist of?	singled cell and simple multicellular organisms having nuclei, and not fitting into the other 3 eukaryotic kingdoms	28
310434099	What does the Kingdom Plantae consist of?	complex multicellcular organisms having tissues and organs. have cell walls containing cellulose as the main structural component. most are photosynthetic, and those that are have chlorophyll in chloroplasts.	29
310434100	What does the Kingdom Fungi consist of?	Organisms with cell walls containing chitin as the main structural component. most are multicellular. most are decomposers.	30
310434101	What does the Kingdom Animalia consist of?	complex multicellular organisms that must eat other organisms for nourishment. no cell walls. typically have organs and organ systems. most are motile.	31

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US AP History Chapter 4 Flashcards

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42667117	Tobacco	principal crop in the Chesapeake region	0
42667118	Indentured Servants	people who voluntarily sold themselves to work on plantations for Atlantic passage and freedom dues	1
42667119	Headright System	who ever paid for the passage of a laborer recieved 50 acres of land in reward	2
42667120	Freedom Dues	few barrels of corn, suit of clothes, and maybe a small parcel of land	3
42667121	Governor William Berkeley	governor of Virginia, friendly towards Indians	4
42667122	Bacon's Rebellion	rebellion against Berkely (the Eastern elite) because of lack of support during Indian raids in the backcountry (rich vs. poor)	5
42667123	Royal African Company	used to have a monopoly on the slave trade	6
42667124	1619	1st time Africans are brought to the colonies, House of Burgesses is founded	7
42667125	Middle Passage	the transatlantic sea voyage that brought over slaves from Africa	8
42667126	Slave Codes	laws that controled slaves and made them property for life	9
42667127	Rice and Indigo	primary crops of South Carolina colony	10
42667128	Gullah	language spoken by slaves- mix of African and English	11
42667129	Ringshout	West African religious dance- contributed to development of jazz	12
42667130	FFVs	First Families of Virginia- dominated legislature	13
42667131	Isolated plantations	reason for few large cities in the south	14
42667132	Jeremaid	form of sermon that scolded parishioners for their waning piety	15
42667133	Half-Way Covenant	allowed children of members to join the church- weakened the distinction between elect and others, but needed membership	16
42667134	Salem Witch Hunts	1692- deaths of 20 women convicted of witchcraft (usually older, richer women)	17
42667135	Leisler's Rebellion	between landholders and merchants- resentment against upper class	18

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US AP History Chapter 4 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

42667117	Tobacco	principal crop in the Chesapeake region	0
42667118	Indentured Servants	people who voluntarily sold themselves to work on plantations for Atlantic passage and freedom dues	1
42667119	Headright System	who ever paid for the passage of a laborer recieved 50 acres of land in reward	2
42667120	Freedom Dues	few barrels of corn, suit of clothes, and maybe a small parcel of land	3
42667121	Governor William Berkeley	governor of Virginia, friendly towards Indians	4
42667122	Bacon's Rebellion	rebellion against Berkely (the Eastern elite) because of lack of support during Indian raids in the backcountry (rich vs. poor)	5
42667123	Royal African Company	used to have a monopoly on the slave trade	6
42667124	1619	1st time Africans are brought to the colonies, House of Burgesses is founded	7
42667125	Middle Passage	the transatlantic sea voyage that brought over slaves from Africa	8
42667126	Slave Codes	laws that controled slaves and made them property for life	9
42667127	Rice and Indigo	primary crops of South Carolina colony	10
42667128	Gullah	language spoken by slaves- mix of African and English	11
42667129	Ringshout	West African religious dance- contributed to development of jazz	12
42667130	FFVs	First Families of Virginia- dominated legislature	13
42667131	Isolated plantations	reason for few large cities in the south	14
42667132	Jeremaid	form of sermon that scolded parishioners for their waning piety	15
42667133	Half-Way Covenant	allowed children of members to join the church- weakened the distinction between elect and others, but needed membership	16
42667134	Salem Witch Hunts	1692- deaths of 20 women convicted of witchcraft (usually older, richer women)	17
42667135	Leisler's Rebellion	between landholders and merchants- resentment against upper class	18

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Chp.22 Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life Flashcards

Advanced Placement
Unit 4: Mechanisms of Evolution
Chapter 22: Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life
Overview: Endless Forms Most Beautiful
Concept 22.1: The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species
Concept 22.2: Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life
Concept 22.3: Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence

Terms : Hide Images

1311818646	adaptation	inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in specific environments	1
1311818647	analogous	having characteristics that are similar because of convergent evolution, not homology	2
1311818648	artificial selection	the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits	3
1311818649	biogeography	the study of the past and present distribution of species	4
1311818650	catastrophism	the principle that events in the past occurred suddenly and were caused by different mechanisms than those operating today	5
1311818651	continental drift	the slow movement of the continental plates across Earth's surface	6
1311818652	convergent evolution	the evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages	7
1311818653	endemic	referring to a species that is confined to a specific, relatively small geographic area	8
1311818654	evolutionary tree	a branching diagram that reflects a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms	9
1311818655	fossil	a preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past	10
1311818656	homologous structures	structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry	11
1311818657	homology	similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry	12
1311818658	marsupial	a mammal whose young complete their embryonic development inside a maternal pouch called the marsupium	13
1311818659	natural selection	the process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics	14
1311818660	paleontology	the scientific study of fossils	15
1311818661	Pangaea	the supercontinent that formed near the end of the Paleozoic era, when plate movements brought all the landmasses of Earth together	16
1311818662	stratum	a rock layer formed when new layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them	17
1311818663	trait	any detectable variant in a genetic character	18
1311818664	uniformitarianism	the principle stating that mechanisms of change are constant over time	19
1311818665	vestigial structure	a structure of marginal, if any, importance to an organism. These structures are historical remnants of structures that had important functions in ancestors	20

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AP Psychology: Prolouge and Chapter 1 Myers Flashcards

Vocab from Baron's AP Psychology prep book and Psychology, AP Edition with Discovery Psychology

Terms : Hide Images

1621921219	introspection	first began in laboratory set up by Wilhelm Wundt; process of reporting on one's own conscious mental experiences	0
1621921220	structuralism	idea proposed by Wundt that the mind operates by combining subjective emotions and objective sensations; aimed to uncover the basic structures that make up mind and thought	1
1621921221	functionalism	theory presented by William James; emphasizes adaptiveness of the mental or behavioral processes	2
1621921222	Wilhelm Wundt	set up first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879; known for training subjects in introspection and for his theory of structuralism	3
1621921223	Margaret Floy Washburn	first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology	4
1621921224	William James	published The Principles of Psychology, the science's first textbook; responsible for theory of functionalism	5
1621921225	Mary Whiton Calkins	studied with William James and went on to become president of the American Psychological Association	6
1621921226	G. Stanley Hall	student of William James who pioneered he study of child development and was the first president of the APA	7
1621921227	Gestalt psychology	theory that states that the whole experience is often more than just the sum of the parts, because the way we experience the world is more than just an accumulation of various perceptual experiences; relatively little influence on current psychology	8
1621921228	Max Wertheimer	Gestalt psychologist who argued against dividing human thought and behavior into discrete structures	9
1621921229	psychoanalysis	theory that states a part of our mind over which we do not have conscious control determines, in part, how we think and behave	10
1621921230	Sigmund Freud	revolutionized psychology with his psychoanalytic theory; believed the unconscious mind must be examined through dream analysis, word association, and other psychoanalytic therapy techniques; criticized for being unscientific and creating unverifiable theories	11
1621921231	behaviorism	theory that states psychologists should look at only behavior and causes of behavior, and not concern themselves with describing elements of consciousness; dominant school of thought in psychology from the 1920s through the 1960s	12
1621921232	John Watson	psychologist who believed the science must limit itself to observable phenomena; wanted to establish behaviorism as the dominant paradigm of psychology	13
1621921233	B. F. Skinner	behaviorist who expanded the basic ideas of behaviorism to include the idea of reinforcement- environmental stimuli that either encourage or discourage certain responses	14
1621921234	humanism	modern psychological viewpoint that stresses individual choice and free will; suggests that we choose most of our behaviors and these choices are guided by physiological, emotional or spiritual needs; not easily tested by the scientific method; includes theorists Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers	15
1621921235	biopsychology	modern psychological perspective that explains human thought and behavior strictly in terms of biological processes (e.g. genes, hormones, and neurotransmitters)	16
1621921236	evolutionary perspective	also known as Darwinian; modern psychological perspective that examines human thoughts and actions in terms of natural selection; similar to biopsychology	17
1621921237	behavioral perspective	modern psychological perspective that explains human thought and behavior in terms of conditioning; looks strictly at observable behaviors and what reaction organisms get in response to specific behaviors	18
1621921238	cognitive perspective	modern psychological perspective that examines human thought and behavior in terms of how we interpret, process, and remember environmental events	19
1621921239	sociocultural perspective	modern psychological perspective that looks at how our thoughts and behaviors vary from people living in other cultures; emphasizes the influence of culture on the way we think and act	20
1621921240	Jean Piaget	came up with a cognitive developmental theory, which focuses on how our cognitions develop in stages as we mature	21
1621921241	developmental perspective	modern psychological perspective emphasizing that change occurs across a lifespan; focus has shifted over recent years to teens and adults	22
1621921242	trait view	modern psychological perspective that views behavior and personality as the products of enduring psychological characteristics	23
1621921243	basic research	explores questions that are of interest to psychologists but are not intended to have immediate, real-world applications; also referred to as experimental psychology	24
1621921244	operational definitions	a researcher's explanation how the variable of an experiment will be measured	25
1621921245	valid	research that measures what the researcher set out to measure; accurate	26
1621921246	reliable	research that can be replicated and is consistent	27
1621921247	participants	individuals on which research is conducted	28
1621921248	sampling	the process by which participants for research are selected	29
1621921249	population	includes anyone or anything that could possibly be selected to be in the sample for research	30
1621921250	random selection	every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected as a participant in research	31
1621921251	stratified sampling	process that allows a researcher to ensure that the sample represents the population on some criteria	32
1621921252	laboratory experiments	experiments conducted in a lab, a highly controlled environment; advantage of being easily controlled	33
1621921253	field experiments	experiments conducted in the world; advantage of being more realistic	34
1621921254	confounding variables	any difference between the experimental and control conditions, except for the independent variable, that might affect the dependent variable	35
1621921255	assignment	the process by which participants are put into a group, experimental control	36
1621921256	random assignment	each participant has an equal chance of being placed into any group	37
1621921257	participant-relevant confounding variables	when groups are not randomly assigned during an experiment; increases the chance of participants in the two groups differ in any meaningful way	38
1621921258	group matching	used if one wants to ensure that the experimental and control groups are equivalent on some criterion (e.g. sex, IQ scores, or age)	39
1621921259	situation-relevant confounding variables	when the situations into which the different groups of an experiment are put are not truly equivalent; can create invalid experiment results due to the situation rather than the independent variable	40
1621921260	experimenter bias	the unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypothesis	41
1621921261	double-blind procedure	when neither the participants nor the researcher are able to affect the outcome of the research	42
1621921262	demand characteristics	cues about the purpose of the study; participants use such cues to try to respond appropriately, skewing the validity of the experiment	43
1621921263	response bias	the tendency for subjects to behave in certain ways; can alter validity of experiment	44
1621921264	social desirability	the tendency of participants to try to give answers that reflect well upon them	45
1621921265	pseudopsychology	erroneous assertions or practices set forth as being scientific psychology	46
1621921266	confirmation bias	the tendency to attend to evidence that complements and confirms our beliefs or expectations, while ignoring evidence that does not	47
1621921267	Plato	ancient Greek philosopher who studied areas like cognition; was first philosopher credited with the study of gaining knowledge	48
1621921268	Aristotle	ancient Greek philosopher who developed theories of sensation, perception, cognition, memory, problems olving, and ethics	49
1621921269	René Descartes	17th century French philosopher who asserted that human sensations and behaviors are based on activity in the nervous system	50
1621921270	Wolfgang Kohler	Gestalt psychologist who studied insight learning, an overlooked form of learning marked by sudden "Aha!" experiences	51
1621921271	neuroscience	field devoted to understanding how the brain creates thoughts, feelings, motives, consciousness, memories and other mental processes	52
1621921272	cognitions	mental processes, such as thinking, memory, sensation, and perception	53
1621921273	cognitive neuroscience	an interdisciplinary field emphasizing brain activity as information processing; involves cognitive psychology, neurology, biology, computer science, linguistics, and specialists from other fields who are interested in the connection between mental processes and the brain	54
1621921274	psychodynamic psychology	modern clinical viewpoint emphasizing the understanding of mental disorders in terms of unconscious needs, desires, memories, and conflicts	55
1621921275	clinical view	psychological perspective emphasizing mental health and mental illness; psychodynamic and humanistic psychology are variations of this	56
1621921276	empirical investigation	an approach to research that relies on sensory experience and observation as research data	57
1621921277	scientific method	developing a hypothesis, performing a controlled test, gathering objective data, analyzing results, and publishing, criticizing, and replicating the results	58
1621921278	random presentation	process by which chance alone determines the order in which the stimulus is presented in an experiment	59
1621921279	ex post facto	non-experimental method; research in which subjects are chosen based on a pre-existing condition	60
1621921280	correlational studies	non-experimental method; a type of research that is mainly statistical in nature; determines the relationship between two variables	61
1621921281	survey	non-experimental method; a quasi-experimental method in which questions are asked to subjects; when being designed, the researcher hast o be careful that the questions are not skewed or biased towards a particular answer	62
1621921282	naturalistic observation	non-experimental method; research in which subjects are observed in their natural environment	63
1621921283	longitudinal study	non-experimental method; a type of study in which one group of subjects is followed and observed (or examined, surveyed, etc.) for an extended period of time (years.)	64
1621921284	cross-sectional study	a study in which a representative cross section of the population is tested or surveyed at one specific time	65
1621921285	cohort-sequential study	a research method in which a cross section of the population is chosen and then each cohort is followed for a short period of time	66
1621921286	frequency distribution	a summary chart, showing how frequently each of the various scores in a set of data occurs	67
1621921287	histogram	a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution; the height of the bars indicates the frequency of the group of scores	68
1621921288	descriptive statistics	statistical procedures used to describe characteristics and responses of groups of subjects	69
1621921289	measure of variability	how closely scores bunch up around the central point; a statistic that indicates the spread of distribution	70
1621921290	measures of central tendency	averages; mean, median, and mode	71
1621921291	hindsight bias	people's tendency upon hearing about research findings to think that they knew it all along	72
1621921292	applied research	research conducted in order to solve practical problems	73
1621921293	standard deviation	a measure of variability that indicates the average difference between the sources and their mean	74
1621921294	normal distribution	a bell-shaped curve, describing the spread of a characteristic throughout a population	75
1621921295	correlation coefficient	a number between -1 and +1 expressing the degree of relationship between two variables	76
1621921296	inferential statistics	statistical techniques (based on probability theory) used to assess whether the results of a study are reliable or whether they might be simply the result of chance; often used to determine whether two or more groups are essentially the same or different	77
1621921297	representative sample	a sample obtained in such a way that it reflects the distribution of important variables in the larger population in which the researchers are interested; variables such as age, income level, ethnicity, and geographic distribution	78

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AP Psychology: Prolouge and Chapter 1 Myers Flashcards

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