Enduring Vision APUSH Chapters 29, 30, 31, and 32 Flashcards
FLVS AP US History
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| 1400412248 | Napalm | Highly flammable chemical dropped from US planes in firebombing attacks during the Vietnam War. | 1 | |
| 1400412249 | Agent Orange | A herbicide used in the Vietnam War to defoliate forest areas. | 2 | |
| 1400412250 | Realpolitik | A system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations; Nixon considered himself a master of this pragmatic approach that stressed national interest over ethical goals | 3 | |
| 1400412251 | Impeachment Process | Constitutional process for removing executive officers & judges for "treason, high crimes & misdemeanors". Two stages: (1) House decides to impeach (accuse) target (simple majority); (2) Senate holds trial to convict (2/3 majority). Nixon resigned when this process was occurring to avoid conviction. | 4 | |
| 1400412252 | Tet Offensive | 1968: NLF and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year, which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment ... victory at huge psychological cost for US | 5 | |
| 1400412253 | Robert Kennedy | He was a Democrat who ran for president in 1968 promoting civil rights and other equality based ideals. He was ultimately assassinated in 1968, leaving Nixon to take the presidency but instilling hope in many Americans. | 6 | |
| 1400412254 | George Wallace | Racist gov. of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"); runs for prez in 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order; denounced black militants and antiwar demonstrators -> loses to Nixon; runs in 1972 but gets shot; a right- wing racist, he appealed to the people's fear of big government | 7 | |
| 1400412255 | Nixon Doctrine | Created during the Vietnam War: stated that the United States would honor its exisiting defense commitments, but in the future, other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops. US would support nations fighting communist aggression, but would not deploy US troops. | 8 | |
| 1400412256 | SALT I | A series of negotiations between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. on the issue of nuclear arms reduction. The talks helped lower the total number of missiles each side would have and eased the tension between the two. Soviet Union fear Sino-US alliance, so wanted better relations with US -> committed both sides to strategic equality rather than nuclear superiority | 9 | |
| 1400412257 | Silent Majority | A phrase used to describe people, whatever their economic status, who uphold traditional values, especially against the counterculture of the 1960s-- Nixon made himself the candidate of this who represented the working Americans who had been forgotten. | 10 | |
| 1400412258 | Spiro Agnew | Vice President under Richard Nixon in 1968. He was known for his tough stands against dissidents and black militants. Called Dems "sniveling hand-wringers". He strongly supported Nixon's desire to stay in Vietnam. He was forced to resign in October 1973 after having been accused of accepting bribes--charged with tax evasion and bribery | 11 | |
| 1400412259 | Saturday Night Massacre | A night in which many of Nixon's top ranking officials resigned or were fired because of the Watergate Scandal. A name given to the resignation of the U.S. attorney general and the firing of his deputy in October 1973, after they refused to carry out President Nixon's order to fire the special prosecutor investigating the Watergate affair. | 12 | |
| 1400412260 | New Left | Coalition of younger members of the Democratic party and radical student groups. Believed in participatory democracy, free speech, civil rights and racial brotherhood, and opposed the war in Vietnam. | 13 | |
| 1400412261 | Red Diaper Babies | Term to describe the children of parents who participated in radical movements of the 1960s, were members of the US Communist Party, or were even sympathetic with its goals. | 14 | |
| 1400412262 | Kent State Killing | In April of 1970, police fired into an angry crowd of college students. Four students were killed and many others were wounded. The students were protesting against Nixon ordering US troops to seize Cambodia without consulting Congress. National Guard had used tear gas to break up the rally and some unleashed fire. | 15 | |
| 1400412263 | Jackson State Killing | A group of somewhat violent student protesters were confronted by city and state police. The police opened fire, killing two students and injuring twelve. Fired into a women's dorm room in response to a protest. | 16 | |
| 1400412264 | Neil Armstrong | 1st person to walk on the moon; U.S. Apollo 11; July, 1969; his famous words - "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." | 17 | |
| 1400412265 | Apollo II | The mission that carried out the first manned exploration of the moon; lunar module named Eagle; US defeated USSR in space race | 18 | |
| 1400412266 | Daniel Ellsberg | He was a former employee of the Defense Department and gave the New York Times the "Pentagon Papers" which was information on how the US government got involved in Vietnam. Very embarrassing to the government. He was a target of the Plumbers. | 19 | |
| 1400412267 | Pentagon Papers | A classified study of the Vietnam War. Daniel Ellsberg, gave copies of the study in 1971 to the New York Times and Washington Post. The Supreme Court upheld the right of the newspapers to publish the documents. In response, Nixon ordered some members of his staff, afterward called the "plumbers," to stop such "leaks" of information. The "plumbers," among other activities, broke into the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist, looking for damaging information on him. | 20 | |
| 1400412268 | Mario Savio | Free speech activist in Berkeley and other places during 1960's. Founded the Berkeley Free Speech Movement activist and raised awareness for free speech. Denounced Berkeley as an odious, impersonal machine and called on students to fight the administrative "gears" and stop the machine. | 21 | |
| 1400412269 | Berkeley Free Speech Movement | 1964-1965: Students insisted that the university administration lift its ban of on-campus political activities and acknowledge the students' right to free speech and academic freedom. Campus uprising led by Mario Savio that led to a wave of campus protests. | 22 | |
| 1400412270 | Sexual Revolution | Participants in the counterculture demanded more lifestyle freedom; their new views of sexual conduct, which rejected many traditional behavioral restrictions, were labeled this. Based in part on the availability of birth control pill. | 23 | |
| 1400412271 | The Pill | First approved in 1960 becoming a very popular form of birth control; argued to have been one of the factors which increased the presence of women in the labor force because it allowed them to maintain a sexual relationship while pursuing a career, thus given the credit of being one of the factors in the sexual revolution. | 24 | |
| 1400412272 | Roe VS Wade | 1973: stuck down all remaining state laws infringing on a woman's right to abortion during the 1st trimester of pregnancy | 25 | |
| 1400412273 | Abbie Hoffman | Lead protester at Chicago Democratic nominating convention and co-founder of the Yippies- Youth International Party. | 26 | |
| 1400412274 | Yippies | Youth International Party; anarchist party headed by Abbie Hoffman that opposed the Vietnam War & conformity; wanted to ridicule the political system by contaminating Chicago's water supply with LSD and to release pigs in the streets. | 27 | |
| 1400412275 | Plumbers | Name given to the special investigations committee established along with CREEP in 1971. Its job was to stop the "leaking" of confidential information to the public and press. | 28 | |
| 1400412276 | Watergate Break In | During one of Nixon's scams to ruin his opposition, the plumbers were sent to wiretap phones at the Democratic National Committee's HQ, but a security guard caught them trying to install bugs -> arrests made and the White House needed to COVER IT UP | 29 | |
| 1400412277 | Watergate Cover Up | Began immediately. Nixon claimed no one in the White House was part of the scandal. He then ordered Hunt's name to be deleted from the White House directory. He approved $400,000 in "hush money" to keep the arrested quiet. The CIA were to halt the FBI's investigation of the scandal. | 30 | |
| 1400412278 | Students for a Democratic Society | A campus-based political organization founded in 1961 by Tom Hayden that became an iconic representation of the New Left. Originally geared toward the intellectual promise of "participatory democracy," this emerged at the forefront of the civil rights, antipoverty, and anitwar movements during the 1960s. | 31 | |
| 1400412279 | Port Huron Statement | Manifesto of the Students for a Democratic Society, which criticized the federal government for racial inequality, poverty, and also the Cold War and international peace. Determined not to be a "silent generation," it was a broad critique of American society and called for more genuine human relationships; proclaimed a "new left" and formed the SDS, envisioning a nonviolent youth movement transforming the US into a "participatory democracy" as an end to materialism, militarism, and racism; demonstrated the feelings of a disillusioned generation (JFK's death, police brutality) that made them work for change in the second half of the 20th century. | 32 | |
| 1400412280 | Tom Hayden | Civil rights activist who supported the New Left movement and drafted the Port Huron Statement. Founded the Students for a Democratic Society. | 33 | |
| 1400412281 | Walter Cronkite | Nation's premier newscaster of CBS who said that Vietnam would end in a stalemate --> LBJ said "If I've lost [ ...], then it's over." | 34 | |
| 1400412282 | Election of 1968 | 1968; Eugene McCarthy challenged LBJ, who was politically wounded by the Tet Offensive and the Vietnam War; LBJ stepped down from the running, and Robert Kennedy and McCarthy were left on the Democratic ballot; but Americans turned to Republican Nixon to restore social harmony and end the war. | 35 | |
| 1400412283 | Détente | A lessening of tensions between U.S. and Soviet Union. Besides disarming missiles to insure a lasting peace between superpowers, Nixon pressed for trade relations and a limited military budget. The public did not approve. | 36 | |
| 1400412284 | Cambodia | Nixon widened the Vietnam War by moving troops into this country to try and remove enemy camps. North Vietnam increased its infiltration of troops into this country to help the Khmer Rouge and escalate the war in South Vietnam -> Nixon ordered a movement into here with SV and seized large caches of arms and bought time for Vietnamization BUT this ended this nation's neutrality, widened the war, and provoked massive antiwar protest in the US | 37 | |
| 1400412285 | Pol Pot | Leader of Cambodia's Khmer Rouge; responsible for the deaths of almost 2 million of his own people due to starvation, execution, and beatings. | 38 | |
| 1400412286 | Environmental Protection Agency | Nixon signed bill creating this: required federal agencies to prepare environmental-impact analysis of all proposed projects | 39 | |
| 1400412287 | Occupational Safety and Health Administration | Nixon signed bill creating this: to enforce health and safety standards in the work place | 40 | |
| 1400412288 | CREEP | Richard Nixon's committee for re-electing the president. Found to have been engaged in a "dirty tricks" campaign against the democrats in 1972. They raised tens of millions of dollars in campaign funds using unethical means. They were involved in the infamous Watergate cover-up. | 41 | |
| 1400412289 | Vietnamization | A war policy in Vietnam initiated by Nixon in June of 1969. This strategy called for dramatic reduction of U.S. troops followed by an increased injection of S. Vietnamese troops in their place. A considerable success, this plan allowed for a drop in troops to 24,000 by 1972. This policy became the cornerstone of the so-called "Nixon Doctrine". Students felt betrayed by this. | 42 | |
| 1400412290 | British Invasion | Influx of bands and musicians from Britain during the 60's. Huge influence on the American music scene. Ex: Beatles | 43 | |
| 1400412291 | Woodstock | 3-day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969, exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s. the youth went to celebrate their vision of freedom and harmony with rock music, drugs, sex, and contempt of the Establishment. | 44 | |
| 1400412292 | Eugene McCarthy | 1968 Democratic candidate for President who ran to succeed Lyndon B. Johnson on an anti-war platform. | 45 | |
| 1400412293 | Hubert Humphrey | A prominent liberal senator from Minnesota dedicated to the promotion of civil rights, he served as Johnson's VP from 1964-68 and ran an unsuccessful personal campaign for the presidency in 1968. | 46 | |
| 1400412294 | Henry Kissinger | Chosen by Nixon to manage diplomacy because he shared Nixon's penchant for secrecy and for the concentrate not decision-making power in the WH; main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese | 47 | |
| 1400412295 | My Lai Massacre | 1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the SV village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war. Was kept secret for 1 year, but when the news got out, it became symbolic of the war's brutality and the futility of the US effort in Vietnam -> totally undercut support of the war. | 48 | |
| 1400412296 | Salvador Allende | Socialist/Marxist elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. He died during the military coup. | 49 | |
| 1400412297 | Warren Burger | Supreme Court justice durning the Nixon admistration. He was chosen by Nixon because of his strict interpretation of the Constitution. He presided over the extremly controversal case of abortion in Roe vs. Wade. Took SC in centrist direction to reverse the civil rights appeal of the Warren Court before him. | 50 | |
| 1400412298 | George McGovern | A Senator from South Dakota who ran for President in 1972 on the Democrat ticket. His promise was to pull the remaining American troops out of Vietnam in ninety days which earned him the support of the Anti-war party, and the working-class supported him, also. He lost however to Nixon because after he dropped his unpopular VP candidate, no Democrat wanted to run with him. | 51 | |
| 1400412299 | Sam Ervin | Sam Ervin was a senator from North Carolina. He was chairman of the Senate Select Committee to Investigate Presidential Campaign Practices during the Watergate scandal. Led the hearings of the Senate committee to investigate the Watergate scandal; revealed that the WH had an "enemies list", Nixon used gov't agencies to harass opponents, and administration employed favoritism to get unethical campaign donations | 52 | |
| 1400412300 | Hippies | Believed in anti-materalism, free use of drugs, they had a casual attitude toward sex and anti-conformity, (1960s) practiced free love and took drugs, flocked to San Francisco- low rent/interracial, they lived in communal "crash pads", smoked marijuana and took LSD, sexual revolution, new counter culture, Protestors who influenced US involvement in Vietnam. | 53 | |
| 1400412301 | Counterculture | A mode of life opposed to the conventional or dominant, that rejects established social values and practices, esp. among the young. A subculture whose values and norms of behavior deviate from those of mainstream society, often in opposition to mainstream cultural mores. HIPPIES | 54 | |
| 1400412302 | Flower Children | The rebels that denounced all kinds of authority, and shifted their perspective on the value of authority in the 1960s. They questions authority and sparked a domino affect of protests against authouirty, and called for individual rights and political freedom. San-Fran Hippies. Mass movement to Haight-Ashbury district in 1967. | 55 | |
| 1400412303 | Haight-Ashbury | In San Francisco, Hippie formed community, famous center of counterculture. Young people flocked there, but it also brought a stream of rapists and drug dealers; a hippie-mecca with psychedelic shops, boutiques, and restaurants. | 56 | |
| 1400412304 | Carl Bernstein | Reporter for the Washington Post; worked with Bob Woodward to investigate Watergate. Followed the clues of Deep Throat. | 57 | |
| 1400412305 | Bob Woodward | Reporter for the Washington Post; worked with Carl Bernstein to investigate Watergate. Followed the clues of Deep Throat. | 58 | |
| 1400412306 | Deep Throat | Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein's anonymous source to the Watergate scandal; eventually revealed himself to be Mark Felt. | 59 | |
| 1400412307 | Democratic National Convention | In Chicago in 1968; where Democratic delegates gathered to nominate VP Hubert Humphrey. The hall was protected with barbed wire and police officers to keep the protesters away. This event was marked by anti-war protests (and police brutality against them) and resulted in a big win for Humphrey. | 60 | |
| 1400412308 | Southern Strategy | Having received just 43 percent of the popular vote, Nixon was well aware of being a minority president. He devised a political strategy to form a Republican majority by appealing to the millions of "silent majority" (voters who had become disaffected by antiwar protests, black militants, and the excesses of the youth counterculture). To win over the South, the president asked the federal courts in that region to delay integration plans and busing orders. He also nominated two southern conservatives to the Supreme Court. The Senate refused to confirm them, and the courts rejected his requests for delayed integration. Nevertheless, his strategy played well with southern white voters. | 61 | |
| 1400412309 | Discount Rate | Interest rate the Federal Reserve charges on its loans to member banks | 62 | |
| 1400412310 | Yuppie | Young, urban professionals who wore ostentatious gear such Rolex watches or BMW cars; symbolized the increased pursuit of wealth and materialism of Americans in the 1980s; flaunted their wealth through conspicuous consumer spending-- all about fitness and consumer goods because of the bad effects of bad actions; labeled the "Me Generation" | 63 | |
| 1400412311 | Insider Trading | An unethical activity in which insiders use private company information to further their own fortunes or those of their family and friends | 64 | |
| 1400412312 | Mayaguez | 1975: Cambodia seized this US merchant ship; Ford ordered a military rescue that freed 39 crew members but 41 lives still lost for nothing | 65 | |
| 1400412313 | Zbigniew Brzezinski | National Security Advisor under Carter who wanted a tough stance against Moscow; brokered the Camp David Accords; known to have constantly backed the Shah in Iran; was extremely agaisnt the Soviet Union; had growing influence | 66 | |
| 1400412314 | Reaganomics | The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth. Cut taxes and government regulation in order to increase productivity, and eventully increase tax revenue as cash flowed in the economy. | 67 | |
| 1400412315 | George Schultz | US Secretary of State under Reagan; negotiated an agreement between Israel and Lebanon, convincing Israel to begin a partial withdrawal of its troops in 1985; practiced shuttle diplomacy and established a diplomatic dialogue with the PLO. | 68 | |
| 1400412316 | Three Mile Island | 1979 - A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius. A partial meltdown here crippled the nuclear plant in PA and depended public concerns about nuclear power. | 69 | |
| 1400412317 | Silicon Valley | A nickname for the Southern part of San Francisco Bay Area in the northern California, originally referring to the concentration of silicon chip innovators and manufacturers, but eventually referring to the concentration of all types of high-tech businesses. | 70 | |
| 1400412318 | National Gay Task Force | 1973: launched a campaign for protection of equal housing and employment of gays and lesbians; demanded repeal of antigay laws and passage of legislation protecting their civil rights; successful in some states | 71 | |
| 1400412319 | Equal Rights Amendment | Passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Barred discrimination on the basis of gender. Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures. | 72 | |
| 1400412320 | Nuclear-Freeze Movement | Demanded that America's nuclear arsenal be frozen at current levels with no new or improved weaponry, hoping that the Soviet Union would follow suit. Led Reagan to propose the SDI. | 73 | |
| 1400412321 | Camp David Accords | 1978: negotiated by Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Israel's Menachem Begin; they were brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter. They led to a peace treaty the next year that returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israeli access to the Red Sea and Suez Canal, and more-or-less normalized diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries. This isolated Egypt from the other Arab countries and led to Sadat's assassination in 1981. They set a time table for giving more autonomy to Palestinians in West Bank and Gaza that were occupied by Israel since war in 1967. | 74 | |
| 1400412322 | Pan Am Flight 103 | Dec 1988: bomb exploded on a plane headed from London to NY; crashed in Scotland and killed all aboard. 2 Libyans charged for the attack. | 75 | |
| 1400412323 | Palestine Liberation Organization | PLO: a group considered terrorist by Israel; has used violence against Israel, and Israel has responded with military action. 1981->concluded cease-fire with Israel BUT this group still built forces in Lebanon where the Israeli ambassador got shot, which led Israeli troops to invade Lebanon, defeat this group, and force its leaders to leave. | 76 | |
| 1400412324 | Strategic Defense Initiative | "Star Wars": 1983 in response to nuclear-freeze movement: proposed by Reagan: a computerized anti-missile system involving space-based lasers and high tech components; would be able to shoot missiles down from space. Critics claimed it could never be perfected. | 77 | |
| 1400412325 | National Organization of Women | NOW: 1966: called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women; championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. Was revitalized in 1975 with the ERA and worked for better wages and working conditions. | 78 | |
| 1400412326 | Jesse Jackson | Democrat: black CR leader who proposed a rainbow coalition of blacks, Hispanics, displaced workers, and other outsiders; got some southern states but lost nomination for election of 1984 to VP Walter Mondale | 79 | |
| 1400412327 | Rainbow Coalition | Proposed by Jesse Jackson for Dem nomination in 1984: coalition of blacks, Hispanics, displaced workers, and other outsiders; diverse group of voters representing all races, classes, and creeds | 80 | |
| 1400412328 | Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces Treaty | 1988:commits US and USSR to withdraw their intermediate-range nuclear missiles form Eastern and Western Europe and to destroy them; eliminated 2500 missiles from Europe and led to Reagan's famous Moscow visit | 81 | |
| 1400412329 | Moscow Summit | 1988: Reagan and Gorbachev finalized INF Treaty after the Senate ratified it; discussed bilateral issues and signed 7 agreements on lesser issues such as student exchanges and fishing rights; Reagan satisfied | 82 | |
| 1400412330 | James Watt | Secretary of the Interior under Reagan who opened federal wilderness areas, forest lands, and coastal waters to oil, gas, and timber companies, and cut back on environmental-protection and endangered-species laws; headed Mountain States Legal Foundation that led the Sagebrush Rebellion | 83 | |
| 1400412331 | Sagebrush Rebellion | Led by Mountain States Legal Foundation, headed by James Watt: a movement of ranchers, farmers, and mine owners to shift federal lands in the West to state and county control (to privatize the lands). | 84 | |
| 1400412332 | Phyllis Schlafly | Devout Roman-Catholic and activist who wrote "A choice Not an Echo" (1964) that championed Barry Goldwater and denounced Republican Party's liberal, East Coast wing; attacked the New Left and counterculture; The Eagle Forum focused on things she opposed: abortion, gay rights, and the ERA | 85 | |
| 1400412333 | Iran-Contra Scandal | Although Congress had prohibited aid to the Nicaraguan contras, individuals in Reagan's administration continued to illegally support the rebels. These officials secretly sold weapons to Iran in exchange for the release of American hostages being held in the Middle East. Profits from these sales were then sent to the contras. | 86 | |
| 1400412334 | Oliver North | Member of the US National Security Council during the Iran-Contra Affair; key player in diverting money from the sale of weapons to the Nicarguan contras; never convicted of any wrong doing. | 87 | |
| 1400412335 | Stagflation | A period of falling output and rising prices: combo of business stagnation and price inflation that was the US economy in the 1970s. | 88 | |
| 1400412336 | Affirmative Action | A policy in educational admissions or job hiring that gives special attention or compensatory treatment to traditionally disadvantaged groups in an effort to overcome present effects of past discrimination. | 89 | |
| 1400412337 | Gerald Ford | 1974-1977: Republican, first non elected president and VP; solely elected by a vote from Congress. He pardoned Nixon of all crimes that he may have committed. Evacuated nearly 500,000 Americans and South Vietnamese from Vietnam, closing the war. We are heading toward rapid inflation. He runs again and debates Jimmy Carter. At the debate he is asked how he would handle the communists in eastern Europe and he said there were none and this apparently sealed his fate. More conservative domestically that Nixon, so he vetoed a lot of certain proposals BUT Dem Congress overrode most of his vetoes. | 90 | |
| 1400412338 | SALT II | 1979: Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks between Carter and Brezhnev to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the USSR because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty. | 91 | |
| 1400412339 | New Right | Conservative political movements in industrialized democracies that have arisen since the 1960's and stress "traditional values," often with a racist undertone. Conservative movement that was not content with Jimmy Carter's direction liberalism, and the moral decline in America. | 92 | |
| 1400412340 | Harvey Milk | 1st openly gay man to be elected to public office; elected to serve in the SF Board of Supervisors but assassinated in 1978; he will be remembered as someone who pushed the envelope and strove to reach positions openly gay people did not get; was an advocate for gay rights though his political career | 93 | |
| 1400412341 | Sandra Day O'Connor | 1981: chosen by Reagan to be the 1st female SC Justice | 94 | |
| 1400412342 | Me Generation | (Tom Wolfe) Generation that is self indulgent and egotistical. People are more concerned with what they are doing with their lives, how successful their lives are and how they are doing overall rather than being concerned with their community or society as a whole; YUPPIES bc self-improvement could be selfishness | 95 | |
| 1400412343 | Bill Gates | A man who, as a Harvard sophomore, improved the software of the Altair 8800 and eventually helped to transform the personal computer from a hobby machine to a mass consumer product. | 96 | |
| 1400412344 | Glass Ceiling | A metaphor alluding to the invisible barriers that prevent minorities and women from being promoted to top corporate positions; top management remained a male preserve. | 97 | |
| 1400412345 | William Rehnquist | United States jurist who served as an associate justice on the United States Supreme Court from 1972 until 1986, when he was appointed Chief Justice; Reagan reshaped the USSC by elevating him to CJ when Warren Burger retired | 98 | |
| 1400412346 | Grenada | A tiny Caribbean island seized by a radical military council in 1983, which Reagan ordered the U.S. military to reclaim-a quick action that made him appear decisive and gained much popular support from both Americans and Grenadans. | 99 | |
| 1400412347 | Jerry Falwell | Leader of the religious Right Fundamentalist Christians, a group that supported Reagan; rallying cry was "family values"; anti-feminist, anti-homosexuality, anti-abortion, favored prayer in schools. MORAL MAJORITY | 100 | |
| 1400412348 | Moral Majority | Jerry Falwell's political organization that campaigned on issues its personnel believed were important to maintaining its Christian conception of moral law. This group pressured for legislation that would ban abortion and ban the states' acceptance of homosexuality. -> "pro life, pro family, pro moral, and pro American" ; actively supported conservative candidates | 101 | |
| 1400412349 | Pat Robertson | Head of Christian Broadcasting Network: mounted an unsuccessful presidential bid in 1988; a television evangelist who organized the Christian Coalition to replace Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority as the flagship organization of the resurgent religious right. | 102 | |
| 1400412350 | Christian Coalition | Pay Robertson: to replace Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority as the flagship organization of the resurgent religious right by mobilizing conservative Christians to elect candidates; opposed federal interference in local affairs; denounced abortion, divorce, feminism, and homosexuality; defended unrestricted free enterprise, and supported a strong American posture in the world. | 103 | |
| 1400412351 | Political Action Committees | A committee set up by a corporation, labor union, or interest group that raises and spends campaign money from voluntary donations; a private group, regardless of size, organized to elect political candidates. | 104 | |
| 1400412352 | Sandinistas | Nicaraguan leftists who successfully undermined the Somoza dictatorship in 1979; Carter had helped them but Reagan wasn't going to because they were turning Nicaragua into a pro-communist state like Cuba | 105 | |
| 1400412353 | Contras | 1982: CIA financed this anti-Sandinista guerrilla army that was based in Honduras and Costa Rica; conducted raids, planted mines, and sabotaged in Nicaragua, but hurt civilians in the process. Congress halted US military aid to them in 1982 and then banned it, but still gave $$$ and backed a truce they had with the Sandinistas | 106 | |
| 1400412354 | Donald Trump | Most famous real estate developer of the era, he opened Trump Tower in New York City in 1982 | 107 | |
| 1400412355 | Ivan Boesky | He was an investment broker who illegally manipulated the stock market and in the process redefined the crime of insider trading in 1985. | 108 | |
| 1400412356 | American Indian Movement | Native American organization founded in 1968 to protest government policies and injustices suffered by Native Americans; in 1973, organized the armed occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota. Increased protests that led to Indian Self-Determination Act in 1974 and brighter prospects. | 109 | |
| 1400412357 | Engel VS Vitale | The 1962 Supreme Court decision holding that state officials violated the First Amendment when they wrote a prayer to be recited by New York's schoolchildren. It ruled that school cannot require students to say prayers at school, for it violated the concept of freedom of speech. As such, this established a precedent by which public institutions cannot require costumers to abide to religious and other philosophical beliefs. | 110 | |
| 1400412358 | Bakke VS US | 1978: challenged affirmative action in court: SC overthrew quota system that a white student tried to use to increase his minority's % when he was rejected. | 111 | |
| 1400412359 | Indian Self-Determination Act | 1974: granted Native American tribes control of federal aid programs on the reservations and oversight of their own schools | 112 | |
| 1400412360 | Immigration Reform and Control Act | 1986: (update go 1965 immigration act): outlawed hiring of undocumented immigrants BUT offered legal status to aliens who have lived in US for 5 years; border control eventually tightened. | 113 | |
| 1400412361 | Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries | Marketing consortium formed in 1960: economic organization consisting primarily of Arab nations that controls the price of oil and the amount of oil its members produce and sell to other nations. | 114 | |
| 1400412362 | Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin | ... | 115 | |
| 1400412363 | James Baker | Former Sec. of State, primary attorney for Gov. Bush | 116 | |
| 1400412364 | Nelson Mandela | Born 1918. 11th President of South Africa. Spent 27 years in prison after conviction of charges while he helped spearhead the stuggle against apartheid. Received Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. | 117 | |
| 1400412365 | Tiananmen Square | Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life. | 118 | |
| 1400412366 | Saddam Hussein | President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). Defeated by US led invasion in 2003. | 119 | |
| 1400412367 | Operation Desert Storm | the United States and its allies defeated Iraq in a ground war that lasted 100 hours (1991) | 120 | |
| 1400412368 | General Norman Schwarzkopf | leader of the troops during the Persian Gulf War | 121 | |
| 1400412369 | S&L bailout | federal budget and the international trade deficit continued to soar while falling oil prices hurt housing values in the Southwest and damaged savings-and-loans institutions, forcing Reagan to order a $500 million rescue operation for the S&L institutions | 122 | |
| 1400412370 | Exxon Valdez | Oil tanker that crashed in March 1989, considered largest U. S. oil spill, emptied 35,000 tons of oil into Prince William Sound | 123 | |
| 1400412371 | ozone shield | the protective layer of stratospheric ozone that adsorbs intense solar UV radiation that is harmful to living org. | 124 | |
| 1400412372 | William Rehnquist | new chief justice of the supreme court; under his leadership, the court scaled back affirmitive action in hiring and promotions and limited Roe vs. wade by allowing states to impose certain restrictions on abortion | 125 | |
| 1400412373 | Clarence Thomas | 2nd african american supreme court justice | 126 | |
| 1400412374 | Anita Hill | Former associate of Clarence Thomas, who accused him of sexual harassment in Senate Judiciary Committee hearings. | 127 | |
| 1400412375 | H. Ross Perot | b. 1930. Billionaire Texas businessman, best remembered for running for President in 1992 and 1996 under Independent Party banner. | 128 | |
| 1400412376 | New Democratic Coalition | the alignment of interest groups and voting blocs that supported the New Deal and voted for Democratic presidential candidates from 1932 until approximately 1968, which made the Democratic Party the majority party during that period | 129 | |
| 1400412377 | Ruth Bader Ginsberg | Appointed by Clinton, Ginsberg was a Jewish judge known to believe that abortion was constitutional, to strengthen the Supreme Court majority in favor of upholding the landmark case of Roe vs. Wade. | 130 | |
| 1400412378 | Hillary Rodham Clinton | Appointed by husband to develop the Task Force on National Health-Care Reform- a plan that guaranteed health benefits for all americans, was a senator from NY and is now SOS appointed by Obama | 131 | |
| 1400412379 | "don't ask, don't tell" | Under Clinton administration. Concerns allowing gays into military but forbids begin openly homosexual. | 132 | |
| 1400412380 | NAFTA | A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries. | 133 | |
| 1400412381 | Newt Gingrich | Promoter of the "Contract with America" and the first Republican speaker of the house in 40 years. | 134 | |
| 1400412382 | Columbine High School | A number of students and a teacher were murdered; there was increased security at schools; awareness of dangers at school | 135 | |
| 1400412383 | The "new economy" | enocurage a new approach to both domestic and international economic policy. Domestically, it called for aggressively reducing deficits to bring down interest rates and encourage new economic activity | 136 | |
| 1400412384 | O.J. Simpson | Former football star whose murder trial became a focus of racial tension | 137 | |
| 1400412385 | Christian Coalition | (1990) formed by Pat Robertson. Played an important role in republicans winning control of congress in 1994 | 138 | |
| 1400412386 | Oklahoma City bombing | set off by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols 1995, first act of domestic terrorism by an American | 139 | |
| 1400412387 | culture wars | Metaphor used to claim that political conflict is based on sets of conflicting cultural values. Traditionalist vs. Conservative - Progressive vs. Liberal | 140 | |
| 1400412388 | Robert Dole | Republican candidate in the 1996 election who lost to Bill Clinton | 141 | |
| 1400412389 | Paula Jones, Monica Lewinsky, and Kenneth Starr | All three were involved in Bill Clinton's political scandals, Jones harassment case, Lewinsky scandal, and Whitewater, lead to impeachment | 142 | |
| 1400412390 | ethnic cleansing | Effort to eradicate a people and its culture by means of mass killing and the destruction of historical buildings and cultural materials. Ethnic cleansing was used by both sides in the conflicts that accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia | 143 | |
| 1400412391 | Dayton Accords | 1995 peace agreement ending the war over the former Yugoslavia, b/t Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia | 144 | |
| 1400412392 | Slobodan Milosevic | Serbian president who started the civil war by trying to unite a "greater Serbia" and ethnically cleanse non Serbs (Bosnians) | 145 | |
| 1400412393 | Boris Yeltsin | the Russian president who bravely resisted the military after Gorbachev was arrested, an act which helped to allow the disintegration of the Soviet Union to take place in December 1991 | 146 | |
| 1400412394 | Jean Bertrand Aristide | Haiti's president that returned to power after a 3 year exile; the first president to be elected democratically | 147 | |
| 1400412395 | Oslo Accords | An agreement in 1993 in which Israeli prime minister Rabin granted Palestinian self-rule in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. | 148 | |
| 1400412396 | Madeleine K. Albright | first woman to become United States Secretary of State. She was nominated by President Bill Clinton on December 5, 1996 and was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate 99-0. She was sworn in on January 23, 1997. | 149 | |
| 1400412397 | global warming | Theory that the Earth is gradually warming as a result of an enhanced greenhouse effect in the Earth's atmosphere caused by ever-increasing amounts of carbon dioxide produced by various human activities. | 150 | |
| 1400412398 | US Embassy Bombings | hundreds of people were killed in simultaneous truck bomb explosions at the United States embassies in the East African capitals of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Nairobi, Kenya. | 151 | |
| 1400412399 | globalization | The trend toward increased cultural and economic connectedness between people, businesses, and organizations throughout the world. | 152 | |
| 1400412400 | Alan Greenspan | Former Chairman of the Fed., warned in 1999 of the "irrational exuberance" with which Americans were pursuing profits in the stock market. | 153 | |
| 1400412401 | World Trade Organization | an international organization based in Geneva that monitors and enforces rules governing global trade | 154 | |
| 1400412402 | Al Gore | Dem. Clinton's VP, won Pres. popular vote in 2000, ran against bush Jr , advocate 4 Global Warming "An inconvenient Truth" | 155 | |
| 1400412403 | Joseph Lieberman | In the election of 2000, Al Gore chose Joseph Lieberman as his running mate on the Democratic ticket. | 156 | |
| 1400412404 | Election of 2000 | Bush v. Gore; Bush won although Gore won popular vote; controversy over the final vote count in Florida; settled by Supreme Court decision in favor of Bush | 157 | |
| 1400412405 | Dick Cheney | VP for George Bush in 2000 | 158 | |
| 1400412406 | Arctic Wildlife Refuge | (ANWR) "Serengeti of North America" | 159 | |
| 1400412407 | area set aside in 1960 and 1980 mainly to protect wildlife and preserve pristine ecosystems of tundra, mountains, seacoast, push to drill oil | - | 160 | |
| 1400412408 | James Jeffords | Vermont Senator who left the Republican party giving Democrats control of the Senate | 161 | |
| 1400412409 | stem cell research | Research using stem cells usually harvested from human embryos | 162 | |
| 1400412410 | missile defense system | Source of conflict between Russia and the US | 163 | |
| 1400412411 | superfund | a fund created by Congress in 1980 to clean up hazardous waste sites. Money for the fund comes from taxing chemical products | 164 | |
| 1400412412 | Kyoto Protocol | controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries, rejected by George Bush Jr | 165 | |
| 1400412413 | The Taliban | former government of afghanistan that was overthrown by the usa | 166 | |
| 1400412414 | Patriot Act | This law passed after 9/11 expanded the tools used to fight terrorism and improved communication between law enforcement and intelligence agencies | 167 | |
| 1400412415 | Enron Corporation | (energy trading corporation) filed for bankruptcy, many employees investigated for illegal accounting practices/ponzi scheme/embezzlement | 168 |
