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AP Psychology Chapter 16: Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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371917332psychological disordersdeviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns1
371917333attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHDa psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one of more of the 3 key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and inpulsivity2
371917334inattentiondistractability, forgetfullness, disorganization3
371917335hyperactivityfidgetting, restlessness4
371917336impulsivitydifficulty taking turns, interrupting5
371917337medical modelconcept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured. When applied to psychological disorders, it assumes that these mental illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may inclued treatment in a psychiatric hospital -Philippe Pinel6
371917338neurosisless severe disorders7
371917339psychosismore severe disorders8
371917340Biopsychosocial Approach-all behavior from interactions of nature and nurture -different disorders more common in different cultures -possibly same underlying dynamic, but different symptoms -influenced by genetic predisposition and physiological states, by psychological dynamics and social and cultural circumstances9
371917341DSM-IVAmerican Psychiatric association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders10
371917342anxiety disorderspsychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety11
371917343generalized anxiety disorderan anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense apprehensice, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal -tense and jittery -worried various bad things may happen -"free floating" anxiety -can lead to physical problems (ulcers, etc)12
371917344panic disorderan anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minute-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations13
371917345phobiaan anxiety disorder marked bya persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object/situation14
371917346somatoform disorderphysical ailment w/out a physical cause ex. hypocondrious = thin they are sick but are nt15
371917347obsessive-compulsive disorder OCDan anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actoins (compulsions)16
371917348post-traumatic stress disorder PTSDan anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawl, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks or more after traumatic experience17
371917349survivor resiliency/post-traumatic growthgreater appreciation for life, bounce back from traumatic experience18
371917350Learning perspective-fear conditioning: general anxiety learned with classical conditioning of fear, anxiety swells w/reminder of trauma, -observational learning: observe others fear, human parents trasmit fears to children19
371917351biological perspective-natural selection: phobias based off things our ancestors feared and things we did to stay alive -genes: genetically predisposed temperament and traumatic event = new phobia -the brain: overarousal of brain areas involved in impulse control (anterior cingulate cortex = hyperactive in those w/OCD, fear circuits in amygdala)20
371917352dissociative disordersdisorders in which conscious awareness becomes serpeated (dissociated) from pervious memories, thoughts and feels21
371917353dissociative identity disorder DIDa rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits 2 or more distinct and alternating personalities. Aka multiple personality disorder -"Dr. Jekyll/Mr. Hyde" split -way to deal with anxiety22
371917354mood disorderspsychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes 1. major depressive disorder 2. bipolar disorder23
371917355depressionresponse to past and current loss24
371917356major depressive disordermood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, 2 or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activites25
371917357aysthymic disordermix of middle between temporary bad mood and full blown crushing depression26
371917358maniaa mood disorder marked by a hyperactive widely optimistic state27
371917359biopolar disordera mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and overexcited state of mania (aka manic-depressive disorder)28
371917360biological perspective (mood)-depression = whole body disorder -involves genetic predispositions, biochemical imbalances, negative thoughts, and melancholy mood -mood disorders run in families -29
371917361depressed brain-norepinephrine = scarce, overabundant in mania -serotonin = scarce -lower levels of omega 3's -less brain activity -frontal lobes 7% smaller than normal30
371917362social cognitive perspective (mood)-everything is negative -negative thoughts and moods interact -pessimistic thinking = up in depression -up social support = down depression31
371917363depressions vicious cycle1. stressful events 2. negative explanatory style 3. depressed mood 4. cognitive and behavioral changes32
371917364schizophreniagroup of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and innappropriate emotions and actions33
371917365disorganized thinkingfragmented, bizarre, distorted by false beliefs34
371917366delusionsfalse beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur that may accompany psychotic disorders -breakdown in selective attention -minute, irrelevant stimuluses can distract35
371917367disturbed perceptions-hallucinations -voices telling them they are bad, giving orders36
371917368inappropriate emotions and actions-flat affect = zombie like state of apparent apathy -senseless compulsive acts37
371917369catatoniamotionless for hours and become agitate38
371917370positive symptomshallucinations, inappropriate laughter, tears, and rage39
371917371negative symptomstoneless voices, expressionless faces, mute, rigid bodies40
371917372paranoidpreoccupation w/delusions or hallucinations, often w/themes of persecution or grandiosity41
371917373disorganizeddisorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion42
371917374catatonicimmobility (or excessive, purposeless movement) extreme negatisim and parrotlike repeating or anothers speech/movement43
371917375undifferentiatedmany and varied symptoms44
371917376residualwithdrawl, after hallucinations and delusions have disapeered45
371917377etiologycaues/origins of a problem46
371917378personality disorderspsychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning47
371917379antisocial personality disordera personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrong doing, even towards friends/family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist -feel little fear and feel little48
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Health, Stress & Coping Flashcards

Health, Stress and Coping

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187098660What are the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome?1) Alarm 2) Resistance 3) Exhaustion1
187098661Stress can be considered two types of process. What are they?1) Psychobiological - that is, it consists of both physiological psychological components and consequences 2) Transactional - a transaction between the individual and environment in which the individual perceives that the demands of the environment ment exceed their psychosocial resources.2
187098662With regard to stress, what is a primary appraisal of a situation?A person deciding if the situation is benign, stressful or irrelevant3
187098663With regard to stress, what is the secondary appraisal of a situation?A person evaluates the options and decides how to respond.4
187098664What is emotional forcasting?Emotional forcasting is where a person evaluates what feelings particular sitations will produce5
187098665Events that lead to stress are called what?Stressors6
187098666What is the Holmes-Rahe scale?A scale to measure stress, related to 43 common life events that require change and adaptation.7
187102626What is Acculturative stress?The stress people experience in trying to adapt in a new culture8
187102627What is the term that examines the influence of psychosocial factors on the functioning of the immune system?Psychoneuroimmunology9
187102628What are the three important types of cells in the immune system?1) B-Cells 2) T-Cells 3) Natural Killer Cells10
187102629Within the immune system, what do B cells produce?Antibodies that attach to foreign invaders and mark them for destruction11
187102630Within the immune system, what do T cells do?Search out and directly destroy invaders (T-Helper cells also stimulate immune functioning)12
187102631Within the immune system, what do natural killer cells fight?Viruses and Tumours13
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Evolution Flashcards

The mechanisms of evolution. What is evolution? How has evolution lead to the current diversity of organisms?

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1366570311organisms belonging to a group of organisms that having common characteristics and are capable of mating with each otherSpecies1
1366570312Characteristics that an offspring inherits from its parents.Aquired Characteristics2
1366570313a driving force in the evolution of a species that favors changes according to environmental conditionsNatural Selection3
1366570314New organisms produced by a living thing, the product of the reproductive processes of an animal or plantOffspring4
1366570315Rigorous and systematic formulation of the principles of science, philosophy, or any other form of knowledgeTheory5
1366570316Is the evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes better able to live in its habitat or habitatsAdaptation6
1366570317to receive (a characteristic) from one's parents by genetic transmissionInherit7
1366570318Is the proof used to reveal a theory.Evidence8
1366570319the variety or variability of living organisms in an environmentBiodiversity9
1366570320the area or natural environment where an organism or community liveHabitat10
1366570321The process through which a new species is born.Speciation11
1366570322A gradual process in which something changes into a different and usually more complex or better form.Evolution12
1366570323The genetic characteristics that distinguishes us from others.Diversity13
1366570324The simultaneous demand by two or more organisms for limited environmental resources, such as nutrients, living space, or light.Competition14
1366570325A natural or artificial process that favors or induces survival and perpetuation of one kind of organism over others that die or fail to produce offspring.Selection15
1366570326reduction of alleles in a population (resulting from a disaster that drastically reduces population size).Genetic Drift16
1366570327A change of the DNA sequence within a gene or chromosome of an organism resulting in the creation of a new character or trait not found in the parental type.Mutation17
1366570328the gain or loss of alleles from a population by the movement of individuals (immigration or emigration).Gene flow18
1366570329The collective genetic information contained within a population of sexually reproducing organisms.Gene pool19
1366570330changes in the gene pool of a population over time which result in relatively small changes to the organisms in the population — changes which would not result in the newer organisms being considered as different species.Microevolution20
1366570331changes in organisms which are significant enough that, over time, the newer organisms would be considered an entirely new species.Macroevolution21
1366570332Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segmentsgenetic variation22
1366570333the irreversible disaearance of a population or speciesextintion23
1366570334A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomesDNA24
1366570335A theory that describes how organisms change over many generations.Theory of Evolution25
1366570336Structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in functionanalogous structure26
1366570337Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.homologous structure27
1366570338The comparison of body structures and how they vary among speciescomparative anatomy28
1366570339Grouping of organisms based on their physical traits and similarities in DNA.biological classification29
1366570340Branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming and classifying speciestaxonomy30
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Two Revolutions in Russia Flashcards

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288522273Dumafirst elected government1
288522274moderateswanted constitution and a social change2
288522275Nicholas IIczar during the March Revolution3
288522276Beauraucracycorrupt; nobles, army officers4
288522277Court Systemoverburdened during the March Revolutions5
288522278Revolutionariesdevised radical plots to overthrow the czar6
288522279Proletariatgrowing class of workers7
288522280Impact of World War Igave united Russians a sense of nationalist pride; strained Russian resources8
28852228119152 million Russians are dead9
288522282Rasputin"Mad Monk"; a holy man who could heal people and could communicate with Mary and Jesus; stays behind with czarina to rule Russia during WWI; hated by many people; many tried to kill him10
288522283Alexison of Alexandra; has hemophilia; czarovich11
288522284collapse of monarchywomen try to protest, demanding food; czar's guards first want to kill them but then decide to join them12
288522285March 1917czar is overthrown and a provisional government is put in place13
288522286provisional governmentnew type of government, led by Alexander Kerensky; as a result, the czar abdicates and is placed under house arrest14
288522287sovietslocal council of soldiers and workers who asked for rights and money15
288522288Bolsheviksradical socialist group that wanted a Communist government16
288522289Lenin's backgroundborn into a middle class family; older brother is executed for speaking out against the czar; sent to Siberia because he spoke out against the czar; he is later exiled to Switzerland17
288522290Lenin's Early Careerhe read the works of Karl Marx18
2885222911895Lenin is arrested and sent to Siberia19
288522292what Lenin called fordictatorship of the proletariat20
288522293March 1917Lenin is in exile21
288522294April 16, 1917Lenin returns to Russia22
288522295Provisional governmentattacked by the Red Guards23
288522296Red Guardsattack provisional government and take over, turning Russia into a Communist state24
288522297Treaty of Brest Litovskwhat takes Russia out of WWI25
288522298Bolshevikstake over and try to suppress the conservatives26
288522299redscommunists27
288522300whitescounter-revolutionaries; allies supported them28
288522301nationaliststook arms against the Red Army29
288522302Counterrevolutionariesslaughtered and captured communists; tried to kill Lenin30
288522303Communistslaunched their own reign of terror31
288522304war communismpolicy adopted by communists to take over banks, mines, and factories32
288522305Leon Trotskyturned the Red Army into an effective fighting force; worked with Lenin33
288522306commisorscommunist party officials34
2885223071921the Red Army wins35
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Ch. 15 sec Two revolutions in Russia p 1 Flashcards

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288426137What was Russia like in 1914?huge but backward1
288426138What were the majority of people in Russia in 1914?peasants2
288426139peasantpoor person who works the land3
288426140Czarruler of Russia4
288426141Dumaelected national legislature of Russia5
288426142Nicholas IIa weak Russian ruler who used his secret police and others to impose his will6
288426143Marxistspeople who believe that those who control the economic system also control the political one; followers of Karl Marx's philosophy7
288426144What group tried to ignite revolution among the proletariat?the Marxists8
288426145proletariatgrowing class of factory and railroad workers, miners and urban wage earners9
288426146What did the outbreak of WWI in 1914 do for Russians?fired their pride and united them10
288426147AlexandriaWife of Czar Nicholas I, her title is Czarina11
288426148What did Czar Nichoals do when WWI started?went to the front where the fighting was and left Alexandria in charge of home(domestic) affiars in the country12
288426149Gregory Rasputinan illiterate (can't read) peasant and "holy man"13
288426150Who did Alexandria trust to help her run the country while Nicholas was gone to war?Gregory Rasputin14
288426151How did many Russians feela bout Rasputin helping the Czarina run the country?they didn't like it because they thought he was out for himself15
288426152What happened to Rasputin?Some of the nobles killed him on Dec. 29, 191616
288426153How was Russia doing in WWI?not well; there were many disasters on the battlefield17
288426154How was Russia doing at home during WWI?not well; there were food and fuel shortages18
288426155What happened in March 1917 in Russia?Czar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate19
288426156abdicategive up power and position as ruler20
288426157Who ruled after the czar abdicated?the DUMA temporary21
288426158Sovietscouncils of workers and soldiers22
288426159Bolsheviksa radical socialist group that took charge under the leadership of V. I. Lenin23
288426160Vladimir Illyich Ulyanov LeninKnown as just LENIN after he became a revolutionary24
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Revolutions in Russia Flashcards

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1312536437autocracya single person with unlimited power1
1312536438totalitariana government that takes total centralized state control over every aspect of public and private2
1312536439comradecommunist acquittance3
1312536440What happened on Bloody Sunday?200,000 workers protested in the square of Czar's garden because they wanted better working conditions.4
1312536441What good did Lenin do?He allowed a small scale of capitalism, peasants could sell surplus crops, said that small factories and businesses could be privately owned, and foreign investment.5
1312536442When Lenin weakened due to his stroke, which two guys came after his job?Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky6
1312536443What did Stalin use to dominate?Terror, indoctrination, propaganda, censhorship, and persecution of religion and ethnicity7
1312536444What did Stalin use the secret police for?To get tapped phone calls, read mail, have children tell on parents, and arresting people by night knocks.8
1312536445What did the Bolsheviks rename their party and who's writing did they use for their constitution?They renamed their party the Communist Party and used Karl Marx's writing for their constitution.9
1312536446What two groups does Russia divide into?Bolsheviks and Mensheviks10
1312536447What were the Bolsheviks?Radicals who supported a small number of commited revolutions.11
1312536448What were the Mensheviks?Moderate and wanted a large population backing them12
1312536449What was Vladimir Lenin like?He had an engaging personality, was ruthles, and the Father of Revolution.13
1312536450What did Lenin's good deeds allow?The USSR (Soviet Union/Union of Soviet Socialist Republic) to start pre-WWI production.14
1312536451What kind of rule did Lenin take after the constitution was written?Dictatorship15
1312536452After Lenin died, who took over and what did that leader do?Stalin took over and he took complete control in 1928, he transformed the government and the first thing he did was establish control in the government, economy and citizens private lives.16
1312536453What western ideas did totalitarian challenge?Reason, freedom, human dignity, and worth human individual.17
1341280191What religion did Stalin force everyone to be?Atheist18
1341280192What did Stalin do to all worship buildings and leaders?He burned all worship buildings and all worship leaders were either executed or sent to a labor camp.19
1341280193What did Stalin institute?a command economy20
1341280194command economysystem in which the g0vernment makes every economic decision21
1341280195What did Stalin give to the steel workers?Impossibly high quotas22
1341280196collective farmsfarms that were privately owned and taken by the government23
1341280197How did Russian women get treated?They got educated as skill workers, had free child care, got some of the same jobs as men, were 75 percent of all doctors, but still had to do normal household jobs. They were not only given the choice to have children but were required to have children.24
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MCAT - Physics - Fluids and Solids Flashcards

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46984341Absolute PressurePressure below the surface of a liquid that depends on gravity and surface pressure, calculated by P = P₀ + ρgz. P = Absolute pressure. z is depth. P₀ is the surface pressure. ρ = is the density.46984341
46984342AdhesionType of attractive force that molecules of a liquid feel toward molecules of another substance, such as in the adhesion of water droplets to a glass surface.46984342
46984343Archimedes' PrincipleBody that is fully or partially immersed in a liquid will be buoyed up by a force that is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the body. F(buoyant) = ρ(liq)*g*V(liq) = ρ(obj)*g*V(obj). V(obj) = is the volume of the object submerged.46984343
46984344Bernoulli's EquationEquation describing the conservation of energy in fluid flow, given by P₁ + (1/2)ρV₁² + ρgy₁ + P₂ + (1/2)ρv₂² + ρgy₂.46984344
46984345Bulk ModulusA term that describes a fluid's resistance to compression under a pressure, denoted by B and measured by the ratio of stress (pressure change) to strain: ΔP/(ΔV/V)46984345
46984346CohesionType of attractive force felt by liquid molecules toward each other. Cohesion is responsible for surface tension.46984346
46984347Continuity EquationEquation following the law that the mass flow rate of fluid must remain constant from one cross-section of a tube to another, given by A₁V₁ = A₂V₂46984347
46984348DensityScalar quantity defined as the mass per unit volume, often denoted by ρ.46984348
46984349Gauge PressurePressure above the atmospheric pressure, given only by ρgz; the difference between P(absolute) and P₀46984349
46984350Laminar FlowSimplest type of liquid flow through a tube where thin layers of liquid slide over one another, occurring as long as the flow rate remains below a critical velocity Vc46984350
46984351Pascal's PrinciplePrinciple stating that when a pressure is applied to one point of an enclosed fluid, that pressure is transmitted in equal magnitude to all points within that fluid and to the walls of its container. This principle forms the basis of the hydraulic lift.46984351
46984352Shear ModulusTerm describing a solid's resistance to shear stress, denoted by S and measured by the ratio of shear stress (F/A) to strain (x/h). Results when a force is applied parallel to the surface area.46984352
46984353Specific GravityDimensionless quantity given by the density of a substance divided by the density of water, where ρ(water) = 1g/ml, or 1g/cm³. ρ(x)/ρ(water)46984353
46984354StreamlineLines that trace the path of water particles as they flow in a tube without ever crossing each other.46984354
46984355Turbulent FlowType of liquid flow that occurs when the flow rate in a tube exceeds Vc. Motion of the fluid that is not adjacent to the container walls is highly irregular, forming vortices and a high flow resistance.46984355
46984356ViscosityMeasure of internal friction in a fluid, often denoted by µ46984356
46984357Young's ModulusTerm used in characterizing the elasticity of a solid, denoted by Y and measured by the ratio of the stress (F/A) to strain (ΔL/L). Results when force is applied perpendicular to the surface area.46984357
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AP Pysch Ch. 4 (book): Developing Through the Life Span Flashcards

"Psychology", David G. Myers. 8th edition 2007. 42 vocab

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123973529environmentevery nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us123973529
123973530behavior geneticsthe study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior123973530
123973531individualismgiving priority to one's own goals over group goals, and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications123973531
123973532genderin psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female123973532
123973533genomethe complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes123973533
123973534genesthe biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein123973534
123973535DNAa complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes123973535
123973536chromosomesthreadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes123973536
123973537interactionthe effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)123973537
123973538heritabilityThe proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.123973538
123973539temperamenta person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity123973539
123973540fraternal twinstwins who develop from separate eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment123973540
123973541identical twinstwins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms123973541
123973542personal spacethe buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies123973542
123973543norman understood rule for accepted and expected behavior123973543
123973544culturethe enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next123973544
123973545mutationa random error in gene replication that leads to a change123973545
123973546natural selectionthe principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations123973546
123973547evolutionary psychologythe study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.123973547
123973548molecular geneticsthe subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes123973548
123973549gener schema theorytheory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behaviors accordingly123973549
123973550social learning theorythe theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished123973550
123973551gender typingthe acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role123973551
123973552gender rolea set of expected behaviors for males and for females123973552
123973553gender identityone's sense of being male or female123973553
123973554rolea set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave123973554
123973555testosteronethe most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 130)123973555
123973556y chromosomethe sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.123973556
123973557x chromosomethe sex chromosome found in both men and women. females have two x chromosomes; males have one. an x chromosome from each parent produces a female child123973557
123973558aggressionany physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy123973558
123973559collectivismgiving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly123973559
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Antebellum Flashcards

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1430911543Dorothea DixGathered data on prisons, almshouses and asylums. Efforts led to the improvements of conditions for mentally ill, in charge of all female nurses.1
1430911544Seneca Falls Convention1848, launched by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, demanded suffrage and drafted "The Declaration of Sentiments" calling for the ending of discriminatory practices. Lay the groundwork for the modern feminist movement.2
1430911546Lyman BeecherFather of Harriet Beecher Stowe and the reform association, insisted American citizens sorely needed education and Christian teachings to properly reform themselves.3
1430911548Common School MovementOriginating from Puritan tradition to convert as well as teach, the common schools served as the basis for modern public schools. Assimilated various immigrants into common culture (ex. Catholic School)4
1430911550Horace MannAAttorney, humanitarian reformer and legislator on the Massachusetts State Board of Education . Implemented most of public school aspects. Also secured funding for schools and salaries, revised curriculum, and founded the first teacher-training school.5
1430911551McGuffey ReadersTextbook series published by William McGuffey to coincide with rise of public schools, focusing on reading, literary taste, and moral growth. Criticized for emphasizing Anglo-Saxon Protestant values as superior.6
1430911553Oberlin CollegeFounded in 1833 in Ohio by missionaries, school mission to educate teachers and leaders. Allowed women and minority to enroll. Associated with revivalism on the frontier during the Second Great Awakening.7
1430911555Second Great AwakeningDuring first half of the 19th century, results such as moral impulse to reform society (also taken up by secular leaders), doctrine shift towards self-help.8
1430911556Charles G. FinneyPresbyterian minister responsible for departing from traditional Calvinistic doctrines to usher in more converts, holding camp meetings with fervent sermons. Imbued emotional and persuasive techniques to modern evangelism. President of Oberlin College.9
1430911558Circuit-Riding PreachersItinerant preachers in the frontiers who not only spread news but also administered important communal events. With many being unqualified and laypeople preaching in their absence, led to decrease in adherence to orthodoxy, yet was pertinent to the culture of the "common man" era.10
1430911559Temperance MovementAs preachers spoke against the vices of drinking, organizations such as the Women's Christian Temperance Union and the Anti-Saloon League formed. Original intent to reduce alcohol consumption, but led to Prohibition movement.11
1430911561Lyceum MovementOriginal lyceum was Aristotle's school, lyceums = lecture halls for adult education and public debate. Secular answer to the Second Great Awakening, lyceums filled with Transcendentalists and scientists, contributed to prevalent optimism of American society.12
1430911563PhrenologyOriginated by Franz Joseph Gall, a pseudoscience that tried to explain behavior and personality by measuring the skull. Was popular and was given serious consideration for a time.13
1430911564Hudson River SchoolRomantic fixation of American life symbolized by painting landscapes, usually vast wilderness.14
1430911566Brook FarmAttempt of George Ripley to build utopian society from 1841 to 1847, based on unitarian and Transcendentalist principles. Most of better-educated chafed under farm life, considered stifling and went bankrupt due to mismanagement.15
1430911568New HarmonyUtopian community founded by Robert Owen in Indiana, only lasted a few years.16
1430911570ShakersCelibate, monastic sect of Christianity founded in 1774 by Mother Ann Lee, devoted to work and worship. Gender segregation. Declined membership because celibacy prevented propagation of faith without conversions. Represented reform impulse and the millennial view of Christianity.17
1430911571Ralph Waldo EmersonFounder of Transcendentalism, a romantic philosophy that combined idealism and Eastern mysticism. With people like Margaret Fuller published The Dial. Abolitionist.18
1430911573Henry David ThoreauWrote Walden, opposed to the Mexican War and slavery and so published "Civil Disobedience" that codified passive resistance later used in civil rights movement.19
1430911574Joseph SmithPublished Book of Mormon in 1830's, founded Mormonism. Mormons considered a new type of utopian communalists with polygamy and militaristic tendencies (thus persecuted). Murdered by mob which inspired followers to move west.20
1430911576Brigham YoungBecame heir of Mormonism, led followers west into present-day Salt Lake City. Removed as governor of Utah when claimed have seceded from the government.21
1430911579Peculiar InstitutionEuphemism for slavery coined by Calhoun, tried to explain that slavery was beneficial for the nation and the enslaved.22
1430911580Cotton KingdomA title that glorified the importance of cotton to the economy, the zeal of the southern planters to make more wealth led them to seek independence from the government.23
1430911582Slave CodesLaws controlling both slave and owner. Egregious abuse forbidden due to fear of uprisings, but harsh punishments and murder tolerated anyway. Slaves considered subhuman, unable to testify against criminals, and could work for money but the use at the discretion of the master.24
1430911584ManumissionLegal term for formal freeing of slaves by masters, was natural and often just as one would free indentured servants, but after cotton gin the laws tightened to prevent increase in free black population.25
1430911586Christian PaternalismWhile the Second Great Awakening inspired the North into abolitionist movements, in the South it only led to better treatment, allowed Af-Am entry to church, but manumission. Ot an option. Productions on plantations began to improve.26
1430911587Gabriel ProsserFirst leader of significant slave insurrection, plotted and amassed weapons, stopped only by heavy rain and leaked message to the governor of Virginia, who mobilized troops immediately.27
1430911589Denmark VeseySouth Carolina slave who acquired education and freedom through lottery win. After reading abolitionist literature, amassed slaves to amass weapons and slaughter whites, but leaked and thus hanged. John Brown inspired by plan.28
1430911591Nat TurnerSlave preacher and leader of most successful slave uprising in U.S. history in 1831, over 100 slaves killed, leaders hanged. Caused South to become more supportive of slavery, silenced abolitionism in slaveholding states.29
1430911592Frederick DouglassSon of slave and white man, educated as house servant in secret. Gave abolitionist speeches in 1841, wrote autobiography, traveled abroad and received enough donations to purchase freedom. Edited newspaper North Star, advisor to John Brown and Lincoln. Raised Af-Am regiments.30
1430911594Negro SpiritualsCombination of African and American influences, songs used to pass time during labor or worship. Used as coded messages for the Underground Railroad.31
1430911595Black CodesLaws passed in South to keep free blacks "in their place", as in restricted to be laborers or craftsmen only, forbade meetings after dark, restricted travel, guns and political participation. Institutionalizes racism that would continue after the Civil War.32
1430911596Hinton R. HelperWrote The Impending Crisis of the South, which used statistics from the 1850 census to examine Southern economic weakness, had abolitionist message as well as criticism of upper class preventing lower class of all race from rising up.33
1430911597Positive Good TheorySouthern leaders developed this notion of slavery, "slaves with better lives than those in Africa or northern factory workers", Christian paternalism used for salvation argument.34
1430911598George FitzhughOne of most outspoken proponents of the positive good theory, originated the whole "slaves better than northern workers" idea. Held racist views and convinced in class warfare, viewed slave society as the ideal one. Thought that if slaves freed and moved north, they wouldn't be able to adjust or function.35
1430911599William Lloyd GarrisonEditor of The Liberator and organizer of abolitionist societies. Espoused northern secession to prevent evil compromises. After the war was in the fight to ban alcohol and for women's suffrage.36
1430911600Harriet TubmanLeading "conductor" of the Underground Railroad, helped slaves make north to Canada through a series of safe houses, personally guided about 300.37
1430911601Underground RailroadSecret series of houses and people against the fugitive slave laws by assisted slaves to freedom, as many as 3200 from 1830-60s.38
1430911602American Colonization SocietyFounded in 1817, advocated getting free blacks back to Africa. Republic of Liberia established, about 15,000 left until Nat Turner in 1831. Motive more about ridding an unsolvable problem rather than elevating blacks.39
1430911603AnglophobiaSuch as the fear of British annexing territory before the Americans, economic dependence to Britain, suspicion from Canada refusing to join U.S., etc. which would last until the Civil War.40
1430911604FloridaSpain asked for help stopping escaped slaves and Native Americans from entering or raiding Florida. Jackson leads the pursuit, while there finds that British had designs for new colony in Florida, supplying the natives. Fiercest conflict against any indigenous peoples.41
1430911605Adams-Onis Treaty1821, Spain's foreign minister Onis recognized Florida holding too tenuous, agreed to sell it in this treaty that also involved U.S. giving up claims to Texas and Spain giving up Oregon territory. Florida entered as slave state.42
1430911606Monroe DoctrineBrainchild of John Q. Adams, states that U.S. desired no participation in European affairs and Europeans should no longer consider Western Hemisphere open to colonization.43
1430911607Mountain MenThose who forged paths into the wilderness in pursuit of furs, negotiated for permission to trap, hunt and trade on tribal land. Helped open up trails for western settlement and send back rumors about the west.44
1430911608Stephen AustinFounder of Texas from a grant from the Mexican government, despite Mexican abolition of slavery, allowed slaves to enter as indentured servants. Chief liaison between Texas and U.S. during Texans vs Mexico war.45
1430911609TexasMexican government encouraged northern provinces settlement due to ferocity of natives, successfully done by Americans. Santa Anna, president (more a dictator) of Mexico, attempted to ban further settlement or slave importation. Cotton economy chafed under policies, decide to launch Texas War of Independence.46
1430911610Santa AnnaRose up through ranks of Spanish army, led Mexican Revolution, declared it a free republic. Put down insurrections and beat other factions, granted dictatorial powers, used army against opponents.47
1430911611Texas War for IndependenceTexas declared independence on 1836, Sam Houston commander, volunteers from Tennessee join military. After massacre at Alamo Texans riled up and chased Mexican forces down, defeated it and captured Santa Anna, forcing him to sign the treaty of independence.48
1430911612AlamoSpanish mission site where 3,000 Mexican troops assaulted 187 men for 13 days. Took many Mexican lives, allowed Houston to win war.49
1430911613Sam HoustonFought under Andrew Jackson, lived among Cherokee Indians, then served as congressman and later governor of Tennessee. Sent to Texas by Jackson to negotiate with natives, became commander of army. After war elected as president and negotiated for annexation of Texas, which made him senator and later governor.50
1430911614John TylerVice president of Harrison, first accidental presidency following Harrison's death. Clashed with Whigs in cabinet, who all resigned. Backed annexation of Texas as a slave state, which concerned Clay and Adams.51
1430911615James PolkDemocrat who favored expansion of the nation and slavery. Accomplished all campaign promises including acquisition of Oregon Territory, overseeing Texas statehood, reestablished independent treasury system, settling border dispute and debt issues, winning Mexican-American War. Thus brought in rest of American west, while he did stop forces from annexing all od Mexico.52
1430911678Liberal PartySmall party that arose in 1844, main goal to prevent addition of Texas as slave state. Has reverse effect since their votes took away Clay's.53
1430911679Oregon TerritoryStories from mountain men and missionaries ignited a land fever to claim Oregon, which Polk seized as opportunity to annex it, negotiating with Britain, taking only below 49th parallel, despite "54*40 or fight". North relieved at acquisition of territory where slavery not feasible.54
1430911680Bear Flag RevoltAs Polk anticipated clash between Mexico and U.S., positioned troops in California. John C. Fremont assisted white settlers to stage revolt for its independence.55
1430911681Slidell's MissionJohn Slidell sent to Mexico to purchase northern provinces for $40m, but while government willing the people complained, thus cancelled, even with clause offering to erase Mexican debt. Polk thus commenced war.56
1430911682Spot ResolutionsLincoln and other Whigs attempted to stop war with Mexico with the Spot Resolutions, which failed to stop the war but did give voice to sectional debate between north and south.57
1430911683Treaty of Guadalupe-HidalgoSanta Anna consented to surrender in 1848, the treaty provided that the U.S. pay $15m for the Mexican Cession, did write off the Mexican debt to U.S. Such a magnanimous gesture required to please the divided Senate.58
1430911684Gadsden PurchaseFinal border adjustment between U.S. and Mexico in1853, acquired small plot for $10m for creating the best route for a southern transcontinental railroad. End of the addition of contiguous territory in the U.S.59
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Antebellum Flashcards

Antebellum Terms and Slavery Terms

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667644681antebellumliterally means " before war", period of time before civil war1
667644682manifest destinybelief that god wants the US to settle to the pacific and "care" for indians2
667644683181911 free states and 11 slave states; senate =votes; House of Rep. more than3
667644684Missouri CompromiseAllowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ (southern border of MO)4
667644685Sectionalismgiven region or area has better ideas and interests and are more important5
667644686South on (sectionalism)slavery was just, concerns over tariffs, believed in states' rights6
667644687North on (sectionalism)against slavery, concerns against tariffs, more cultured, better lifestyle7
667644688States' Rightsinterests of state are more important than interests of national government8
674730643North on (States' Rights)Political decisions should benefit the whole country; all states must follow Congress laws9
674730644South on (States' Rights)states - gov. themselves, states are best able to decide their own needs10
674730645Nullificationright of states to determine if law passed by congress was constitutional or not11
674730646North on nullificationonly supreme court can do so12
674730647South on nullificationstate can declare federal constitutional null and void13
674730648Compromise of 185015 slave states, 15 free; California Gold Rush bought population big enough to be a state; CA- free state;South get stronger fugitive slave law; no slave trade in DC;14
674730649GA Platformnation angry at comp of 1850; GA calls state convention; passes GA Platform (conditional acceptance of Comp of 1850); conditions- North complies with fugitive slave law, and stop banning slavery in new territories and states kept peace...for a while15
674730650Great DebateSenator Henry Clay's compromise16
674730651South on Great DebateNM and UT determine whether they are free or not; DC residents keep slaves; Congress pass fugitive slave laws17
675051181North on Great DebateCA is a free state; slave trading ends in DC; TX will not annex NM18
675051182Kansas-Nebraska ActIntroduced by Stephen Douglas of Illinois; created territories of KS and NE with Popular Sovereignty (people rule on slave issue); northerners angry (would change MO Compromise)19
675051183Fugitive Slave Act of 1793allowed a slave owner to seize an escaped slave, prove ownership, and retake the slave20
675640874Penalty of obstructing slave owners efforts to retake a slave$50021
675640875Northerners on Fugitive Slave Act of 1793saw act as an excuse for kidnapping free blacks; resented ability of owners to reclaim slaves who might have escaped years before and had new lives (passed "Personal Liberty Laws" to help protect fugitive slaves)22
675640876Slave House1 room hut23
675640877Slave Foodfatback, molasses, cornbread24
675640878Slave Clothing1 set of clothes ; worked barefoot25
675640879Slave ReligionChristian; some attached services; spiritual songs were important26
675640880Slave JobsField Worker (worked from sunrise to sunset; 1/2 day off (usually Sunday); Driver (supervisor of fields, older slaves); House Servants( cooks, repairs, yard work); Women ( field workers, spinning, sewing, weaving, preparing food, minding children)27
675640881Slave FamiliesSlave marriages weren't recognized; children were property of master28
675640882Educating Slavesagainst the law to teach literacy, some taught with the bible, educated slaves would stir up discontent29
675640883Slave Rebellions1800-Gabriel Prosser, VA, 1,000 slaves 1822- SC 5000 slaves 1831- Nat Turner, VA; 57-85 killed -strict laws were passed to curtail slave movements; meetings; literacy efforts30
675640884Slave codeslaws took away nearly all rights of a slave cannot : testify against whites show disrespect to whites make any type of contact with a white carry a weapon31
675640885Dred Scotttaken by owner from Missouri to Illinois and then Wisconsin (free state) filed a lawsuit claiming he was free since he was in Wisconsin32
675640886Dred Scott desicion1857z; US Supreme Court decides he could not sue, not a citizen since he was property, said congress had no right to stop slavery in territories33
675640887Underground RailroadNetwork of roads, houses, river crossings, boats, wagons and streams giving path of escape from slavery34
675640888URR StationStops along the way signaled by lanterns, candles, or quilts in the window35
675640889URR Conductorpeople who led slaves along RR Before 1850: Safety in Philly, Cincinatti, NY, and Boston After 1850-- Safety only in Canada36
675640890Abolitionist: William Lloyd Garrisonwrote antislavery newspaper 'The Liberator'37
675640891Abolitionist: Frederick Douglassformer slave; speaker; newspaper "North Star"38
675640892Abolitionist:Harriet Beecher Stoweauthor of Uncle Tom's Cabin in 185139
675640893Abolitionist:Sojourner Truthwomens' rights speaker; born a slave40
675640894Abolitionist: Harriet Tubmancalled "Moses"; conductor on RR41
675640895Abolitionist:John BrownWhite Abolitionist Campaigned for Free Soilers in KS and NE 1859 attacked federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, VA (wanted guns & ammo) 21 men--captured by Col. Robert E. Lee within 24 hours tried and convicted of Treason Martyr in North; Murderer in South42
675640896What percent of GA'ns owned slaves?60%43
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