| CourseNotes

APES Final Flashcards

semester one final (test questions from all tests)

1107354047	ecology is the study of	organisms interact with each other and their nonliving environment
1107354048	the most fundamental unit of ecology is	a species
1107354049	the following choices list levels of organization of matter that claim the attention of ecologists. which correctly lists these levels in sequence from narrower to broader focus	organisms-populations-communities-ecosystems
1107354050	a group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area at the same time is called a	population
1107354051	a community of living organisms interacting with one another and the physical and chemical factors of their nonliving environment is called	an ecosystem
1107354052	the basic unit of life is the	cell
1107354053	fossil fuels and minerals are part of which reservoir in the carbon cycle	lithosphere (soil and rocks)
1107354054	energy in a food web	flows in one direction only
1107354055	examples of abiotic factors	light, temperature, bacteria, water
1107354056	a single factor that limits the growth, abundance, or distribution of a species in an ecosystem is called	a limiting factor
1107354057	autotrophs	can live without heterotrophs/ perform photosynthesis or chemosysthesis
1107354058	photosynthesis	yields glucose and oxygen gas as products
1107354059	you are a scientist intrigued by organisms that can create complex molecules through chemosynthesis. the habitat you are most likely to visit is	a hydrothermal vent
1107354060	what are organisms that feed on plants only called	herbivores
1107354061	the organisms that are classified as tertiary or secondary consumers are the	carnivores
1107354062	if something is biodegradable it	can be broken down by decomposers
1107354063	aerobic respiration requires	glucose and oxygen
1107354064	most of the energy input in a food chain is	degraded to low-quality heat
1107354065	what does species richness refer to	the number of different species
1107354066	the hydrologic cycle refers to the movement of	water
1107354067	the hydrologic cycle is driven primarily by	solar energy and gravity
1107354068	what does species evenness refer to	the number of individuals of each species
1107354069	humans are most likely to alter the earth's thermostat through their impact on which biogeochemical cycle	carbon
1107354070	transfer of carbon between organisms depends primarily on	photosynthesis and cellular respiration
1107354071	two ways in which humans have most interfered with the carbon cycle are	burning fossil fuels and removal of forests and brush
1107354072	the most common gas in the atmosphere is	nitrogen
1107354073	nodules containing nitrogen fixing bacteria would be expected to occur on the roots of	legumes (beans and peanuts)
1107354074	the form of nitrogen most usable to plants is	nitrates
1107354075	nitrogen gas is converted to usable nitrogen through	nitrogen fixation
1107354076	usable nitrogen is converted to unusable nitrogen gas through the process of	dentrification
1107354077	the major plant nutrients most likely to be a limiting factor is	phosphorous and or nitrogen
1107354078	natural ecosystems achieve sustainability through	use of one-way solar energy flow and efficient recycling of nutrients
1107354079	within a population and due to competition between individials, those indificuals with an advantage will survive to pass their genes on to the next generation. this idea is called	natural selection
1107354080	mutations are	very common events, a source of new genetic material, sometimes harmful and sometimes beneficial
1107354081	a hummingbird would be considered a specialist species because	it can only eat one certain type of food
1107354082	an ecological niche includes	the location where a species lives, the types of resource requirements, the range of tolerance to different physical and chemical conditions, the types of competitors
1107354083	eating at a lower trophic level math	...
1107354084	food web flow diagram	...
1107354085	why do farmers need to add nitrogen to soil when we have so much of it in the air	...
1107354086	how does an increase in the amount of dissolved CO2 in ocean water result in a decrease in the Ph of ocean water	because it creates carbonic acid which makes it more acidic
1107354087	why has movement of carbon into the ocean been increasing since 1850	because of human activity such as deforestation and burning of fossil fuels. because atmosphere isnt a big enough resivior so it goes into the ocean because the ocean can hold id
1107354088	species that serve as early warnings of environmental damage are called	indicator species
1107354089	species whose roles in an ecosystem are much more important than their abundance would suggest are called	keystone species
1107354090	species that migrate or are accidentally introduced into an ecosystem are called	nonnative species
1107354091	amphibians and lichen make good	indicator species
1107354092	interspecific competition can be avoided by	eating at different times and resource partitioning
1107354093	a relationship in which one species benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed to any significant degree is best labeled	commensalism
1107354094	the win win relationship of animal behavior is	mutualism
1107354095	parasites	rarely kill their hosts
1107354096	the relationship between honey bees and flowers can be described as	mutualism
1107354097	forms of nondestructive behavior between organisms	sharing resources by hunting at different times, sharing resources by looking for food in different places, mutualism, commensalism
1107354098	primary succession	The series of changes that occur in an area where no ecosystem previously existed. The first organisms to live there are called pioneer species and are usually lichens and mosses that grow on rock and eventually create soil and when they die they enrich the soil.
1107354099	secontary succession	The series of changes that occur after a disturbance in an existing ecosystem. It occurs more rapidly than primary succession.
1107354100	soil formation in primary succession is encouraged by	physical weathering, lichens and mosses trapping soil particles, secretion of acids by lichens
1107354101	consequences of fire suppression may include	build up of large quantities of highly flammable undergrowth, the development of an entirely different ecosystem, the fires that do occur may be more severe than the ones suppressed
1107354102	benefits of fire	breaking seed coats to allow germination to take place, creating opportunity for new plant growth by increasing the amount of light that penetrates the forest floor, releasing nutrients back into the soil that come from burned plant material
1107354103	emigration	is one way movement of individuals out of a particular population to another area
1107354104	carrying capacity refers to	the maximum size of population the environment will support where the population stabilizes
1107354105	a true or natural growth curve depicting a population that is limited by a definite carrying capacity is shaped like the letter	S
1107354106	an exponential growth curve depicting an ever-growing population is shaped like the letter	J
1107354107	carrying capacity is determined by	climate changes, predation, inter specific competition, and resources
1107354108	density dependent population controls include all of the following except	human destruction of habitat
1107354109	which of the following is not an example of a density independent factor	predation
1107354110	a K strategist generally	has populations that follow and S shaped growth curve
1107354111	process of dividing up resources in an ecosystem so that species with similar needs use the same scarce resources at different times in differnt ways or in different places is called	resource partitioning
1107354112	buffer zone concept	where the inner part of a reserve is surrounded by 2 protective areas
1107354113	protected areas linking isolated reserves is a design called	habitat corridors
1107354114	four principles for carrying out most forms of ecological restoration and rehabilitation	find cause of the degradation, stop the abuse by eliminating the causes, reintroduce species, especially keystone, foundation and pioneer species, protect the area from further degration
1107354115	natural capital includes	air, water, soil, nutrient recycling
1107354116	an envionmentally sustainable society	manages its economy and population size without doing irreparable environmental harm, satisfies the needs of its people by harvesting without depleting earth's capital, protecs the prospects of future generations of humans and other species, meets the needs of its people without jeopardizing the needs of future generations
1107354117	exponential growth	starts out slowly then becomes very rapid
1107354118	a resource that is too expensive to extract is said to be	economically depleted
1107354119	example of not a renewable resource	oil
1107354120	natural resource based on sustainable yield applies to	renewable resources
1107354121	environmental degradation	reducing the earth's biodiversity by eliminating habitats
1107354122	point sources of pollution include	an automobile tailpipe, a factory smokestack, a drainpipe from a power plant
1107354123	nonpoint sources of pollution inclde	pesticides dispersed by airplane and wind onto a crop, runoff from a stockyard, fertilizer runoff from lawns, runoff from a cropland
1107354124	convervationist school	teddy roosevelt
1107354125	preservationist school	john muir
1107354126	pollution cleanup efforts can be ineffective because they	often transfer pollutants from one part of the environment to another, once pollutants are dispersed it costs too much to reduce them to acceptable levels, they can be overwhelmed by growth in population and consumption
1107354127	root causes of environmental problems include	exponential population growth, un even distribution of wealth, increasing use of resources
1107354128	pollution can be defined as	any alteration of the physical environment that harms the health or survival of humans and other any living organisms
1107354129	environmental sustainability	is the ability of the environment to function indefinitely without declining from the stresses imposed by human activities
1107354130	non sustainable human activities or behaviors include	use of nonrenewable resources as if they were present in unlimited quantities
1107354131	a species population that is designated as commercially extinct	has a population size that is so low that it is unprofitable to harvest
1107354132	reasoning that uses specific cases or examples to draw a general conclusion or discover a general principle is	inductive resoning
1107354133	reasoning that operates from generalities to specifics and can make relationships among data more apparent is	deductive reasoning
1107354134	every scientific expieriment involves	isolating the effect of a single variable
1107354135	the tragedy of the commons refers to	an analogy describing the conflict between individual interest and management of shared resources
1107354136	present day commons	fresh water, atmosphere, forests, marine fisheries
1107354137	matter is anything that	has mass and occupies space
1107354138	the measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution is called	ph
1107354139	eukaryotic cell includes	a membrane bound nucleus, organelles, genetic material
1107354140	law of conversation of matter	nothing can be destroyed
1107354141	energy can be formally defined as	the ability to do work and transfer heat

Powered by Quizlet.com

Ch.19 Global Climate Change and Ozone Depletion Study Questions Flashcards

AP Environmental Science
Study Questions and Terms

Terms : Hide Images

1189929029	Alternating cycles of freezing and thawing are known as ________________________.	Glacial and inter glacial periods
1189929030	How many years does the Antarctic ice cores indicate that the current inter glacial period could last?	15,000 years
1189929031	IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change	Formed in 1988 to evaluate possible future climate changes.
1189929032	What are the three major greenhouse gases?	H2O - Water Vapor , CO2 - Carbon Dioxide , and N2O - Nitrous Oxide
1189929033	Greenhouse gases are at higher levels than in the past _________ years.	160,000
1189929034	What gas does cattle and other livestock release into the atmosphere?	CH4 - Methane
1189929035	Which country releases more green house gases per person than any other country?	United States
1189929036	Hottest century in the past 1000 years is ____ _______.	20th Century
1189929037	Since 1861, how much have the average global temperature risen?	0.6 - 0.7 Cº
1189929038	If floating icebergs melt what will happen to the level of water?	Stays the same, b/c it's already in water. Level will increase only if the land ice melt and come to the water.
1189929039	Researchers estimate that up to half of the Arctic sea ice could disappear by what year?	2050
1189929040	Oceans help moderate the earth's average surface temperature by absorbing both _____ and _____ from the atmosphere.	CO2 and Heat
1189929041	Changes in hydrologic cycle may affect ________ ___________ ________.	Global precipitation patterns
1189929042	What natural process in more effective in the spring than in winter to reduce CO2 from atmosphere?	Photosynthesis
1189929043	Worlds largest greenhouse gas emitters.	the U.S. , China , Russia , and China
1189929044	The Kyoto Protocol	developed in 1997, required 39 developed countries to cut emissions of some gases by about 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2012. Didn't work because it's too costly. Many countries withdrew from it.
1189929045	Where is Ozone located?	Stratosphere
1189929046	Less Ozone in Stratosphere allows what to reach earths surface?	harmful UV radiation
1189929047	First chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) was discovered in ____.	1930
1189929048	What chemists Rowland and Molina find about CFCs?	It is lowering the average concentration of Ozone in the stratosphere.
1189929049	CFCs are insoluble in water and chemically __________.	unreactive
1189929050	For what purposes were CFCs used?	Propellants and Refrigeration
1189929051	Ozone loss is actually called _____ ________.	Ozone thinning
1189929052	Manufacturing of CFCs were stopped in ____.	1988
1189929053	3 major types of skin cancer caused by exposure to UV radiation.	Squamous Cell Carcinoma , Basal Cell Carcinoma , Malignant Melanoma
1189929054	The Montreal Protocol	Formed in 1987, goal was to cut emissions of CFCs by about 35% between 1989 and 2000.
1189929055	The Copenhagen Protocol	Formed in 1992 , an amendment that accelerated the phase out of key ozone-depleting chemicals.
1189929056	Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)	Removing CO2 from the smokestacks of coal-burning power and industrial plants and then storing it somewhere like deep underground, deep ocean, spent coal bed cavern, etc.
1189929057	Life on earth and the world's economies are totally dependent on the _______ __________ ______.	Natural Greenhouse Effect
1189929058	Permafrost	Perennially frozen layer of the soil that forms when the water there freezes. It is found in Arctic Tundra.

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Environmental Science MC Questions Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

753128459	The long-term storage of phospohrous and sulfur occurs in which of the following? a.) bacteria b.) rocks c.) water d.) plants e.) atmosphere	Rocks
753128460	All of the following are important in smog production EXCEPT	a.) photochemical reactions b.) stratospheric ozone c.) tropospheric ozone d.) volatile organic compounds e.) nitrogen oxides
753128461	What are the major components of air pollution?	Sulfur Dioxide SPLONC Particulates Lead Ozone Nitrogen Dioxide Carbon Monoxide
753128462	Igneous Rock	-results when rock is melted by heat and pressure (magma/lava)
753128463	Sedimentary Rock	rock that forms when sediments are compacted and cemented together ex: limestone
753128464	Metamorphic Rock	A type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions ex: slate
753128465	What are some problems of monoculture?	-lack of genetic diversity which makes plants more susceptible to diseases -leaches the soil of nutrients * crop rotation is a way of fixing these problems
753128466	What are the layers of the atmosphere?	T Thermosphere; thinnest gas layer, auroras M Mesophere; 80 km, meteors S Stratosphere, 20-50km, thin band of ozone T Troposphere; 10-20km, weater, colder w/ inc of alt, green house gases,
753128467	What are the zones of the freshwater?	L Littoral; abundant sunlight, shallow water, L Limnetic; organisms short lived and rely on sunlight P Profundal; no sunlight B Benthic: deepest layer, low temperature, low oxygen
753128468	What are the zones of saltwater?	C Coastal: ocean water closest to land E Euphotic: warmest region of water, dissolved oxygen B Bathyal cold, little sunlight A Abbysal; deepest region, extremely cold, high levels of nutrients because of decaying plant and animal matter
753128469	The aurora borealis occurs in which of the following parts of the atmosphere?	a.) Troposphere b.) Thermosphere c.) Mesosphere d.) Hydrosphere e.) Stratosphere
753128470	Which of the following are the two most important factors in determining a habitat's climate?	a.) Temperature and wind speed b.) Wind direction and precipitation c.) Wind speed and rate of the evaporation d.) Rate of the evaporation and temperature e.) Temperature and precipitation
753128471	The atmosphere is warmed as gases such as water vapor and carbon dioxide absorb the infrared heat radiated from the earth. This process is best described as:	a.) ozone depletion b.) the greenhouse effect c.) biomagnification d.) ionization e.) convection
753128472	biomagnification	Increase in concentration of certain stable chemicals (for example, heavy metals or fat-soluble pesticides) in successively higher trophic levels of a food chain or web occurs when compounds are passed from prey to predator.
753128473	The hydrosphere includes all of the following EXCEPT:	a.) watershed b.) wetlands c.) parent rock d.) rivers e.) lakes
753128474	An area where there are cold waters, low oxygen levels, and bottom-dwelling fish. This description best fits the:	a.) benthic zone b.) littoral zone c.) limnetic zone d.) open water zone e.) profundal zone
753128475	The amount of the earth's surface that is covered by water is aproximately:	a.) 12 percent b.) 36 percent c.) 50 percent d.) 75 percent e.) 93 percent
753128476	An area where salt and freshwater mix that has a very high level of productivity is correctly called:	a.) the open ocean b.) the abyssal zone c.) the headwaters d.) an estuary e.) the littoral zone
753128477	which of the following correctly describes the waters in an upwelling area:	a.) cold and nutrient rich b.) warm and nutrient poor c.) cold and nutrient poor d.) heavily polluted by human waste e.) shallow and full of light
753128478	(a) atmosphere (b) troposphere (c) wind (d) convection currents (e) atmosphere	12. Ozone in this layer blocks UV light from the sun 13. the location of our daily weather 14. the vertical heating and cooling of air 15.the movement of air between masses with different pressures 16. the collection of all gases held to the earth by gravity
753128479	eutrophication	The buildup over time of nutrients in freshwater lakes and ponds that leads to an increase in the growth of algae
753128480	Gause's Principle	states that no two species can occupy the same niche at the same time, and that the species that is less fit to live in the environment will either relocate, die out, or occupy a smaller niche.
753128481	realized niche	the range of resources and conditions a species actually uses or can tolerate at optimal efficiency; smaller than fundamental niche
753128482	predation	species feed on one another and it is the force that drives population.
753128483	bioaccumulation	the accumulation of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in various tissues of a living organism

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Environmental Science Midterm Review Flashcards

Ch. 1-12 Select Questions (Statements & Essays)

Terms : Hide Images

621119223	Statements San Andreas Fault in California is a	transform plate boundary
621119224	During Photosynthesis, Plants consume	CO2 and water
621119225	The force driving plate tectonics is	the heat in deep layers of the earth
621119226	The undersea earthquakes and volcanic explosions produce	tsunamis
621119227	Parasites	feed on and harm their hosts
621119228	An example of green masking is	biodegradable
621119229	Essays Homeowners are discussing with their architect the possibility of using either active or passive solar design to reduce their heating and/or cooling costs. Compare these two techniques.	Restatement: Active versus passive solar design. Active Solar System: • Collectors that collect and absorb solar radiation. Optimum collector orienta¬tion is true south (the highest apparent point in the sky that the sun reaches during the day-not necessarily magnetic south). Collector orientation may deviate up to 20° from true south without significantly reducing the perform¬ance of the system. Collectors should be tilted at an angle equal to latitude plus 15° for optimum performance. A collector receives the most solar radiation between 9:00 A.M. and 3:00 P.M. Trees, buildings, hills, or other obstructions that shade collectors reduce their ability to collect solar radiation. Even partial shading will reduce heat output. • Electric fans or pumps to transfer and distribute the solar heat in a fluid (liquid or air) from the collectors. • Storage system to provide heat when the sun is not shining. • May be more Bexible than a passive system in terms of location and installation. • Usually most economical to design active system to provide 40 - 80% of the home's heating needs. • Liquid systems heat water or an antifreeze solution in a hydronic collector, whereas air systems heat air in an air collector. • Liquid solar collectors are most appropriate for central heating. They are the same as those used in solar domestic water heating systems. Flat-plate collectors are the most common, but evacuated tube and concentrating collectors are also available. In the collector, a heat transfer or working Buid such as water, antifreeze (usually nontoxic propylene glycol), or other type ofliquid absorbs the solar heat. At the appropriate time, a controller operates a circulating pump to move the Buid through the collector. The liquid Bows rapidly through the collec¬tors, so its temperature increases only 10-20°F (5.6-11 °C) as it moves through the collector. The liquid Bows to either a storage tank or a heat exchanger for immediate use. Other system components include piping, pumps, valves, an expansion tank, a heat exchanger, a storage tank, and controls. • Air collectors produce heat earlier and later in the day than liquid systems. Therefore, air systems may produce more usable energy over a heating season than a liquid system of the same size. Also, unlike liquid systems, air systems do not freeze, and minor leaks in the collector or distribution ducts will not cause problems. Air collectors can be installed on a roof or an exterior (south-facing) wall for heating one or more rooms. These systems are easier and less expensive to install than a central heating system. They do not have a dedicated storage system or extensive ductwork. The Boors, walls, and furniture will absorb some of the solar heat, which will help keep the room warm for a few hours after sunset. Masonry walls and tile Boors will provide more thermal mass and thus provide heat for longer periods. A well-insulated house will make a solar room air heater more effective. Factory-built collectors and do-it-yourself for on-site installation are available. The collector has an airtight and insulated metal or wood frame and a black metal plate for absorbing heat with glazing in front of it. Solar radiation heats the plate that, in turn, heats the air in the collector. An electrically powered fan or blower pulls air from the room through the collector and blows it into the room(s). Roof-mounted collectors require ducts for supply¬ing air from the room(s) to the collector and for distribution of the warm air into the room(s). Wall-mounted collectors are placed directly on a south-facing wall. Holes are cut through the wall for the collector air inlet and outlets. Simple win¬dow box collectors fit in an existing window opening. They can be active (using a fan) or passive. A bafRe or damper keeps the room air from Bowing back into the panel (reverse thermosiphoning) when the sun is not shining. These systems pro¬vide only a small amount of heat, since the collector area is relatively small. •Local covenants may restrict options. For example, homeowner associations may not allow installation of solar collectors on certain parts of the house. Passive Solar Design •Basic idea of passive solar design is to allow daylight, heat, and airflow into a building only when beneficial. The objectives are to control the entrance of sunlight and air Bows into the building at appropriate times and to store and distribute the heat and cool air so it is available when needed. •Four basic approaches to passive systems: First, direct gain-solar energy is transmitted through south-facing glazing. Works best when the south window area is double-glazed and the building has considerable thermal mass in the form of concrete Boors and masonry walls insulated on the outside. Second, indirect gain-a storage mass collects and stores heat directly from the sun and then transfers heat to the living space. The sun's rays do not travel through the occupied space to reach the storage mass. Third, isolated gain-passive solar concept, solar collection and storage are thermally isolated from the occupied areas of the building. This allows the collector and storage to function inde¬pendently of the building. Fourth, remote collection-includes a collector space, which intercedes between the direct sun and the living space and is dis¬tinct from the building structure. •Collectors usually receive the most sunlight when placed onto the roof. South-¬facing walls may also work. •Passive system does not use a mechanical device to distribute solar heat from a collector. •Example of a passive system for space heating is a sunspace or solar greenhouse on the south side of the house. •Passive system is simpler in design and less expensive to build. •May not be possible depending upon location of site. For example, building an effective sunspace may not be possible due to trees, other buildings in the way, etc. •Local climate, the type and efficiency of the collector(s), and the collector area determine how much heat a solar heating system can provide. •Most building codes and mortgage lenders require a backup heating system. Supplementary or backup systems supply heat when the solar system cannot meet heating requirements. They range from a wood stove to a conventional central heating system. •Passive solar buildings use 47% less energy than conventional new buildings and 60% less than comparable older buildings.
621119230	The homeowners wish to incorporate green design. Discuss five tech¬niques that the homeowners could adopt to make their home green. (Green does not refer to the color of the house!)	Restatement: Five techniques that the homeowners could adopt to make their home a green building. Definition: A green building focuses on a whole system perspective, including energy conservation, resource-efficient building techniques and materi¬als, indoor air quality, water conservation, and designs that minimize waste while utilizing recycled materials. Green buildings are a product of a good design that minimizes a building's energy needs while reducing construction and maintenance costs over the life cycle of a building. Techniques •Solar collectors for space heating. •Solar collectors for water heating. •Photovoltaics to supply electrical energy. •Hybrid systems that incorporate more than one power source such as wind or microhydro. •Energy-efficient appliances (energy star: http://www.energystar.gov). •Products made from environmentally attractive materials, including products that reduce materials use. For example, drywall clips that eliminate the need for corner studs, salvaged materials, recycled materials (sprayed cellulose, a recycled material, used for insulation), products made from agricultural waste, and certi¬fied wood products that carry an FSC stamp, indicating they meet the high standards set by the Forestry Stewardship Council. •Products that do not contain toxins. For example, products that substitute for polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ozone-depleting chemicals, and conventional pres¬sure-treated lumber. •Products that reduce the environmental impacts of construction, renovation, and demolition. For example, erosion control products and exterior stains with low emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). •Products that reduce the environmental impacts of building operation, includ¬ing products that reduce energy and water use, reduce the need for pesticide treatments (for example, physical termite barriers), or have unusual durability or require little maintenance. •Products that contribute to a safe, healthy indoor environment, including prod¬ucts that do not release significant pollutants (for example, low-VOC paints, caulks, and adhesives), products that remove indoor pollutants (for example, certain ventilation products), and products that warn inhabitants of health haz¬ards (for example, carbon monoxide detectors and lead-paint testing kits). •Superinsulated houses are constructed to be airtight, have a higher level of insu¬lation compared with conventional houses, and have a ventilation system to control air quality. •Green landscaping - landscaping that provides shade during summer and allows sunlight to warm the house during winter (deciduous trees). Large deciduous trees planted at least 15 to 25 feet away from a house on the south and west sides provide afternoon summer shade while still allowing cooling winds to pass through the tree canopy. Yet they also permit sun to pass through bare branches for solar gain in winter. In addition, they can reduce cooling costs by shading air¬conditioning units. Finally, plants that do not require a lot of water can be used.
621119231	Legal Notice Initial Public Offering of Common Stock The Louisiana Shrimp Company, headquartered in New Orleans, Louisiana, is offering 5,000,000 shares of common stock at $3.00 per share to investors for the purpose of raising capital to construct shrimp farms in Southeast Asia. Raising shrimp in controlled envi¬ronments, known as shrimp aquaculture or shrimp farms, provides needed food and employment for the local population. Excess shrimp that is raised will be sold in open trading in world markets, adding to the profitability of the operation. Shrimp farming does not negatively impact the environment since shrimp are native to the area. Shrimp also supply a valuable source of income and food supply (protein) to the local population. No guarantee of return on investment is implied. For further information on this investment opportunity, contact L. D. Breckenridge, Ltd. of Shreveport, LA. Describe any negative and/or positive environmental impacts of shrimp aquaculture Describe any parallels that have occurred in history in the develop¬ment of aquaculture Comment on the social implications of large-scale aquaculture, and suggest possible modifications that might make it more sustainable.	Aquaculture, or the raising of marine organisms in confined areas and once pro¬moted as a panacea for world hunger, has resulted in unexpected social and envi¬ronmental consequences. Aquaculture is not something new. In fact, it has existed for hundreds of years on a small-scale, local level. What once were small, family operations that supplied food for small communities of people or was sold in small, local markets and relied on the natural tidal action of water to Bush out the ponds has changed significantly due to the current large-scale operation. Most aquaculture enterprises in less-developed countries today are funded by large, multinational cor¬porations with extensive distribution facilities and financial resources. Shrimp farm¬ing, as an example of aquaculture and monoculture, utilizes vast coastal areas and is often promoted and financially supported by less-developed third-world govern¬ments in lucrative contracts with these multinational corporations. The shrimp that is raised, including the species known in the United States as tiger prawns, is generally not raised to feed the people in the country in which the shrimp are raised. Instead, the shrimp are exported to countries in western Europe, the United States, and Japan, where market demand and available capital make the shrimp a readily available luxury commodity. In 1990, Asia produced close to half a million metric tons of commercially raised shrimp, which made up about 80% of the world output. The environmental cost to produce such large numbers of shrimp was almost 1 million hectares ofland that is for¬ever lost. Most of the wetlands that are used for shrimp-farming purposes were once prime wetlands consisting of mangroves and other highly productive biomes. Besides the serious environmental consequences are the disruptions to the communities of people that make their living in these highly productive biomes by fishing or operating small farms, particularly rice farming-which incidentally, increases the level of atmo¬spheric methane, a greenhouse gas. Many of these small farmers and fishermen were forced from the land that they had traditionally used and lived on for many years. This parallels in many ways the exploitation of Native Americans who were forced against their will to move to the least desirable of all lands and placed on reservations. Shrimp farms consist of very large ponds that are built near the ocean. Into these confined ponds (or tanks), which are filled with both seawater and groundwater to create an artificial brackish environment, the farmers add pesticides, antibiotics, food, and other chemicals to increase production. So much groundwater is extracted that land subsidence has been noted. Other methods used to increase shrimp production include increasing the number of shrimp in the bond (density load). Yet, as with humans, increasing density has serious drawbacks. As a response to the stress of increased density, antibiotics and pesticides are added to the water. High densities of shrimp also result in higher waste buildup in the water with con¬sequently lower oxygen levels. As a result of these factors, the water must be changed periodically. The farmers either release this large amount of contaminated water back into the sea (near the coastline where it can do the most environmental damage) or allow it to escape onto prime agricultural lands to infiltrate back into the ground and eventually the groundwater. In areas near the coastline, the shrimp farms have interfered with the daily routines of the fishing community. Furthermore, active capturing of small shrimp from native waters to "seed" the ponds decreases the amount of shrimp in the natural environment. This has serious food web consequences along with decreasing genetic variation in both natural and farm-raised shrimp. The ground that the water is discharged into increases in salin¬ity to such an extent that the productivity of rice drastically decreases. The salt that is in the water also increases salt concentrations in groundwater. Aquatic life living near where the shrimp water efBuent is discharged also suffers from added pollu¬tants, salinity tolerance, and oxygen level issues. Social disharmony is rampant where the shrimp farms have been located. One sees the parallel of this in examples that occurred in the United States Midwest region during the late 1800s and early 1900s between the farmers who wanted barbed wire and the ranchers who wanted open ranges. Recently, the productivity of shrimp farms has decreased significantly. In Taiwan, almost 100,000 metric tons of shrimp were produced in 1987. One year later, less than 50,000 metric tons were produced-primarily the result of epidemic increases in pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and protozoans. During the mid-1990s, a virus invaded the shrimp farms in India and destroyed the majority of the stock. Many less-developed countries have reexamined the issue of shrimp aquaculture. An alternative to raising shrimp or fish near the coasts may be to raise it inland, far from the coastal waters where the wild species feed and breed. Tilapia, a type of plant-eating fish, are easy to raise. They produce protein for people without using wild fish as feed. Catfish and trout are raised inland in the United States. Carp have been pond raised for centuries in China and Europe. Will the little shrimp feed the world? The answer is clear-not until the entire aquaculture industry is re-examined in terms of its effect on the environment and the lives of indigenous people it disrupts and displaces.
621119232	Examine the age-structure diagrams of Sweden and Kenya below, and answer the following questions. Compare and contrast the two age structure diagrams in terms of two population dynamics - birth rate and death rate.	Restatement: Given two age-structure diagram, Sweden and Kenya for 2000, compare and contrast the diagram in terms of population dynamics. Age structure diagrams are basically divided into three major age categories: 1) Prereproduction (0-15 years old) 2) Reproductive (16-45 years old) 3) Postreproduction (46 years old-death) Birth Rate Sweden 1) Population has nearly equal proportions of pre-reproductive and reproductive individuals. 2) Little growth over a long period of time will produce a population with about equal numbers of people in all age groups. 3) Children not required or necessary to support parents. 4) Availability and acceptance of birth control. Kenya 1) Population had pyramid-shaped age structures, with large numbers of pre-reproductive individuals. 2) Population momentum results from large numbers of prereproductive children becoming reproductuve within short period of time. 3) High population rate due to high birth morality rates. 4) Children viewed as status symbol 5) Resistance to birth control Death Rate Sweden 1) Elderly survive longer due to advances in medical technology and availabilty. 2) Social welfare programs ensure that elderly are taken care of. Kenya 1) Elderly do not survive due to lack of available medical technology. 2) Disease (for example, malaria or AIDS) and lack of nutritious food decreases life span
621119233	What factors affect birth rates and death rates?	List any four characteristics from the column labeled "Affected By." Restatement: Factors that affect both birth and death rates Birth Rate 1) Importance of children as a part of the labor force 2) Urbanization 3) Cost of raising and educating children 4) Education and employment opportunities for women 5) Infant mortality rate 6) Average age at marriage 7) Pensions 8) Abortions 9) Birth Control 10) Religious beliefs Death Rate 1) Increased food supply 2) Better nutrition 3) Improved medical and public health technology 4) Improvements in sanitation and personal hygiene 5) Safer water supplies
621119234	Discuss methods that have been employed in another country to curb population growth	List any two sets of the six methods mentioned Restatement: Methods that have been employed by another country to curb population growth. China: Between 1958 and 1962, an estimated 30 million people died from famine in China. Since then, China has made good progress in trying to feed its people and bring its population growth under control. Much of this reduced population growth was brought about by a drop in the birth rate from 32 to 18 per 1,000 between 1972 and 1985. China instituted one of the most rigorous population control programs in the world at an estimated cost of about $1 per person. Some features of the program included: 1) Strong encouragement for couples to postpone marriage 2) Providing married couples with free access to sterilization, contraceptives, and abortion. 3) Giving couples who sign pledges to have no more than one child economic rewards such as salary bonuses, extra food, larger pensions, better housing, free medical care and school tuition for their child,and preferential treatment in employment when the child grows up. 4) Requiring those who break the pledge to return all benefits 5) Exerting pressure on women pregnant with a third child to have abortions. 6 Requiring one of the parents in a two-child family to be sterilized.
621119235	Life on Earth has been punctuated by several mass extinctions. Humans are playing a role in another mass extinction, potentially the largest ever. As we attempt to create a sustainable future, efforts are being taken to slow the loss of endangered species. How can scientists assess the current population size of a species? Explain how tag and recapture methods could be used to estimate the number of monarch butterflies in an area too large to sample exhaustively.	One way to estimate the size of a large population is to tag and recapture individuals. This process involves catching several individuals from the population-the more the better-and marking them in some way that you can identify later. It is important for this mark not to interfere with the functioning or likelihood of survival. In the case of monarch butterflies, a small dot of nail polish applied to the top of the thorax would suffice. After marking the butterflies, you would then release them into the population and wait long enough for them to become randomly dispersed. Next, you would capture sev¬eral butterflies and count how many of them have your mark. You would repeat this procedure-releasing, waiting, and capturing the same number of butterBies until you had several pieces of data to average. Based on the average percentage of marked butterBies you captured, you can then estimate the total population size. If for example, 5% of the butterBies you capture are marked, then the number you originally marked represents about 5% of the total pop¬ulation size.
621119236	Give one example each of a direct and an indirect threat to biodiversity.	A direct threat to biodiversity is something that affects organisms by interfer¬ing with them. For example, cars might run over them. An indirect threat to biodiversity impacts them through a chain of events. If urban development fragments the habitat of a species of large mammal, then the mobility of the animals will be decreased, limiting their access to resources and mating part¬ners. If the habitat fragmentation or loss is severe enough, extinction of the population may result.
621119237	Explain a piece of legislation designed to preserve biodiversity	The Endangered Species Act is a piece of legislation that makes it illegal to injure, kill, or collect any species listed as threatened or endangered within the United States. This legislation also prohibits the import (for any purpose other than preservation or research) of any endangered species or any product made of endangered species. This clause is intended to keep organisms in their native habitats.
621119238	After a population of organisms has been reduced to a small size, it has greater risk of going extinct, even if the population returns to its original size (a phenomenon sometimes referred to as the bottleneck effect). Why would the same-size population be more likely to go extinct after a population bottleneck?	When the size of a population is severely reduced, many of the genetic varia¬tions present in the original population will be lost. For example, a world pop¬ulation of 20 humans could not represent all of present human diversity. Even if the bottlenecked population reproduces enough to return to the original population size, the genetic diversity will still be limited to that of the parents since new genetic variations will arise very slowly. Thus, the population will be more vulnerable to selection pressures such as disease because the likelihood of the population having resistant individuals is much lower. This would make the population more likely to become extinct.

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Environmental Science Chapter 1: Environmental Problems, Their Causes and Sustainability Flashcards

Summer Assignment

Terms : Hide Images

865891209	Exponential Growth	a quantity increases at fixed percentage per unit of time
865891210	Environment	The sum total of all living and nonliving things that affect any living organism
865891211	Environmental Science	Interdisciplinary study that integrates information and ideas from the natural sciences that study the natural world and social sciences that study how humans and their institutions interact with the natural world
865891212	Ecology	A biological science that studies the relationships between living organisms and their environment
865891213	Environmentalism	A social movement dedicated to protecting the earth's life-support system for us and other species Political in nature
865891214	Sustainability or Durability	The ability of earth's various stystems, including human cultural systems and economies, to survive and adapt to changing environmental conditions indefinitely
865891215	Natural Capital	The natural resources and natural services that keep us and other species alive and support our economies
865891216	Solar Capital	Energy from the sun
865891217	Is natural capital fixed?	No, it changes in response to environmental changes
865891218	Key variable in natural capital degradation	Rate
865891219	How do humans degrade natural capital?	By using normally renewable resources (such as forests) faster than nature can renew them
865891220	Sound Science	Concepts and ideas that are widely accepted by experts in a particular field of the natural or social sciences
865891221	Environmentally Stable Society	One that meets the current and future needs of its people for basic resources in a just and equitable manner without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
865891222	Economic Growth	Increase in capacity of a country to provide people with goods and services
865891223	How is economic growth usually measured?	Through the percent change in a country's GDP
865891224	GDP (Gross Domestic Product)	The annual market value of all goods and services produced by all firms and corporations
865891225	Per capita GDP	The GDP/the total population at mid-year
865891226	Economic Development	The improvement of human living standards by economic growth
865891227	Which types of countries have a higher GDP?	Developed countries; most highly industrialized
865891228	How can we use our political and economic systems to better the environment?	Analysts suggest our goal should be: Use political and economic systems to encourage environmentally beneficial and more sustainable forms of economic development
865891229	Doubling Time	How long it takes to double the world's population
865891230	How to calculate doubling time	The Rule of 70
865891231	The rule of 70	70/% growth rate = doubling time (in years)
865891232	Resource	(From a human standpoint) anything obtained from the environment to meet our needs and wants
865891233	3 Classifications of Resources	Perpetual, Renewable, Nonrenewable
865891234	Perpetual Resource	Renewed Continuously Ex. Solar power
865891235	Renewable Resource	Can be replenished fairly rapidly (hours to several decades) as long as it is not used up faster than it is replaced
865891236	Sustainable Yield	The highest rate at which a renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply
865891237	Environmental Degradation	When we exceed a resources' natural replacement, the available supply begins to shrink
865891238	The Tragedy of the Commons	Process in which overuse of common property of free-access resources leads to environmental degradation
865891239	2 Solutions to Tragedy of the Commons	1. Use free-access resources at rates well-below their estimated sustainable yields 2. Convert free-access resources to private ownership-not always successful
865891240	Ecological Footprint	The amount of biologically productive land and water needed to supply an acre with resources and to absorb the wastes and pollution produced by such resource use
865891241	Per Capital Ecological Footprint	Average ecological footprint of an individual in an area
865891242	The three things that have the greatest environmental impact (in order)	1. Agriculture 2. Transportation 3. Cooling Buildings
865891243	Nonrenewable Resources	Exist in a fixed quantity or stock in earth's crust Can be depleted much faster than they are formed as a reuslt of exponential growth in resource use
865891244	Economically Depleted	A resource is economically depleted the cost of extracting and using what is left exceeds its economic value
865891245	Recycling	Collecting waste materals, processing them into new materials and selling these new products
865891246	Reuse	Using a resource over and over in the same form
865891247	Pollution	The presence of chemicals at high enough levels in air, water, soil or food to threaten the health, survival or activities of humans or other living organisms
865891248	2 Sources of Pollution	Point: single, identifiable sources Non-Point: Larger, dispersed and more difficult to identify
865891249	Unwanted Effects of Pollutants	1. Disrupt or degrade life-support systems for humans and other species 2. Can damage wildlife, human health and property 3. Can create nuisances like noise and unpleasent smells, tastes and sights
865891250	Pollution Prevention or input pollution control	Reduces or eliminates production of pollutants
865891251	Pollution Clean Up/Output Pollution Control	Cleaning up or diluting pollutants after they've been produced
865891252	Key Causes of Environmental Problems	Population Growth Unsustainable Resource Use Poverty Not inc. environmental costs of economic goods and services in their MP Trying to manage and simplify nature with too little knowledge abt how it works Global Trade policies that can undermine environmental protection Infuluence of $ in politics Failure of those concerned abt Enviro, quality to provide an inspiring and positive visions of a more sustainable and durable economic and environmental future
865891253	Poverty	The inability to meet one's basic economic needs
865891254	Those in poverty die prematurely from:	1. Malnutrition 2. Increased susceptibility to normally nonfatal infectious diseases 3. Lack of access to clean drinking water 4. Severe respiratory disease and premature death form inhaling indoor air pollutants
865891255	Affluenza	The unsustainable addiction to overconsumption and materialism exhibited in the lifestyles of many affluent consumers in the U.S./ other developed countries like China and India
865891256	Benefits of Affluence on Environmental Quality	Can lead ppl to be more concerned w/ environmental quality Provided $ for developing tech to decrease pollution, environment degradation and resource waste
865891257	Environmental Impact (I)	Depends on three key factors: (P)=number of people (A)= average resource use per person, affluence (T)=Beneficial and harmful effects of technologies
865891258	Agricultural Revolution	Began 10-12 thousand years ago Led to a shift from rural villages and animal powered agricultural to an urban society using fossil fuels
865891259	Technological Optimists	Tend to overstate situation (of environment) by telling us to not worry, because technological innovations and conventional economic growth will lead to 'wonder world' for all
865891260	Environmental Pessissmists	Overstate problems to point where our environmental situation seems hopeless
865891261	Environmental Worldview	A set of assumptions and values about how you think the world works and what you think your role in the world should be
865891262	Environmental Ethics	Your beliefs about what is right and wrong w/ how we treat the environment
865891263	Planetary Management Worldview	We are separate from nature-it exists mainly to meet our needs and increasing wants Can use our technology and ingenuity to manage life-support systems
865891264	Stewardship Worldview	We can manage earth for our benefit but have an ethical responsibility to be caring and responsible about it
865891265	Environmental Wisdom Worldview	We are part of and totally dependent on nature, it exists for all species Our success depends on learning how the earth sustains itself and integrating this wisdom into ways we think and act
865891266	Four Scientific Principles of Sustainability	Reliance on solar energy Biodiversity Population Control Nutrient Recycling
865891267	Social Capital	Getting people with different vale and views to talk and listen to each other, find common ground and work together to build shared visions of that the world could and should be

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP ENVIRONMENTAL-STRATOSPHERIC OZONE AND GLOBAL WARMING Flashcards

AP ENVIRONMENTAL: STRATOSPHERIC OZONE AND GLOBAL WARMING BARRON REVIEW WORDS AND DEFINITIONS

Terms : Hide Images

165604683	anthropogenic	of or related to the influence of human beings.
165604684	biodiversity	the variation of life forms within a given ecosystem.
165604685	chlorofluorocarbons	synthetic compounds containing carbon, chlorine, and fluorine that are used in refrigerants, propellants, the manufacture of foams, and cleaning solvents.
165604686	flux	a flow or discharge.
165604687	global warming	an overall increase in world temperatures caused by additional heat being trapped by greenhouse gases.
165604688	heat island	the warm air found around and above an urban area, distinct from the air temperature above the surrounding rural land.
165604689	methane hydrates	large amounts of methane trapped within a crystal structure of water, forming a solid similar to ice.
165604690	ozone hole	a region of the stratosphere over Antarctica (and a smaller one over the Arctic) that is depleted of ozone in the local spring.
165604691	permafrost	ground that is permanently frozen.
165604692	photon	a discrete small quantity of electromagnetic radiation. All matter absorbs and emits photons.
165604693	stratosphere	the region of the uppermost atmosphere where temperature increases along with the altitude due to the absorption of solar ultraviolet radiation by ozone.
165604694	stratospheric ozone	a layer in Earth's atmosphere located in the lower portion of the stratosphere (from approximately 8-12 miles [13 km-20 km] above the surface) that contains relatively high concentrations of ozone (O3) and absorbs up to 99% of the sun's highfrequency ultraviolet light.
165604695	thermohaline circulation	a three-dimensional pattern of ocean circulation driven by wind, heat, and salinity that is an important component of the ocean-atmosphere climate.
165604696	troposphere	the lowest portion of Earth's atmosphere; contains approximately 75% of the atmosphere's mass and 99% of its water vapor and gasses.
165604697	UVA	a long-wavelength ultraviolet ray from the sun. Known as the "aging" rays in the UV spectrum that can harm the skin.
165604698	UVB	short-wave UV radiation that causes eye damage and skin cancer in humans and animals and damages the photosynthetic pathways of plants.
165604699	UVC	shortest wavelength of ultraviolet radiation; contains the highest energy and poses the greatest risk to the planet. This wavelength of UV radiation is absorbed by the upper atmosphere (ozone layer) and does not reach the Earth's surface.

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Environmental Ch.8&9 Flashcards

AP Environmental Ch.8&9 terms from the Cracking Exam book

Terms : Hide Images

47906065	acid precipitation	acid rain, acid hail, acid snow; all of which occur as a result of pollution in the atmosphere.
47906066	acute effect	the effect caused by a short exposure to a high level of toxin.
47906067	catalytic converter	a platinum-coated device that oxidizes most of the VOCs and some of the CO that would otherwise be emitted in exhaust, converting them to CO2.
47906068	closed	loop recycling-when materials, such as plastic or aluminum, are used to rebuild the same product. An example of this is the use of the aluminum from aluminum cans to produce more aluminum cans.
47906069	composting	a process that allows the organic material in solid waste to be decomposed and reintroduced into the soil, often as fertilizer.
47906070	building-related illness	when the signs and symptoms of an illness can be attributed to a specific infectious organism that resides in the building.
47906071	chronic effect	an effect that results from long-term exposure to low levels of toxin.
47906072	deep well injection	drilling a hole in the ground that's below the water table to hold waste.
47906073	disease	occurs when infection causes a change in the state of health.
47906074	dose-response analysis	a process in which an organism is exposed to a toxin at different concentrations, and the dosage that causes the death of the organism is recorded.
47906075	dose-response curve	the result of graphing a dose-response analysis.
47906076	ED50	the point at which 50 percent of the test organisms show a negative effect from a toxin.
47906077	global warming	an intensification of the Greenhouse Effect due to the increased presence of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere.
47906078	gray smog (industrial smog)	smog resulting from emissions from industry and other sources of gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels, especially coal.
47906079	hazardous waste	any waste that poses a danger to human health; it must be dealt with in a different way from other types of waste.
47906080	heat islands	urban areas that heat up more quickly and retain heat more than do nonurban areas.
47906081	high-level radioactive waste	radioactive wastes that produce high levels of ionizing radiation.
47906082	industrial smog (gray smog)	smog resulting from emissions from industry and other sources of gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels.
47906083	infection	the result of a pathogen invading a body.
47906084	LD50	the point at which 50 percent of the test organisms die from a toxin.
47906085	leachate	the liquid that percolates to the bottom of a landfill.
47906086	low-level radioactive waste	radioactive wastes that produce low levels of ionizing radiation.
47906087	noise pollution	any noise that causes stress or has the potential to damage human health.
47906088	non-point source pollution	pollution that does not have a specific point of release.
47906089	open-loop recycling	when materials are reused to form new products.
47906090	ozone holes	the thinning of the ozone layer over Antarctica (and to some extent, over the Arctic).
47906091	pathogens	bacteria, virus, or other microorganisms that can cause disease.
47906092	photochemical smog	when photochemical smog, NOx compounds, VOCs, and ozone combine to form smog with a brownish hue. point source pollution - a specific location from which pollution is released; an example of a point source location is a factory where wood is being burned.
47906093	poison	any substance that has an LD50 of 50 mg or less per kg of body weight.
47906094	physical treatment	in a sewage treatment plant, the initial filtration that is done to remove debris such as stones, sticks, rags, toys, and other objects that were flushed down the toilet.
47906095	primary pollutants	pollutants that are released directly into the lower atmosphere.
47906096	primary treatment	when physically treated sewage water is passed into a settling tank, where suspended solids settle out as sludge; chemically treated polymers may be added to help the suspended solids separate and settle out.
47906097	risk assessment	calculating risk, or the degree of likelihood that a person will become ill upon exposure to a toxin or pathogen.
47906098	risk management	using strategies to reduce the amount of risk (the degree of likelihood that a person will become ill upon exposure to a toxin or pathogen).
47906099	secondary pollutants	pollutants that are formed by the combination of primary pollutants in the atmosphere.
47906100	secondary treatment	the biological treatment of wastewater in order to continue to remove biodegradable waste.
47906101	sick building syndrome	when the majority of a building's occupants experience certain symptoms that vary with the amount of time spent in the building.
47906102	sludge	the solids that remain after the secondary treatment of sewage.
47906103	sludge processor	a tank filled with aerobic bacteria that's used to treat sewage. solid waste - can consist of hazardous waste, industrial solid waste, or municipal waste. Many types of solid waste provide a threat to human health and the environment.
47906104	stationary sources	non-moving sources of pollution, such as factories.
47906105	Superfund Program	a program funded by the federal government and a trust that's funded by taxes on chemicals; identifies pollutants and cleans up hazardous waste sites.
47906106	threshold dose	the dosage level of a toxin at which a negative effect occurs.
47906107	toxicity	the degree to which a substance is biologically harmful.
47906108	toxin	any substance than is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed at dosages sufficient to damage a living organism.
47906109	tropospheric ozone	ozone that exists in the trophosphere.
47906110	U.S. Noise Control Act	gave the EPA power to set emission standards for major sources of noise, including transportation, machinery, and construction.
47906111	vector	the carrier organism through which pathogens can attack.
47906112	wastewater	any water that has been used by humans. This includes human sewage, water drained from showers, tubs, sinks, dishwashers, washing machines, water from industrial processes, and storm water runoff.
47906113	Waste-to-Energy (WTE) program	when the energy released from waste incineration is used to generate electricity.
47906114	CH 9 green tax	a fiscal policy that lowers taxes on income, including wages and profit, and raises taxes on consumption, particularly the unsustainable consumption of non-renewable resources.
47906115	CH 9 market permits	when companies are allowed to buy permits that allow them a certain amount of discharge of substances into certain environmental outlets. If they can reduce their amount of discharge, they are allowed to sell the remaining portion of their permit to another company.

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Environmental Science Chapter 3 Flashcards

Midyear Exam Review- AP Environmental-From 7th Edition Environmental

Terms : Hide Images

292935616	Ernst Haekel	A 19th century scientists who developed the concept of ecology
292935617	Ecology	The study of systems that include interactions among organisms and between organisms and the environment
292935618	Biotic V. Abiotic	The _______ parts of an environment include the living parts whereas the ________ parts of the environment include the non-living parts of the environment
292935619	Species	A group of similar organmisms whose memebers freely interbreed with one another in the wild to produce fertile offspring
292935620	Population	A group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area at the same time
292935621	Community	A natural association that consists of all the populatgions of different species that live and interact within an area at the same time
292935622	Ecosystem	A community and its physical environment
292935623	Landscape	A region that includes several interacting ecosystems
292935624	Biosphere	The parts of Earth's atmosphere, ocean and land surface and soil that contain all living organisms
292935625	Atmosphere	The gaseous envelope surrounding Earth
292935626	Hydrosphere	The Earth's supply of water; liquid or frozen
292935627	Lithosphere	The soil and rock of Earth's surface
292935628	Energy	The capacity or ability to do work
292935629	Chemical Energy	This is a type of energy stored in the bonds of molecules
292935630	Radiant Energy	This type of energy includes radio waves, visible light, and X-Rays that is transmitted as electromagnetic waves
292935631	Solar Energy	The radiant energy that comes from the sun; it includes UV radiation, visible light, and infared radiation
292935632	Thermodynamcis	The study of energy ands its transformations
292935633	1st Law of Thermodynamics	This law states that: "energy cannot be created or destroyed, though it can change from one form to another."
292935634	2nd Law of Thermodynamics	This law states that: "when energy is converted from one form to another, some of it is degraded into heat, a less useable form that disperses into the environment."
292935635	Entropy	A measure of the disorder of less useable energy...Ex. A high entropy is disorganized heat and low entropy is organized heat
292935636	The Chemical Sequence of Photosynthesis	6CO2 + 12H2O + radiant energy ---> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
292935637	Chemical Sequence of Cellular Respiration	C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O --> 6CO2 + 12H2O + energy
292935638	Energy Flow	The passage of energy in a one way direction through an ecosystem
292935639	Trophic Level	An organism's position in a food chain, which is determined by its feeding relationships
292935640	Food Web	A representation of the interlockign food chains that connect all organisms in an ecosystem
292935641	Pyramid of Numbers	Show the number of organisms at each trophic level in a given ecosystem, with greaer numbers illustrated by a larger area for the section of that pyramid
292935642	Pyramid of Biomass	Illustrates the total biomass at each successive trophic level
292935643	Pyramid of Energy	Illustrates the energy content of bionass at each trophic level. (Expressed as Kilocalories per square meter per year)
292935644	Gross Primary Porductivity (GPP)	The total amount of photosynthetic energy that plants capture and assimilate in a given period
292935645	Net Primary Productivity (NPP)	Productivity after respiration losses are subtracted
292935646	Peter Vitousek	In 1986, this man calculated how much of the global NPP is appropriated for the human economy and are therefore not transferred to other organisms
292935647	Stuart Rojstaczer	In 2001, this man calculated and found that 32% of the global NPP is appropriated for the human economy
292935648	K. Heinz Erb	In 2007, he found that humans account for 25% of the global land based NPP for food, forage (for livestock), and wood

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Environmental Science: Important Laws Flashcards

A list of important laws presented in AP Environmental Science. Based on the course offered by FLVS.

Terms : Hide Images

369061785	Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)	• The "Superfund Act," designed to ID and clean up abandoned hazardous waste dumpsites • Provides broad federal authority to clean up releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the environment • Was created to protect people, families, communities and others from heavily contaminated toxic waste sites that have been abandoned • Goal: Clean up abandoned hazardous waste site
369061786	Antarctic Treaty	• Goal: preserve continent of Antarctica & ensure that it doesn't become site of any territorial disputes/international discord • Sets limits on types of activities that can occur on continent of Antarctica • Restricts military activity (only military that supports scientific research) & prohibits storage of nuclear waste/detonation of nuclear devices
369061787	Madrid Protocol	• Addition to Antarctic Treaty • Increased environmental protection by requiring assessments of possible environmental effects of any activities • Requires development of plans outlining responses to environmental emergencies & prohibits mining • Prohibits introduction of non-native species (except humans)
369061788	Antiquities Act	Allows the President of the United States to create National Monuments; No involvement of Congress is required, allowing for a fast method of conservation.
369061789	Clean Air Act	• Regulates ozone (O3), particulate matter, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and lead (Pb) • Legislation that protects and provides ways for improving the air quality in the United States • Sets standards for these 6 criteria pollutants called the National Ambient Air Quality Standards • Set Limits on SO2 Emitted by coal-fired (burning) power plants. Established SO2 pollution permits sold on the Chicago Board of Trade • Brings together federal, state, and local agencies to control levels of these pollutants from cars, factories, and other sources • Limits release of air pollutants
369090204	Clean Water Act	• Primary federal law in the US governing surface water quality (NOT drinking water) • Establishes standards for water meeting needs for human recreation by setting maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterway • Goal: to make surface waters swimmable & fishable
369090205	Kyoto Protocol	• (1997) International agreement with binding targets for industrialized countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions • Goal: Control global warming • Requires actual emissions to be monitored & recorded in log & places more significant burden on developed nations
369090206	Montreal Protocol	International agreement to reduce production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances Goal: Phase out ozone-depleting substances
369090207	Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)	• (1973) Agreement amount 175 nations that regulates species that may become extinct/endangered because of international trade • List species that cannot be commercially traded as live specimens or wildlife products • Goal: to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival • Accords varying degrees of protection to more than 33,000 species of animals and plants
369090208	United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)	(1982) International agreement that set rules for the use of the world's oceans use, navigation rights, research, protection of marine environment, including restricting overfishing
369090209	United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Declaration)	• 1st international agreement about environmental principles and anthropogenic effects on the environment • Considered the need for a common outlook and for common principles to inspire and guide the peoples of the world in the preservation and enhancement of the human environment
369090210	Emergency Planning & Community Right-to-know Act (EPCRA)	• Federal legislation that requires information to be shared about chemical facilities and uses of chemicals • Goal: to encourage and support emergency planning efforts at the state/local levels and to provide the public and local governments with information concerning potential chemical hazards present in their communities
369090211	Endangered Species Act	• IDs threatened and endangered animals in US and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations • Forbids Federal Agencies from authorizing, funding or carrying out actions which may "jeopardize the continued existence of" endangered or threatened species. • Forbids any government agency, corporation, or citizen from taking (i.e., harming, harassing, or killing) endangered animals without a permit • Once a species is listed as threatened or endangered, the act also requires that "critical habitat" be designated for that species, including areas necessary to recover the species
369090212	Energy Policy Act	• (1992) Provides federal support for renewable energy technology and introduced radiation protection standards for Yucca Mountain • Establishes commercial building codes for energy use • Establishes efficiency standards for heating and air-conditioning equipment and lamps • (2005) Guaranteeing loans, grants, and subsidies for technology that avoids generating greenhouse gases, the act helps nuclear reactor design (coal) and all forms of renewable energy
369090213	Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)	A set of laws passed by Congress giving authority to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to oversee the safety of food, drugs, and cosmetics
369090214	Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)	Provides federal control of pesticide distribution, sale, and use. Regulates the effectiveness of pesticides EPA was given authority to not only to study the consequences of pesticide usage but also to require users (farmers, utility companies, and others) to register when purchasing pesticides
369090215	Food Quality Protection Act	Set pesticide limits in food & all active/inactive ingredients must be screened for estrogenic/endocrine effects Act amended FIFRA and FFDCA by changing way EPA regulates pesticides Some of the major requirements include stricter safety standards, especially for infants and children, and a complete reassessment of all existing pesticide tolerances
369090216	International Conference on Population and Development	The conference delegates achieved consensus on the following four qualitative and quantitative goals: • Universal education by 2015 • Reduction of infant and child mortality • Reduction of maternal mortality • Access to reproductive and sexual health services including family planning
369090217	Lacey Act	Prohibits interstate transport of wild animals, dead or alive, without federal permit
369090218	Safe Water Drinking Act	Allows EPA to set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants in drinking water that may have adverse effects on human health
369090219	Ocean Dumping Ban Act	Bans ocean dumping of sewage sludge and industrial waste
369090220	National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act	Protects rivers with due to aesthetic, recreational, wildlife, historical, or cultural reasons
369090221	Surface Mining & Reclamation Act	Requires coal strip mines to reclaim the land Regulates the environmental effects of coal mining in US
369090222	National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)	Environmental Assessments (EAs) and Environmental Impact Statements (EISs), which are assessments of the likelihood of impacts from alternative courses of action, must be done before any project affecting federal lands can be started
369090223	Resource Conservation & Recovery Act (RCRA)	Primary law in the United States governing disposal of solid waste Controls hazardous waste with a "cradle to the grave" system Goals: Protect public from harm caused by waste disposal, encourage reduce, reuse, recycle, and clean up spilled/improperly stored wastes
369090224	US Marine Mammal Protection Act	Prohibits taking, capturing or harassing marine mammals in US waters and by US citizens, and the importing marine mammals and marine mammal products into US
369090225	Low-Level Radioactive Policy Act	All states must have facilities to handle low-level radioactive wastes
369090226	Nuclear Waste Policy Act	US government must develop a high level nuclear waste site by 2015
369090227	Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act	Requires purchase stamp by waterfowl hunters Revenue generated is used to acquire important wetlands
369090228	Occupational Safety and Health Act	Goal: to ensure employers provide workers with an environment free from dangers to their safety/health
369090229	Oil Pollution Act	To prevent further oil spills form occurring in the US, company required to make a plan to prevent spills that may occur (must also have containment and cleanup plan in case of emergency)
369090230	Toxic Substances Control Act	Allows EPA screen existing & new chemicals for toxicity Gives EPA ability to track industrial chemicals currently produced/imported into the US Screens chemicals and can require reporting/testing of those that may pose hazard
369090231	Wilderness Act	Goal: to preserve large expanses of pristine lands
369090232	Public Rangelands Improvement Act	Requires US Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management to develop management guidelines for public lands
369090233	Coastal Zone Management Act	Establishes marine sanctuaries in US to protect habitat of marine animals and plants form pollution and development
371338517	Roadless Area Conservation Rule	Requires 1/3 of national forest system's total acreage to be off-limits to all road building & logging Preserves all current opportunities for public access & recreation, including hiking, fishing, hunting, camping, as well as $ and jobs that these activities generate in local areas
371338518	Renewable Resource Planning Act	• Mandates periodic assessments of forests & rangelands in US • Directs that the assessment be conducted by US Forest Service & consider a broad range of renewable resources (include outdoor recreations, fish, wildlife, water, range, timber, minerals) • Rate forest on how well its doing
371338519	Forest Reserve Act	allowed president to set aside forest reserves from land in public domain
374024892	Water Resources Planning Act	Provided plans to formulate & evaluate water related land resource projects & to maintain a continuing assessment of adequacy of water supplies in US

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP ENVIRONMENTAL - IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH Flashcards

AP ENVIRONMENTAL-IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH AP ENVIRONMENTAL BARRON REVIEW

Terms : Hide Images

165602251	acute	having or experiencing a rapid onset and short but severe course.
165602252	bio accumulation	the process by which substances accumulate in the tissues of living organisms; especially toxic substances that accumulate via a food chain.
165602253	bio magnification	the process whereby concentrations of certain substances increase with each step up the food chain.
165602254	cap-and-trade policy	a pollution reduction strategy that involves two parties the governing body and the regulated companies or units emitting pollution. The government sets a cap on pollution, limiting the amount of carbon dioxide and other harmful output that companies, or other groups, are allowed to release. The government then issues credits that allow companies to pollute a certain amount, as long as the aggregate pollution equals less than the set cap.
165602255	chronic	characterized by long suffering or frequent recurrence.
165602256	cost-benefit analysis	an analysis of the cost effectiveness of different alternatives in order to see whether the benefits outweigh the costs.
165602257	disease	illness or sickness often characterized by typical symptoms and physical signs.
165602258	dose-response curve	describes the change in effect on an organism caused by differing levels of exposure (or doses) to a stressor (usually a chemical) after a certain exposure time.
165602259	dose-response relationship	relationship between exposure levels and adverse effects.
165602260	EC50	the concentration of a drug antibody, or toxicant that induces a response halfway between the baseline and maximum after some specified exposure time. Commonly used as a measure of a drug's potency.
165602261	ED50	also known as the effective dose. The amount of drug that produces a therapeutic response in 50% of the people taking it.
165602262	externalities	by-products of activities that affect the well-being of people or damage the environment, where those impacts are not reflected in market prices.
165602263	green taxes	also known as ecotaxes. Taxes intended to promote ecologically sustainable activities via economic incentives.
165602264	infection	the state resulting from the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms.
165602265	LD50	the amount of a substance required to kill half a given population.
165602266	marginal cost	the change in cost that results from producing one more unit of production.
165602267	market permit	a governmental approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in emissions of pollutants. Companies buy market permits, which allow a certain level of pollution. If the company can reduce its pollution level, then the company can sell a portion of the permit to other companies that cannot meet pollution control standards.
165602268	NGO non-governmental organization	An organization that is not part of the local, state, or federal government (e.g., Green Peace).
165602269	pathogen	any disease-producing agent, especially a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism.
165602270	poison	any substance that causes injury, illness, or death of a living organism.
165602271	risk assessment	the overall process of identifying all the risks to and from an activity and assessing the potential impact of each risk.
165602272	risk management	a strategy developed to reduce or control the chance of harm or loss to one's health or life; the process of identifying, evaluating, selecting, and implementing actions to reduce risk to human health and to ecosystems.
165602273	sustainability	how biological systems remain diverse and productive over time.
165602274	threshold dose	the minimum dose that will produce a detectable degree of any given effect.
165602275	toxicity	the degree to which something is poisonous.
165602276	toxin	a poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms.
165602277	vector	any agent (person, animal, or microorganism) that carries and transmits a disease (e.g., mosquitoes are vectors of malaria and yellow fever).

Class Notes

Social Science

Math

Science

Fine Arts

Test Prep

Textbook Notes

Members Only

Forum

Blogs

Textbook Request

APES Final Flashcards

Ch.19 Global Climate Change and Ozone Depletion Study Questions Flashcards

AP Environmental Science MC Questions Flashcards

AP Environmental Science Midterm Review Flashcards

AP Environmental Science Chapter 1: Environmental Problems, Their Causes and Sustainability Flashcards

AP ENVIRONMENTAL-STRATOSPHERIC OZONE AND GLOBAL WARMING Flashcards

AP Environmental Ch.8&9 Flashcards

AP Environmental Science Chapter 3 Flashcards

AP Environmental Science: Important Laws Flashcards

AP ENVIRONMENTAL - IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH Flashcards

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org

You are here

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org