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Unit 7: American Foreign Policy between the Wars Flashcards

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140796694Isolationismpolicy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations
140796695Office of War Information (OWI)agency created to consolidate government information services
140796696Manhattan ProjectUS executive agency that was responsible for developing atomic bombs during World War II
140796697Mobile Auxiliary Surgical Hospital (MASH)field hospital unit designed to be quickly set up as close to a combat zone as possible to facilitate the immediate treatment of wounded personnel
140796698Office of Scientific Research and Developmentagency created to coordinate scientific research for military purposes during World War II
140796699"Good Neighbor" policyforeign policy of the administration of FDR that intended to halt direct intervention in Latin American politics
140796700Neville ChamberlainBritish statesman who as Prime Minister pursued a policy of appeasement toward fascist Germany
140796701Neutrality Actsseries of acts intended to prevent the U.S. from being drawn into a war
140796702Office of Price Administration (OPA)established to stabilize prices (price controls) and rents after the outbreak of World War II
140796703National War Labor Board (NWLB)WWII agency that administered wage control in national industries such as automobiles, shipping, railways, airlines, telegraph lines, and mining
140796704War Manpower Commission (WMC)charged with planning to balance the labor needs of agriculture, industry and the armed forces during WWII
140796705War Production Boardpurpose was to regulate the production and allocation of materials and fuel during World War II in the US
140796706Joint Chiefs of Staffexecutive agency that advises the President on military questions
140796707War Powers Act(1941) American emergency law that increased Federal power during World War II
140796708General Hideki Tojogeneral in the Imperial Japanese Army
140796709Tripartite Pact (1940)Alliance of Japan, Germany, and Italy for World War II
140796710IndochinaAsian region that includes Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam
140796711Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphereresented the desire to create a self-sufficient "bloc of Asian nations led by the Japanese and free of Western powers"
140796712Interventionismpolitical practice of intervening in a sovereign state's affairs
140796713Munich Pactagreement permitting Nazi German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland
140796714Navi-Soviet Pact (1939-1941)non-aggression pact under which the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany each pledged to remain neutral in the event that either nation were attacked by a third party
140796715Kristallnacht (1938)anti-Jewish pogrom in Nazi Germany and Austria
140796716Winston ChurchillBritish statesman and leader during World War II
140796717"the arsenal of democracy"promising to help the British and Russians fight the Germans by giving them military supplies while staying out of the actual fighting
140796718"lend-lease"transfer of goods and services to an ally to aid in a common cause
140796719Atlantic Charter (1941)joint declaration made by Roosevelt and Churchill, setting out broad principles for the conduct of international relations in the postwar world
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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 14&15 Mendel and the Gene Idea Flashcards

Genetics
Vocabulary (Chapter 14): character, trait, true-breeding, homozygous, heterozygous, hybridization, Law of Segregation, alleles, dominant, recessive, Punnett square, phenotype, genotype, testcross, monohybrid cross, dihybrid cross, Law of Independent Assortment, complete dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, Tay-Sachs disease, pleiotropy, epistasis, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance, quantitative characters, multifactorial characters, pedigree, carriers, albinism, cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell disease, Huntington's disease, achondroplasia, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define diploid and state which cells in your body are diploid.
2. State the number of chromosomes in your diploid cells and state how many of those
chromosomes came from your father and how many came from your mother.
3. Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes, state how many of each are in
your diploid cells, and state the sex-chromosome combinations that are in human males
and human females.
4. Describe an individual's karyotype.
5. Explain the relationship between genes and chromosomes.
6. Explain the relationship between genes and alleles.
7. Describe linked genes.
8. State the number of alleles you have for each gene in your diploid cells and state how
many of those alleles came from your father and how many came from your mother.
9. Distinguish between an individual's phenotype and genotype.
10. Distinguish between autosomal traits and sex-linked traits.
11. Distinguish between complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and codominance.
12. Describe the multiple allele inheritance pattern of the human ABO blood type.
13. Describe and give an example of polygenic inheritance.
14. Describe and give an example of epistasis.
15. Describe and give an example of pleiotropy.
16.

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1101239129CharacterAn observable heritable feature that may vary among individuals.
1101239130TraitOne of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character.
1101239131True-BreedingReferring to organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination.
1101239132hybridizationIn genetics, the mating, or crossing, of two true-breeding varieties.
1101239133P GenerationThe true-breeding (homozygous) parent individuals from which F1 hybrid offspring are derived in studies of inheritance; P stands for "parental."
1101239134F1 generationThe first filial, hybrid (heterozygous) offspring arising from a parental (P generation) cross.
1101239135F2 generationThe offspring resulting from interbreeding (or self-pollination) of the hybrid FF1 generation.
1101239136The Law of segregationMendel's first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate from each other) into different gametes during gamete formation.
1101239137AlleleAny of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects.
1101239138Dominant AlleleAn allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote.
1101239139Recessive AlleleAn allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote.
1101239140GenotypeThe genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism.
1101239141PhenotypeThe EXPRESSED/observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup.
1101239142The Law of SegregationMendel's first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate from each other) into different gametes during gamete formation.
1101239143Punnett SquareA diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted genotypic results of random fertilization in genetic crosses between individuals of known genotype.
1101239144HomozygousHaving two identical alleles for a given gene.
1101239145HeterozygousHaving two different alleles for a given gene.
1101239146PhenotypeExpressed. The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup.
1101239147GenotypeThe genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism.
1101239148TestcrossBreeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype. The ratio of phenotypes in the offspring reveals the unknown genotype.
1101239149The Law of Independent AssortmentMendel's second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregates, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes or when they are far enough apart on the same chromosome to behave as though they are on different chromosomes.
1101239150MonohybridsAn organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles are monohybrids. For example, parents of genotypes AA and aa produce a monohybrid of genotype Aa.
1101239151Monohybrid CrossA cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed (or the self-pollination of a heterozygous plant).
1101239152DihybridsAn organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are dihybrids. For example, parents of genotypes AABB and aabb produce a dihybrid of genotype AaBb.
1101239153Dihybrid CrossA cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed (or the self-pollination of a plant that is heterozygous for both characters).
1101239154The multiplication ruleA rule of probability stating that the probability of two or more independent events occurring together can be determined by multiplying their individual probabilities.
1101239155The addition ruleA rule of probability stating that the probability of any one of two or more mutually exclusive events occurring can be determined by adding their individual probabilities.
1101239156Complete dominanceThe situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable.
1101239157Incomplete dominanceThe situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele.
1101239158CodominanceThe situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.
1101239159Tay-Sachs DiseaseA human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme, leading to accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth, followed by death within a few years.
1101239160PleiotropyThe ability of a single gene to have multiple effects.
1101239161EpistasisA type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene.
1101239162Quantitative CharactersA heritable feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either-or fashion.
1101239163Polygenic InheritanceAn additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character.
1101239164Norm of ReactionThe range of phenotypes produced by a single genotype, due to environmental influences.
1101239165MultifactorialReferring to a phenotypic character that is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors
1101239166PedigreeA diagram of a family tree with conventional symbols, showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations.
1101239167CarriersIn genetics, an individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus for a recessively inherited disorder. The heterozygote is generally phenotypically normal for the disorder but can pass on the recessive allele to offspring.
1101239168Cystic FibrosisA human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated.
1101239169Sickle Cell DiseaseA recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the β-globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms in afflicted individuals.
1101239170Huntington's DiseaseA human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele, characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms.
1101239171AmniocentesisA technique associated with prenatal diagnosis in which amniotic fluid is obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus. The fluid and the fetal cells it contains are analyzed to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus.
1101239172Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)A technique associated with prenatal diagnosis in which a small sample of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed for analysis to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus.
1101239173Chromosome Theory of InheritanceA basic principle in biology stating that genes are located at specific positions (loci) on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns.
1101239174Wild TypeThe phenotype most commonly observed in natural populations; also refers to the individual with that phenotype.
1101239175Sex-Linked GeneA gene located on either sex chromosome. Most sex-linked genes are on the X chromosome and show distinctive patterns of inheritance; there are very few genes on the Y chromosome.
1101239176X-Linked GenesA gene located on the X chromosome; such genes show a distinctive pattern of inheritance.
1101239177Duchenne Muscular DystrophyA human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue.
1101239178HemophiliaA human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele resulting in the absence of one or more blood-clotting proteins; characterized by excessive bleeding following injury.
1101239179Barr BodyA dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in cells of female mammals, representing a highly condensed, inactivated X chromosome.
1101239180Genetic RecombinationGeneral term for the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.
1101239181Parental TypesAn offsprring with a phenotyp that matches one of the true-breeding parental (P generation) phenotypes; also refers to the phenotype itself.
1101239182Recombinant Types/RecombinantsAn offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the true-breeding P generation parents; also refers to the phenotype itself.
1101239183Crossing OverThe reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis.
1101239184Genetic MapAn ordered list of genetic loci (genes or other genetic markers) along a chromosome.
1101239185Linkage mapA genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes.
1101239186Map UnitsA unit of measurement of the distance between genes. One map unit is equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency.
1101239187NondisjunctionAn error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other.
1101239188AneuploidyA chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number.
1101239189MonosomicReferring to a diploid cell that has only one copy of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two.
1101239190TrisomicReferring to a diploid cell that has three copies of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two.
1101239191PolyploidyA chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets. It is the result of an accident of cell division.
1101239192Deletion(1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene.
1101239193DuplicationAn aberration in chromosome structure due to fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome, such taht a portion of a chromosome is duplicated.
1101239194InversionAn aberration in chromosome structure resulting from reattachment of a chromosomal fragment in a reverse orientation to the chromosome from which it originated.
1101239195Translocation(1) An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome. (2) During protein synthesis, the third stage in the elongation cycle, when the RNA carrying the growing polypeptide moves from the A site to the P site on the ribosome. (3) The transport of organic nutrients in the phloem of vascular plants.
1101239196Down SyndromeA humaan genetic disease usually caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21; characterized by developmental delays and heart and other defects that are generally treatable or non-life threatening.
1101239197Genomic ImprintingA phenomenon in which expression of an allele in offspring depends on whether the allele is inherited from the male or female parent.
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APUSH CH1 and CH2 Flashcards

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868398746Mayflower Compact1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.
868398747William BradfordA Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.
868398748John Winthrop1629 - He became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and served in that capacity from 1630 through 1649. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs. He opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president.
868398749Roger Williams1635 - He left the Massachusetts colony and purchased the land from a neighboring Indian tribe to found the colony of Rhode Island. Rhode Island was the only colony at that time to offer complete religious freedom.
868398750Anne HutchinsonShe preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.
868398751Thomas HookerClergyman, one of the founders of Hartford. Called "the father of American democracy" because he said that people have a right to choose their magistrates.
868398752John SmithHelped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.
868398753Bacon's Rebellion1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.
868398754JamestownSite in 1607 of the first permanent English settlement in the New World
868398755Indentured ServantSettler who signed on for a temporary period of servitude to a master in exchange for passage to the New World; Virginia and Pennsylvania were largely peopled in the 17th and 18th centuries by English ones.
868398756Pequot WarMassacre in 1637 and subsequent dissolution of the Pequot Nation by Puritan settlers, who seized the Indians' lands
868398757Maryland Toleration Act1649 - Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony's large Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians.
868398758Headright PolicyHeadrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.
868398759PuritansNon-separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England. They received a right to settle in the Massachusetts Bay area from the King of England.
868398760Separatists(Included the Pilgrims) believed that the Church of England could not be reformed, and so started their own congregations.
868398761Common LawEstablished to check the arbitrary power of local nobles. Decisions once made became precedents for subsequent decisions
868398762Law of PrimogenitureOldest son inherits land
868398763Joint Stock CompaniesStockholders share the risks and profits, sometime for a single venture but more for a permanent basis. Spurred commercial expansion.
868398764Enclosure MovementLandlords could kick humans out in favor of sheep-gave great rise to number of beggars
868398765Divine RightMonarchs only answer to God
868398766Oliver CromwellCommander of English army- led Parliamentary army during English Civil War
868398767The RestorationThe return of King Charles II. in 1660, and the reestablishment of monarchy.
868398768Glorious RevolutionParliament finally established freedom from royal control
868398769Toleration Act of 1689Extended a degree of freedom of worship to all Christians except Catholics and Unitarians
868398770PowhatanPowerful, charismatic chief of numerous Algonquian-speaking towns in eastern Virginia; over 10,000 Indians.
868398771PocahontasDaughter of Chief Powhatan; saved John Smith's life and married John Rolfe after adapting to British ways
868398772Sir George CalvertEnvisioned a new colony (Maryland) for a great venture in real estate and as a retreat for Catholics, who felt oppressed by the Anglican establishment in England. He died before receiving the charter for his new colony.
868398773Sir William BerkeleyThe royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the 'backcountry.' His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion
868398774King Philip's WarNative Americans battle New England colonies; large percentage of native americans died, making it one of the bloodiest wars in US; severely damaged the Native American presence in the new world
868398775Proprietary ColonyA colony owned and ruled by one person who was chosen by a king or queen
868398776PlymouthA town in Massachusetts founded by Pilgrims in 1620
868398777CovenantAn agreement between 2 nations, people,etc.
868398778Massachusetts BayColony settled by the Puritans. It was very strict and eventually became the city of Boston.
868398779Tuscarora WarWar in the Carolinas from 1711 through 1713 between the Tuscarora Indians and the colonists.
868398780Yemassee WarCaused by the settlers charging Indians high prices and cheating them
868398781Matrilineal DescentA kinship system in which only the mother's relatives are significant
868398782PatroonshipA vast Dutch feudal estates fronting the Hudson River in early 1600s. They were granted to promoters who agreed to settle 50 people on them.
868398783New NetherlandA Dutch colony in North America along the Hudson and lower Delaware rivers although the colony centered in New Amsterdam (became New York)
868398784Iroquois LeagueA league of Iroquois tribes including originally the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca (the Five Nations)
868398785Articles of CapitulationArticles written to give New Holland to the British. Becomes New York
868398786QuakersA Christian sect founded by George Fox about 1660
868398787Christopher ColumbusItalian seafarer who sailed for Spain; sighted an island in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492 seeking a new water route to the Indies; thought Americas were the Indies
868398788Hernando CortesSpaniard who conquered Aztecs in Mexico 1519-1521; had two interpreters with him
868398789Bartolomeo de Las CasasSpanish missionary who was appalled by the encomienda system in Hispaniola and called it "a moral pestilence invented by Satan"
868398790Ferdinand MagellanSpaniard who completed the first circumnavigation around the world from 1519 to 1522
868398791RenaissanceMovement in Europe in the fourteenth century that nurtured an ambitious spirit of optimism and adventure (factor in age of exploration)
868398792MestizoPeople of mixed Indian and European heritage
868398793Treaty of TordesillasTreaty between Spain and Portugal (1494) that divided lands of New World; majority went to Spain, but Portugal received lands in Africa, Asia, and Brazil
868398794AztecsIndian peoples in Mexico who shaped stunningly sophisticated civilizations with advanced agricultural practices, elaborate cities, far-flung commerce, and human sacrifices; their population reached up to 20 million
868398795St. AugustineA Spanish fortress that was erected in 1565; the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in the future United States
868398796EncomiendaA Spanish system which allowed the government to "commend" or give Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to try to Christianize them
868398797MayasThe Indians of one of the most advanced early civilizations of the Western Hemisphere; made their home in Central America (current day Peru)
868398798ReformationA religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
868398799Amerigo VespucciFlorentine navigator who explored the coast of South America (discovered New World was a new continent and not Asia)
868398800MesoamericaA region extending south and east from central Mexico to include parts of Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and Nicaragua. In pre-Columbian times it was inhabited by diverse civilizations, including the Mayan and the Olmec.
868398801Adena-Hopewell CultureCentered in the Ohio River Valley, left behind earthworks and burial grounds- developed an elaborate trade network that spanned the continent
868398802Mississippian cultureResembled the Mayan and Aztec societies in its intensive agriculture, substantial towns built around central plazas, temple mounds, and death cults- specialized labor force, an effective government, and extensive trading network- worshipped the sun
868398803Anasazi culture"Enemy's ancestors"; located in arid southwest, adobe pueblos, lacked rigid class structure, and met its emise from drought and rivals
868398804LongitudeAngular distance on the earth's surface, measured east or west from the prime meridian at Greenwich, England, to the meridian passing through a position, expressed in degrees (or hours), minutes, and seconds.
868398805MaizeIndian word for corn
868398806HaciendaA great farm or ranch
868398807Juan Ponce de LeonExplored Florida in 1513- governor of Puerto Rico
868398808PresidioForts where soldiers who were sent to protect the missions were housed
868398809Juan de OnateWealthy son of a Spanish mining family in Mexico who in 1598 received a patent for the territory north of Mexico; took possession of New Mexico and sent out expeditions to search for evidence of gold and silver deposits
868398810Pope (Indian Leader)1680- organized massive rebellion that spread across hundreds of miles- Spaniards driven out from New Mexico
868398811Martin LutherGerman theologian and monk- 1517, started reformation and started Lutheranism- posted theses
868398812"Ninety-five Theses"Made in protest against abuses in the Catholic church
868398813CalvinismThe Protestant theological system of John Calvin, which emphasizes the irresistibility of grace and the doctrine of predestination.
868398814Defender of the FaithA title that Leo X bestowed on Henry VIII for refuting Luther's ideas and later withdrew; parliament restored the title and it has been used by English sovereigns ever since
868398815Church of EnglandThe English branch of the Western Christian Church, which combines Catholic and Protestant traditions, rejects the pope's authority, and has the monarch as its titular head
868398816Francis Drake1577- made a trip around South America, raiding Spanish towns along the Pacific and surprising a treasure ship from Peru, eventually found his way westward around the world and in 1580 reached home and was knighted by Queen Elizabeth
868398817GalleonA sailing ship in use (esp. by Spain) from the 15th through 17th centuries, originally as a warship, later for trade. Galleons were mainly square-rigged and usually had three or more decks and masts
868398818Richard HakluytAn English writer known for promoting the settlement of North America by the English through his works, notably Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America (1582) and The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation (1589-1600).
868398819Sir Walter RaleighFounded Roanoke colony in Virginia; in 1590 he found it abandoned and pillaged
868398820Spanish BorderlandsSouthern United States where there are reminders of Spanish prescence
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APUSH Ch1-4 Flashcards

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904580881Prince HenryPortugal
904580882ColumbusItaly 1492
904580883Amerigo Vespucci"nuevo mundo" 1499 - 1501 voyage
904580884Pedro Cabralfinds S. America claims Brazil
904580885Samuel de Champlainfather of Canada
904580886Henry Hudson(Netherlands) Hudson River
904580887King Henry VIIIleft Roman Catholic Church launched English Protestant church
904580888Queen Elizabeth IProtestant rivalry with Spain intensified when became queen disliked by Catholic Irish and Spain
904580889Sir Walter Raleightobacco ****** CLARIFY
904580890Francis Duke1580 circumnavigated world returned with profit
904580891Spanish Armada"invisible armada" defeated by England --> Spain declined end of spanish dominance --> ensured England's naval dominance in N. Atlantic
904580892enclosure movementpoor people land --> "enclosed" as private property of wealthy
904580893primogenitureeldest son inherits estate
904580894contributing facts to colonizationunemployed farmers - no land overpopulation of England primogeniture - younger sons got no land joint stock company - financial means
904580895Virginia Company of Londongot charter from King James I for settlement charter guaranteed same rights as if in England
904580896Jamestown1607 -problems: malaria, lac of supplies, can't drink swamp water, wasted time looking for gold instead of building, planting, fishing -saved by Captain John Smith's leadership - no work, no eat rule
904580897Captain John Smithsaved Jamestown implemented rule: no work, no eat
904580898"starving time"Jamestown winter of 1609-10 settlers raided nearby Indians for food and supplies
904580899Lord De la WarrJamestown --> military regime settlers forced to stay declared war on Indians 1614 peace settlement - ended First Anglo-Powhatan War
904580900Second Anglo-Powhatan WarEnglish victory, banished Indians
904580901John Rolfefather of tobacco industry
904580902House of Burgesses1st representative assembly in America 1619
9045809031624charter was revoked Virginia --> royal colony under James I's control
904580904Maryland-established by Lord Batlimore -refuge for fellow Catholics -Huge estates (catholic owners) surrounded by small farmers (protestant-resentful) -main crop: tobacco -white indentured servants
904580905Act of Toleration1649 Maryland protect religious rights of all Christians/Catholic minority - not Jews or atheists
904580906West Indiestobacco = poor man's crop sugar = rich man's crop, main agriculture
904580907Barbados Slave Code1661 West Indies control/limit their rights
904580908Carolinasmajor exports: slave Indians, RICE, indigo annihilated Savannah Indians trouble with Florida
904580909North Carolina1712 - separated from SC -Migrants from VA- poorer, own small farms, not religious -resisted authority, independent-minded -democratic, least aristocratic -crushed Tuscarora Indians
904580910South Carolinadefeated and dispersed Yamasee Indians
904580911Georgia1733 buffer colony- protect from Florida (Spain) and Louisiana (France) haven for debtors/prisoners no plantation economy restrictions on black slavery
904580912James OglethorpeGeorgia prison reform repelled Spanish attacks
904580913Plantation ColoniesMD, VA, NC, SC,GA tobacco and rice slave labor few, large landholders strong aristocrat - not NC or GA sparse population dominant faith: church of England some religious tolerance
904580914Northern coloniesreligious devotion
904580915Southern coloniesworldly wealth - tobacco
904580916Calvinism-Martin Luther's ideas --> John Calvin (wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion) --> Calvinism (dominant theology) -predestined -more extreme than King Henry VIII (TOTAL purification)
904580917SeparatistsSelective Calvinists and Puritans broke away (Separated) from Church of England fleed to Holland (1608) --> "Dutchification"-->America (VA)--> Mayflower 1620--> Plymouth Bay
904580918Fall 1621First Thanksgiving Day stable socially and economically
904580919William Bradfordgovernor (30 times) - Plymouth feared non-Puritan settlers' corruption
9045809201629Charles I dismissed Parliament, persecuted Puritans
904580921Archbishop William Laudhighly orthodox, persecuted Puritans
904580922John WinthropMassachusetts first governor (for 19 yrs) feared democracy
904580923Massachusettsprospered-trade, fish, lumber (shipbuilding) covenant w/ God- agreement to build holy society
904580924Congregational Church"freemen" - adult male Puritans - anually elected gov and assistants women and unchurched men = voteless all colonists paid taxes for church right to hire/fire minister and set his salary clergymen - no formal political office
904580925doctrine of covenantpurpose of government enforce God's laws
904580926"sumptuary laws"aka "blue laws" repressive no drinking, no kissing in public, etc
904580927Anne Hutchinsonclaimed that holy life does not equal salvation and that the truly saved don't need to bother with obeying the laws of God or man - antinomianism (against law) 1638 - banished moved to NY then RI
904580928Roger Williamsminister with radical ideas 1635 - banished for "dangerous opinions" moved to RI built Baptist Church established COMPLETE freedom of religion no oaths, worship attendance, taxes for state church
904580929Rhode Island"sewer" for the "lord's debris" where the unwanted resided
904580930Fundamental Orders1639 constitutional document democratic principles
904580931Pequot WarEnglish VS Pequot tribe 1637 annihilated tribe
904580932King Philip's WarWampanoag chieftain: Massaoit his son: Metacom ("King Philip" to english) - alliance with other tribes - assault on English villages 1675-76 Indians were defeated
904580933New England Confederation1643 MA (Bay Colony + Plymouth) and Connecticut (New Haven + scattered valley settlements) exclusively Puritan purpose: defend against foes (Indians French, Dutch)
904580934Effect of Colonial defiance (during Charles II)King Charles II gave charter to Connecticut - legalized squatter settlements revoked MA's charter
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APUSH ch1-4 dates Flashcards

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8715180201492columbus lands at san salvador
8715180211497cabot leads first english exploration of north america
8715180221506columbes dies in spain after 4 voyages to america
8715180231585first roanoke settlement established on coast of north carolina
8715180241607first english settlers arrive at jamestown
8715180251619house of burgesses meets for the first time
8715180261620pilgrims sign mayflower compact
8715180271634colony of maryland is founded
8715180281663staple act passed
8715180291676bacons rebellion
8715180301681william penn receives charter for pennsylvania
8715180311739stono uprisings
8715180321660first navigation act passed
8715180331732colony of georgia is established
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ch1-4 hist. Flashcards

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456894983"In the 1500s, Native Americans possessed a wide range of complex cultures." What gives evidence to support this statement?The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan the organization of Inca society the Maya's agricultural system the Maya calendar
456894984Describe the way Europeans treated Native Americans in the 1500s and 1600s.Native Americans were regarded as inferior people subject to Christian domination
456894985What were important factors behind European exploration and settlement in the 16th century?increase in scientific knowledge and technological change development of nation-states competition for trade religious commitment
456894986By the end of the 16th century, describe Spain's colonial empire.It was controlled by a bureaucracy in Madrid The Roman Catholic Church had great influence New univeristies were spreading education and culture Great wealth was being sent back to Spain
456894987The delay in founding English settlements in the Americas was the result of?religious uupheavels in England
456894988At the beginning of the 17th century, what factors served to increase the Engliish role in America?defeat of the Spanish Armada population growth development of joint-stock companies emigration for religious reasons
456894989The survival of the Jamestown colony can be most directly attributed to the?development of a tobacco industry
456894990What source would be most useful in studying the development of democratic institution in the early colonial period?the Mayflower Compact
456894991What is the most widely accepted discription of Columbus' accomplishments?He started a permanent relationship between Euroope and the Americas
456894992The issue of religion figured most prominately in the consideration of what?the establishment of Puritan colonies in Massachusetts
456894993The issue of religious toleration figured prominently in the founding of colonies by who?(more than one person)Cecil Calvert Anne Hutchinson William Penn Roger Williams
456894994Describe a problem faced by Virginia in the last decades of the 17th century.conflict between large plantaion owners and settlers on Virginia's western frountier
456894995What document would be useful in examining the origins of constitutional government in colonial America?the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
456894996"Puritan intolerance of dissent led to the founding of a number of new colonies." Which colonies support this statement?Providence Portsmouth(Rhode Island) Hartford New Haven
456894997Roger Williams differed from other Puritan ministers in his emphasis on?the individual's private religious conscience
456894998What factors led to the formation of the New England Confederation?the problem of defending against Indian attacks conflicts over colonial boundaries concern about runaway servants neglect by the English government
456894999The chief purpose of mercantilist policies was to?strengthen the economy and power of the parent country
456895000What were some of the consequences in the colonies of the acts of trade and navigation?Colonial manufacturing was limited Colonial economies were regulated from London Smuggling became a common practice New England shipbuilding prospered
456895001William Penn's "Holy Experiment" included what ideas?nonviolence fair treatment of Native Americans a refuge for Quakers religious toleration
456895002In the mid-18th centruy, what was true about slavery in the British colonies?Planters throught it provided a more dependable labor supply than other options There were more slaves than indentured servants in the southern colonies Slaves accounted for about half the population in Virginia Colonial laws gave slavery a permanent legal status
456895003The Great Awakengin was a reaction to?churches' earlier failure to take account of people's emotional needs
456895004Preahers of the Great Awakening focused on the importance of?the consequences of leading a sinful life the sovereignty and power of God repenting of one's sins in order to be saved from eternal damnation looking to the Bible as the final source of authority
456895005What were the consequences of the Great Awakening?decline in the authority of Protestant ministers a belief that common people could make their own decisions increased emotionalism in church services a feeling of shared experience among colonists in different regions and of different national origins
456895006What is true of immigration to the colonies during the first half of the 18th century?Most immigrants came from continental Europe
456895007In the 18th century, what is true abouot colonial society in America?The English languate and English traditions were dominant There were few poor people and no real aristocrats Voters played an active role in government A degree of religious toleration could be found in each colony
456895008At his trial, John Peter Zenger won acquittal on the grounds that?truth could not be libel
456895009What did the colonies lack?an adequat monetary system
456895010Descrive the government of all 13 colonies in the mid-18th century.One house of legislature was elected by eligible voters
456895011"Benjamin Franklin was the epitome of the multitalented colonial American." Give examples to support this.experiments with electricity "Poor Richard's Almanack" invention of bifocal lenses founding of a nonsecretarian college
456895012What describes the "new man" descrived by Crevecoeur?a German-speaking farmer on the fontier
456895013What expresses British criticism of the colonies in 1763?Samuel Adams and other colonial leaders organized oppostition to British authority Many colonists showed disloyalty by failing to support the war effort The colonial militia was badly trained Although the colonies benefited from the British victory, they failed to pay thier fair share of the costs
456895014"After the French and Indian War, the British government tried to make Americans pay for British protection in the colonies." What acts support this statement?Stamp Act Sugar Act Quartering Act Townshend Acts
456895015Pontiac's Revellion was a reaction to?the westward movement of the English settlers
456895016What were the consequences of the Stamp Act?Delegates from different colonies held a protest meeting in New York The Son's of Liberty threatened tax officials Colonists boycotted British goods London merchants suffered from a reduction in trade
456895017John Dickinson defended the idea of no taxation without representation by arguing that?to tax people without their consent violated English law
456895018The Townshend Acts provoked what reactions from the colonists?the Massachusetts Circular Letter John Dickinson's "Letters From a Farmer in Pennysylvania" colonial boycotts of British goods the Gaspee incident
456895019The Boston Tea Party had what cause?Parliament's efforts to improve the profits of the British East India Company
456895020What source would be most useful in studying the philosophical foundations of the American Revolution?John Locke's "Two Treatises of Government"
456895021Englightenment philosopers believed in what?People have the right to revolt against tyranny People have rights simply because they are human Sovereignty resides with the people A fundamental purpose of government is to protect people's rights
456895022Make a correct statement about the American colonies in the 1770s before the outbreak of the Revolutionary War.Except for a few radicals, Americans generally accepted the policies of George III's ministers
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APUSH ch1-4 Flashcards

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871504526jamestownfirst permanent european settlement
871504527massachusets bay colony1630 puritans seeking religious freedom, no seperation of church and state
871504528pennsylvaniafounded by william penn as a haven for quakers
871504529bacons rebellion1676 nathaniel bacon felt settlers not protected from natives, revolted against gov berkeley
871504530stono rebellionsslave rebellions 1739, created fear for future rebellions
871504531toleration act1649 religious toleration for all christians
871504532house of burgessesfirst elected house in new world virginia 1618
871504533navigation act1660 passed by parliament to regulate colonial trade
871504534london virginia companyenglish joint stock company with purpose of establishing colonial settlements in north america
871504535staple act1663 passed by parliament, nothing imported to american unless first shipped through europe
871504536treaty of tordesillas1494 between portugal and spain, divide entire world, land discovered to the west belonged to spain
871504537spanish explorersspread catholic religion, tight control on economy, forced integration with indians
871504538pueblo revolt1680 august 15, pope marched with army, named self dictator
871504539french explorersunder direct control of king, fur trapping for money
871504540st augustine florida1565 first spanish fort
871504541english settlersseeking religious freedom
871504542pequot war1636 power struggle between indians and english colonists, ended with treaty of hartford
871504543high anglican churchparty within english church wishing to retain catholic practices puritans wished to get rid of
871504544john cabotfirst english man to record travel to the new world 1497
871504545agricultural revolutionthe shift to basic crops, corn squash beans
871504546columbian exchangeeuropeans exposed indians to disease, indians introduces explorers to crops
871504547transportation actpassed by parliament 1718 allowing judges in england to send convicts to america to work
871504548molasses act/ sugar act1733 act placed heavy duty on molasses imported from foreign parts
871504549calvinismthe belief that fate is predetermined by god
871504550puritanwished to purify anglican church
871504551separatistwished to separate from anglican church
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Creative Writing Vocabulary 3.1-3.5 Flashcards

Words that we learn in Creative Writing centered around these five basic ideas: 1. Joy, Pleasure 2. Sadness
3. Stoutness 4. Thinness 5. Flattery

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254920363bliss (n.)perfect happiness
254920364blissful (adj.)very happy
254920365blithe (adj.)1. merry; joyous 2. heedless
254920366buoy (v.)keep afloat; raise the spirits of; encourage
254920367buoyant (adj.)1. cheerful 2. able to float
254920368complacency (n.)self-satisfaction; smugness
254920369complacent (adj.)too pleased with oneself-- often without awareness of possible dangers or defects; self-satisfied; smug
254920370convivial (adj.)1. fond of eating and drinking with friends 2. sociable
254920371conviviality (adj.)sociability
254920372delectable (adj.)very pleasing; delightful
254920373ecstasy (n.)state of overwhelming joy; rapture
254920374ecstatic (adj.)in ecstasy; enraptured
254920375elated (adj.)in high spirits; joyful
254920376elation (n.)state of being elated; euphoria
254920377frolic (v.)play and run about happily; have fun; romp
254920378frolicsome (adj.)full of merriment; playful
254920379gala (adj)characterized by festivity
254920380jocund (adj.)merry; cheerful
254920381jubilant (adj.)showing great joy; rejoicing; exultant
254920382jubilation (n.)rejoicing; exultation
254920383ascetic (adj.)shunning pleasures; self-denying
254920384ascetic (n.)person who shuns pleasures and lives simply
254920385chagrin (n.)embarrassment; mortification; disappointment
254920386chagrined (adj.)ashamed; mortified
254920387compunction (n.)regret; remorse; misgiving;qualm
254920388contrite (adj.)showing deep regret and sorrow for wrongdoing; deeply penitent; repentant
254920389contrition (n.)repentance
254920390dejected (adj.)sad; in low spirits; depressed
254920391dejection (n.)lowness of spirits; sadness; depression
254920392disconsolate (adj.)cheerless; inconsolable
254920393disgruntled (adj.)in bad humor; displeased; discontented
254920394doleful (adj.)causing grief or sadness; mournful; dolorous
254920395glum (adj.)moody; gloomy; dour
254920396lament (v.)mourn; deplore
254920397lamentable (adj.)pitiable; rueful
254920398maudlin (adj.)weakly sentimental and tearful
254920399nostalgia (n.)1. homesickness 2. yearning for the past
254920400nostalgic (adj.)homesick
254920401pathetic (adj.)arousing pity
254920402pathos (n.)quality in events or in art (literature, music, etc.) that arouses our pity
254920403pensive (adj.)thoughtful in a sad way; melancholy
254920404plight (n.)unfortunate state; predicament
254920405poignant (adj.)painfully touching; piercing
254920406sullen (adj.)resentfully silent; glum; morose; gloomy
254920407throes (n. pl.)anguish; pangs
254920408tribulation (n.)suffering; distress
254920409burly (adj.)strongly and heavily built; husky (ant. lank)
254920410buxom (adj.)plump and attractive
254920411cherubic (adj.)chubby and innocent-looking; like a cherub (angel in the form of a child)
254920412obese (adj.)extremely overweight; corpulent; portly (ant. skinny)
254920413obesity (n.)excessive body weight; corpulence
254920414pudgy (adj.)short and plump; chubby
254920415attenuate (v.)make thin; weaken
254920416emaciated (adj.)made unnaturally thin; abnormally lean because of starvation or illness (ant. fleshy)
254920417haggard (adj.)careworn; gaunt
254920418lank (adj.)lean; ungracefully tall; lanky (ant. burly)
254920419svelte (adj.)slender; lithe
254920420adulation (n.)excessive praise; flattery
254920421blandishment (n.)word or deed of mild flattery; allurement; enticement
254920422cajole (v.)persuade by pleasant words; wheedle; coax
254920423cajolery (n.)persuasion by flattery; wheedling; coaxing
254920424curry (v.) favor (n.)seek to gain favor by flattery
254920425fulsome (adj.)offensive because of insincerity; repulsive; disgusting
254920426ingratiate (v.)work (oneself) into favor
254920427lackey (n.)follower who carries out another's wishes like a servant; toady
254920428obsequious (adj.)showing excessive willingness to serve; subservient; fawning
254920429sycophant (n.)parasitic flatterer; truckler
254920430truckle (v.)submit in a subservient manner to a superior; fawn; make a doormat of oneself
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APUSH Chapter 18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle, 1848-1854 Flashcards

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1041831773In order to maintain the two great political parties as vital bonds of national unity,party leaders avoided public discussion of slavery
1041831775The United States' victory in the Mexican War resulted in:a. Renewed controversy over the issue of extending slavery into the territories b. A possible split in the Whig and Democratic parties over slavery c. The cession by Mexico of an enormous amount of land to the United States d. A rush of settlers to new American territory in California
1041831777The Wilmot Proviso, if adopted, would have prohibited slavery inany territory acquired in the Mexican War
1041831779The debate over slavery in the Mexican Cession threatened tosplit national politics along North-South lines.
1041831782in 1848, the Free Soil Party platform advocated the following:a. Support of the Wilmot Proviso b. Federal aid for internal improvements c. Free government homesteads for settlers d. Opposition to slavery in the territory
1041831785According to the principle of "Popular Sovereignty", the question of slavery in the territories would be determined bythe vote of the people in any given territory
1041831787The public liked popular sovereignty becauseit fit in with the democratic tradition of self-determination
1041831790In the 1848 presidential election, the Democratic and Whig parties remained silent on the issue ofslavery
1041831792The key focus for the major parties in the 1848 presidential election waspersonalities
1041831794The event that brought turmoil to the administration of Zachary Taylor wasthe discovery of gold in California
1041831796The Free Soilers argued that slavery wouldcost more costly wage labor to wither away
1041831797Of the people going California during the gold rush, a distressingly high proportion werelawless men
1041831798The Free Soilers condemned slavery becauseit destroyed the chances of free white workers to rise to self-employment
1041831799By 1850, the South was relatively well off,politically and economically
1041831800Harriet Tubman gained fame byhelping slaves escape to Canada
1041831801During the 1850s, slaves probably gained their freedom most frequently byself-purchase
1041831802John C. Calhoun's plan to protect the South and slavery involved the election of two presidents, one from the _____ and one from the _____North, South
1041831803Daniel Webster's famed Seventh of March speech in 1850 resulted ina shift toward compromise in the North
1041831804In his Seventh of March speech, Daniel Websterurged reasonable concession to the South
1041831805For his position in his Seventh of March Speech, Daniel Websterwas viciously condemned by abolitionists
1041831806The Young Guard from the North were most interested inpurging and purifying the Union
1041831807In the debates of 1850,Senator William h. Seward, as a representative of the northern Young Guard, argued thatChristian legislators must obey God's moral law
1041831808During the debate of 1850, William H. Seward argued that there was a "higher law" than the Constitution that compelled him todemand the exclusion of slavery from the territories
1041831809An event which helped the cause of compromise in 1850, was when President Zachary Taylor died suddenly andMillard Fillmore became president
1041831810Southern delegates met at convention In Nashville in the summer of 1850 tocondemn the compromises being worked out in Congress
1041831811In the Compromise of 1850, Congress determined that slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories was to be decided bypopular sovereignty
1041831812The most alarming aspect of the Compromise of 1850 to northerners wasthe decision concerning the new Fugitive Slave Law
1041831813The Fugitive Slave Law included the following:a. Denial of a jury trial to runaway slaves b. Denial of fleeing slaves' right to testify on their own behalf c. The penalty of imprisonment for northerners who helped slaves to escape d. A higher payment if officials determined blacks to be runaways
1041831814Many Northern states passed "Personal Liberty Laws" in response to the Compromise of 1850's provision regardingrunaway slaves
1041831815In light of future evidence, it seems apparent that in the Compromise of 1850, the South made a tactical blunder bydemanding a strong fugitive slave law
1041831816The fatal split in the Whig part in 1852 occurred overslavery
1041831817The election of 1852 was significant becauseit marked the end of the Whig party
1041831818For a short time in the 1850s, William Walker, an American adventurer, seized control ofNicaragua
1041831819The man who opened Japan to the United States wasMathew Perry
1041831820in 1850, rebuffed as buyers, some Southern adventurers undertook to shake the tree of Manifest Destiny by attempting toseize Cuba by force
1041831821The United States scheme to gain control of Cuba was stopped whennorthern free-soilers fiercely protested the effort.
1041831822Some Southerners felt Cuba would be an enticing prospect for annexation for the following reasons:a. It was a sugar-rich and economically productive territory b. It already had a large population of enslaved blacks c. It could be carved into several states, restoring political balance in the Senate d. It was located just off the nation's doorstep
1041831823On July 3, 1844, the first formal diplomatic agreement between the United States and China was theTreaty of Wanghia
1041831824A scheme to acquire Cuba from Spain in the 1850's was known as theOstend Manifest
1041831825Most American leaders believe that the only way to keep the new Pacific Coast territories from breaking away from the United States was toconstruct a transcontinental railroad
1041831826A Southern route for the transcontinental railroad seemed the best becausethe railroad would be easier to build in this area
1041831827Stephen A. Douglas proposed that the question of slavery in the Kansas-Nebraska Territory be decided bypopular sovereignty
1041831828Stephen A. Douglas's plans for deciding the slavery question in the Kansas-Nebraska scheme required repeal of theMissouri Compromise
1041831829One of Stephen Douglas's mistakes in proposing the Kansas-Nebraska Act wasunderestimating the depth of northern opposition to the spread of slavery.
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Mitosis Flashcards

The primary result of mitosis is the transferring of the parent cell's genome into two daughter cells. These two cells are identical and do not differ in any way from the original parent cell. Mitosis occurs in our heart, liver, brain, skin, blood and more. Why is Mitosis so important?

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1047414865InterphaseChromosomes are copied. Chromosomes appear as threadlike coils at the start, but each chromosome and its copy change to sister chromatids at the end of this phase.
1047414866ProphaseMitosis begins as centrioles appear and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell. Spindle fibers form between the poles.
1047414867MetaphaseChromatids attache to the spindle fibers. The chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell.
1047414868AnaphaseChromatids separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell, pulled along by the spindle fibers
1047414869TelophaseCell membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells - each with its own nucleus with identical chromosomes.
1047414870CytokinesisTwo new nuclei form. Chromosomes appear as chromatin. Mitosis ends.
1047414871CentromereThe most condensed and constricted region of a chromosome, to which the spindle fiber is attached during mitosis.
1047414872MitosisCell division in which the nucleus divides into two nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes with an end result of two identical cells.
1047414873Nucleusa part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
1047414874Spindle FibersSpecial microtubules made of proteins which connect to centromeres and pull apart chromosomes.
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