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APUSH Ch. 20-22 Flashcards

1103157118	Fort Sumter (1861)	Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War
1103157119	Richmond, VA	Capital of the Confederacy
1103157120	Montgomery, AL	Site where 7 seceding states united to declare their independence from the US
1103157121	Border States	States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.
1103157122	Five Civilized Tribes	Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles; "civilized" due to their intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by expansion
1103157123	Billy Yank/Johnny Reb	"Brothers war". Billy Yank (the ordinary union soldier) and Johnny Reb (the typical confederate). both armies reflected the societies from which they came. One aspect of soldiering they shared was the dull routine of camp life.
1103157124	Robert E. Lee	A General for the confederates, fought many battles. One of his main plans towards the end of the civil war was to wait for a new president to come into office to make peace with. Fought Peninsular Campaign, 2nd battle of Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville (with Jackson), and Gettysburg.
1103157125	Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson	American Confederate general, he led the Shenandoah Valley campaign and fought with Lee in the Seven Days Battle.
1103157126	King Cotton Diplomacy	the South's political strategy during the Civil War; it depended upon British and French dependency on southern cotton to the extent that those two countries would help the South break the blockade
1103157127	"King Wheat & King Corn"	the effective northern effort to strangle the southern economy and de-throne "king cotton"
1103157128	Trent Affair (1861)	In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release
1103157129	CSS Alabama (1862)	British warship used to aid the Confederates by looting and sinking many Union vessels; never sailed into a Confederate base, thus using a loophole to help the South
1103157130	Archduke Maximilian	Austrian appointed by Napoleon III to rule Mexico. Eventually captured and executed by Juarez's supporters.
1103157131	William Seward	Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.
1103157132	Habeas Corpus	An order to produce an arrested person before a judge.
1103157133	Conscription	Military draft
1103157134	New York City Draft Riots (1863)	Mobs of Irish working-class men and women roamed the streets for four days until federal troops suppressed them. They loathed the idea of being drafted to fight a war on behalf of slaves who, once freed, would compete with them for jobs.
1103157135	Morrill Tariff Act	This was an act passed by Congress in 1861 to meet the cost of the war. It raised the taxes on shipping from 5 to 10 percent however later needed to increase to meet the demanding cost of the war.
1103157136	National Banking Act (1863)	Launched to stimulate the sale of government bonds and establish a standard banknote currency ("greenbacks") during the Civil War.
1103157137	Homestead Act (1862)	Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.
1103157138	Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell	America's first female physician. She helped organize the U.S. Sanitary commission to assist the Union armies in the field.
1103157139	U.S Sanitary Commission	established in 1861, helped professionalize nursing and gave many the confidence and organizational skills to propel the women's movement in the postwar years.
1103157140	Clara Barton	Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field.
1103157141	Ninety Day War	Lincoln, when he called the militiamen, thought they would only serve for 90 days, no purpose to interfere with slavery in the states, wanted to return rebellious states to the union, quick victory
1103157142	First Battle of Bull Run (1861)	First "real" battle of the Civil War, it was expected by Union officials to be short but ended up a Confederate victory
1103157143	George McClellan	A general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.
1103157144	Army of the Potomac	It was the major Union army in the eastern front. It fought many battles and ultimately won the war.
1103157145	Anaconda Plan	Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south
1103157146	Monitor vs. Merrimack	to fight the blockade by the Union the Confederates reconstructed the Merrimack and destroyed Union ships in the Chesapeake Bay. The Union sent in the Monitor to fight back neither side could claim a victory.
1103157147	Second Battle of Bull Run (1862)	a Civil War battle in which the Confederate army forced most of the Union army out of Virginia
1103157148	Battle of Antietam	Civil War battle in which the North suceedeed in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties
1103157149	Emancipation Proclamation (1862)	an order issued by President Abraham Lincoln freeing the slaves in areas rebelling against the Union; took effect January 1, 1863
1103157150	Butternuts	Nickname for poor southern farmers who moved into the Old Northwest in the 1820's. Tried to enact black codes to prevent African American settlers, while escaping the slave owner society of the south.
1103157151	54th Massachusetts Regiment Contraband	First African American Regimen, successfully defended Fort Wagner
1103157152	Battle of Gettysburg (1863)	Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.
1103157153	Pickett's Charge	3rd day of Gettysburg, Lee asked Pickett to lead troops on a mile and a half run where they were then slaughtered by the union army
1103157154	Gettysburg Address (1863)	A 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg
1103157155	Ulysses S. Grant	an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.
1103157156	Battle of Vicksburg (1863)	Union gains control of Mississippi, confederacy split in two, Grant takes lead of Union armies, total war begins.
1103157157	William T. Sherman	an American soldier, businessman, educator, and author. He served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861-65), for which he received recognition for his outstanding command of military strategy and criticism for the harshness of the "scorched earth" policies that he implemented in conducting total war against the Confederate States
1103157158	March to the Sea (1864)	Sherman's march to Savannah which cut off confederate supplies received by the sea.
1103157159	Total War	A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields.
1103157160	Election of 1864	Lincoln vs. McClellan, Lincoln wants to unite North and South, McClellan wants war to end if he's elected, citizens of North are sick of war so many vote for McClellan, Lincoln wins
1103157161	Peace Democrats/Copperheads	They were party loyalists, and they withheld their support of Lincoln but did not take any radical action against him. The copperheads, however, openly demonstrated their disdain for him with physical and political attacks against him, the draft, and emancipation. They opposed the war and called for reuniting the states through negotiation rather than force.
1103157162	War Democrats	Sub-division of the fractured democratic party. Consisting of a large portion, the war democrats patriotically supported the Lincoln administration. These democrats did not pose as big a threat to the Union as the Peace Democrats or copperheads.
1103157163	Union Party (1864)	A coalition party of pro-war Democrats and Republicans formed during the 1864 election to defeat anti-war Northern Democrats.
1103157164	Hampton Roads Conference (1865)	In 1865, Jefferson Davis sent VP Stephens to a conference with President Lincoln to possibly negotiate a peace. Davis demanded southern independence while Lincoln would only take a full surrender, thus nothing was achieved. SIGNIFICANCE: shows how difficult it was to achieve any compromise during the war
1103157165	Appomattox Courthouse (1865)	the Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War
1103157166	John Wilkes Booth	an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.
1103157167	"Lost Cause"	The phrase many white Southerners applied to their Civil War defeat. They viewed the war as a noble cause but only a temporary setback in the South's ultimate vindication
1103157168	Emancipation Day Celebrations	Generally celebrated on January 1st; Daylong festivities featuring parades, music, speech-making (advocated for rights/black pride)
1103157169	"Exodusters"	African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas.
1103157170	A.M.E Church	Richard Alllen founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1816 as first independent black run Protestant church in US. AME Church was active in the promotion of abolition and the founding of educational institution for free blacks, church started by Richard Allen and Absalom Jones, an African American church
1103157171	Freedmen's Bureau (1865)	Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs
1103157172	Andrew Johnson	17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.
1103157173	Presidential Reconstruction	was the President's idea of reconstruction : all states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S.
1103157174	10-percent (1863)	Lincoln's plan that allowed a Southern state to form its own government after ten percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States
1103157175	Wade-Davis Bill	1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.
1103157176	Pocket Veto	A veto taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it.
1103157177	13th Amendment	1865. Amendement abolishing and continually prohibiting slavery. With limited exception, such as those guilty of comitting a crime, it also prevents indentured servitude.
1103157178	Black Codes	Any code of law that defined and especially limited the rights of former slaves after the Civil War.
1103157179	Sharecroppers	people who rent a plot of land from another person, and farm it in exchange for a share of the crop.
1103157180	Congressional Reconstruction	A process led by the Radical Republicans that led to the usage of military force to protect blacks' rights.
1103157181	Civil Rights Act of 1866	1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal
1103157182	14th Amendment	1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts
1103157183	Charles Sumner	A leader of the Radical republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote
1103157184	Thaddeus Stevens	A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress.
1103157185	Reconstruction Act (1867)	Pushed through congress over Johnson's veto, it gave radical Republicans complete military control over the South and divided the South into five military zones, each headed by a general with absolute power over his district.
1103157186	15th Amendment	Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude
1103157187	Ex Parte Milligan (1866)	Supreme Court decided that the suspension of habeas corpus was unconstitutional because civilian courts were still operating, and the Constitution of the United States (according to the Court) only provided for suspension of habeas corpus if these courts are actually forced closed. In essence, the court ruled that military tribunals could not try civilians in areas where civil courts were open, even during wartime.
1103157188	Redeemers	Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.
1103157189	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."
1103157190	Susan B. Anthony	(1820-1906) An early leader of the women's suffrage (right to vote) movement, co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1869.
1103157191	Black Reconstruction	Blacks could vote and had rights, but black codes kept them virtually enslaved. They did get more political power, however.
1103157192	Scalawags	A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners
1103157193	Carpetbaggers	A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states;
1103157194	New South	After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady played an important role.
1103157195	Ku Klux Klan	A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights
1103157196	Force Acts	A series of laws designed to protect black suffrage by authorizing the use of the army against the Ku Klux Klan
1103157197	Literacy Tests	Method used to deny African-Americans the vote in the South that tested a person's ability to read and write - they were done very unfairly so even though most African-Americans could read and write by the 1950's they still failed.
1103157198	Tenure of Office Act (1867)	In 1867 this Act was passed which limited the President's power by prohibiting the President from removing civil officers w/o Senate consent. Goal was to bar Johnson from firing Secretary of War Stanton.
1103157199	Johnson's Impeachment (1868)	Certain the tenure act was unconstitutional he fired the secretary of was Stanton. house brought eleven charges of impeachment, nine were based on violation of the tenure act
1103157200	"Seward's Folly" (1867)	U.S Secretary of state Henry William Seward purchased Alaska from Russia. He purchased Alaska in 1867 for $7.2 million dollars. Then later they discovered there was a large amount of gold located in Alaska. It was the biggest bargain since the Louisiana Purchase.

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Chapter 4 AP Calc AB- derivative rules Flashcards

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1046026065	d/dx sin x	cos x
1046026066	d/dx cos x	-sin x
1046026067	d/dx e∧x	e∧x
1046026068	d/dx tan x	sec² x
1046026069	quotient rule	f/g low di hi minus high di low over low low (gf' -fg')/g²
1046026070	d/dx b∧x	(ln b) x b∧x
1046026071	d/dx ln x	(1/x) x (x')

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Bio Ch. 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere Flashcards

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152606283	ecology	the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment
152606284	organismal ecology	includes the subdisciplines of physiological, evolutionary, and behavioral ecology, it is concerned with how these disciplines meet the challenges posed by its environment
152606285	population	a group of individuals of the same species living in an area
152606286	population ecology	analyzes factors that affect population size and how and why it changes over time
152606287	community	a group of populations of different species in an area
152606288	community ecology	examines how interactions between species, such as predation and competition, affect community structure and organization
152606289	ecosystem	is the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which those organisms interact
152606290	ecosystem ecology	emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the environment
152606291	landscape	it is the global ecosystem- the sum of all the planet's ecosystems and landscapes
152606292	global ecology	examines how the regional exchange of energy and materials influences the functioning and distribution of organisms across the biosphere
152606293	biotic	living
152606294	abiotic	nonliving
152606295	dispersal	the movement of individuals away from their area of origin or from centers of high population density
152606296	climate	abiotic factors make up climate: temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind; it is the long-term prevailing weather conditions in a particular area
152606297	macroclimate	patterns on the global, regional and local level
152606298	microclimate	very fine patterns, such as those encountered by the community of organisms that live beneath a fallen log
152606299	biomes	major terrestrial or aquatic life zones, characterized by vegetation type in terrestrial biomes or the physical environment in aquatic biomes
152606300	photic zone	zone in the atmosphere, where there is sufficient light for photosynthesis
152606301	aphotic zone	zone in the atmosphere, where little light penetrates
152606302	benthic zone	the zone at the bottom of all aquatic biomes
152606303	benthos	in the benthic zone, comunities of organisms are collectively called this, benthos
152606304	detritus	a major source of food for many benthic species; it is dead organic matter
152606305	abyssal zone	part of the benthic zone that lies between 2000 and 6000 m below the surface
152606306	thermocline	a narrow layer of abrupt temperature change, it separates the more uniformly warm upper layer from the more uniformly cold deeper waters
152606307	turnover	the semiannual mixing of waters in lakes as a result of changing temperature profiles; it brings oxygenated water from a lake's surface to the bottom and nutrient-rich water from the bottom to the surface in both spring and autumn
152606308	oligotrophic lakes	are lakes that are nutrient-poor and generally oxygen-rich
152606309	eutrophic lakes	are nutrient-rich and often depleted of oxygen
152606310	littoral zone	the shallow, well-lighted waters close to shore; rooted and floating aquatic plants live in this area
152606311	limnetic zone	away from the shore; inhabited by photoplankton and cyanobacteria
152606312	wetland	a habitat that is inundated by water at least some of the time and that supports plants adapted to water-saturated soil
152606313	estuary	a transition area between a river and the sea
152606314	intertidal zone	land that is periodically submerged and exposed by the tides, twice daily on most marine shores
152606315	oceanic pelagic zone	a vast realm of open blue water, constantly mixed by wind-driven oceanic currents
152606316	coral reefs	are formed largly from the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals
152606317	marine benthic zone	consists of the seafloor below the surface waters of the coastal, or neritic, zone and the offshore, pelagic zone
152606318	neritic zone	coastal zone
152606319	abyssal	organisms in the bery deep benthic zone; they are adapted to continuous cold (about 3C) and very high water pressure
152606320	deep-sea hydrothermal vents	spouts hot water with dissolved suflate; some organisms live off of these
152606321	disturbance	an event (such as a storm, fire, or human activity) that changes a community
152606322	climograph	a plot of the temperature and precipitation in a particular region
152606323	canopy	consists of the low-tree layer , the shrub understory, the ground layer of herbaceous plants, the forest floor (litter layer) and the root layer
152606324	ecotone	the area of intergradation; it may be wide or narrow
152606325	tropical rain forests	in these rainfall is relatively constant, about 200-400 cm annually
152606326	deserts	these occur in bands near 30 degrees north and south latitures or other latitudes in the interior of continents (for example to Gobi deser of north central Asia)
152606327	savanna	it is warm year-round, it is somewhat more seasonal than in tropical forests
152606328	chapparal	a land type that is widespread in North America, Spain, and Chile, in souther France, and in South Africa
152606329	temperate grasslands	includes plains and prairies of central North America
152606330	northern coniferous forest	it is the largest biome in the world, edges the arcic tundra
152606331	temperate broadleaf forest	has distinct vertical layers, including a closed canopy, one or two strata of understory trees a shrub layer, and an herbaceous stratum
152606332	tundra	covers expansive areas of the Arctice, acounting for 20% of Earth's land surface
152606333	permafrost	a permanantly frozen layer of soil; it restricts the growth of plants

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Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere - Scope of Ecology (50A) Flashcards

Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

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193002820	ecology	the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment
193002821	abiotic factors	Non-living chemical and physical factors such as temperature, light, water, and nutrients
193002822	biotic factors	the living components
193002823	ecological time	minutes, months, years
193002824	evolutionary time	decades, centuries, millenia, and longer
193002825	organismal ecology	the behavioral, physiological, and morphological ways individuals interact with the environment
193002826	population	a group of individuals of the same species living in a particular geographic area
193002827	population ecology	the study of factors that affect population size and composition
193002828	community	consists of all organisms of all the species that inhabit a particular area
193002829	community ecology	examines the interactions between populations, and how factors such as predation, competition, and disease affect community structure and organization
193002830	ecosystem	consists of all the abiotic factors in addition to the entire community of species that exist in a certain area
193002831	ecosystem ecology	the energy flow and cycling of chemicals among the various abiotic and biotic components
193002832	landscape ecology	the array of ecosystems and their arrangement in a geographic region
193002833	landscape/seascape	consists of several different ecosystems linked by exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms.

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AP Biology - Chapter 52 Population Ecology Flashcards

Important terms or words in AP Biology Chapter 52 (Population Ecology)

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909211113	population	a group of individuals of a single species that simultaneously occupy the general area
909211114	density	a population is measured as the number of individuals per unit area
909211115	dispersion	a population is the pattern of spacing among individuals within the geographic boundaries
909211116	demography	studies the vital statistics that affect population size
909211117	life table	an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population
909211118	cohort	a group of individuals of the same age throughout their lifetime
909211119	Type I curve	shows a low death rate early in life (humans) [K-selected]
909211120	Type II curve	shows constant mortality (squirrels)
909211121	Type III curve	shows high death rate early in life (oysters) [r-selected]
909211122	reproductive table	an age-specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population
909211123	fecundity	produce lots of offsprings
909211124	big-bang reproduction (semelparity)	large numbers of offspring are produced in each reproduction, after which the individual often dies
909211125	repeated reproduction (iteropartity)	Organisms produce only a few eggs
909211126	carrying capacity	(K-variable) the maximum stable population size a particular environment can support
909211127	logistic population growth	model incorporates the effect of population density on the rate of increase as the population reaches carrying capacity
909211128	K-selection	organisms live and reproduce K, and are sensitive to population density
909211129	r-selection	organisms exhibit high rates of reproduction and occur in variable environments in which population densities fluctuate well below K
909211130	density-dependent limiting factors	factors that increase their affect on a population as population density increases
909211131	negative feedback	ie. competition for food, water, space, sunlight; crowding; predation; spread of disease
909211132	density-independent limiting factors	factors that are unrelated to population density, and there is no feedback to slow population growth. ie. Natural Disasters: fires, floods, earthquakes, tornadoes etc.
909211133	age structure	the relative number of individuals of each age

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Life Span Chapter 20 Flashcards

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343988104	The gradual physical decline that occurs with age is called _________________.	senescence
343988105	Two invisible aspects of aging that predict heart disease are increases in _________ ___________and in ____ __________. Two physicological aspects of the body that protect aging adults are _________ ________and _____.	blood pressure; LDL cholesterol: organ reserve; homeostatsis
343988106	With age, neurons in the brain fire more _______(slowly/rapidly) . In addition, by middle adulthood there are fewer __________and __________. These changes contribute to a lengthening of ____ _______, and _____________ becomes more difficult, _______take longer, and complex _____________-______ takes may become impossible.	slowly; neurons; synapses; reaction time; mulitasking; processing; working-memory
343988107	Less than ____(what percent?) of people under age 65 experience significant brain loss with age. For those who do, the cause usually is _____ ____, ________ _______, _______ or ______.	1; drug abuse; poor circulation,viruses, genes
343988108	Some of then normal changes in appearance that occur during middle adulthood include changes in hair, which ______, and changes in skin, which _______ _____.	turns gray and thins; becomes thinner, less flexible, dryer, rougher, less regular in color and more wrinkled
343988109	The "middle-age spread" causes an increase in _________ __________. In addition, the ______weaken and pockets of fat settle on the ________ . By late middle age, bones lose _____, making the ______ shrink and causing a decrease in ________.	waist circumference; muscles; abdomen, upper arms, buttocks, and chin; denisty; vertebrae; height
343988110	The aging of the body is most evident in sports and require ________,_________, and _________.	strength; agility; speed
343988111	After age 20, the lens of the eye gradually becomes _______ _____, and the cornea becomes ________. This contributes to __________, or difficulty seeing close objects. Difficulty seeing objects at a distance is called ________.	less elastic; flatter; farsightediness; nearsighted-ness *myopia"
343988112	The loss of hearing associated with senescence is called ____________. This often does not become apparent until after age____.	presbycusis; 60
343988113	Speech-realated hearing losses are first apparent for __________(low/high) fequency sounds.	high
343988114	Jose has enjoyed playing football with friends during most of his adult life. He has just turned 45 and notices that he no longer tackles with the same force had had 10 yrs ago. This is probably because ________	his reaction time has slowed & his type II muscle fibers have decreased substantially & his stomach muscles have weakened
343988115	The sexual-Reproductive System: with age, sexual _______is slower and ____becomes reduced. Most people ___(are/are not) sexually active throughout adulthood.	responsiveness; fertility; are
343988116	13. Fertility peaks before age _________, From a biological perspective, women should try to conceive before age ____and men before age ___.	25,30,40
343988117	Overall in the U.S., about _____ percent of all couples are infertile. A common reason for male infertilities is a low ______- ______. Female infertility may be the result of _______ _________disease.	15; sperm count; pelvic inflammatory
343988118	The collective name for the various methods of medical intervention to restore fertility is _____ _____ ______	assisted reproductive technology (ART)
343988119	At an average age of ____________, a women reaches ________________, as an ovulation and menstruation stop and the production of ________, ________, and ________drops considerably. This condition may occur prematurely if a woman has her uterus removed surgically through a _______________.	50: menopause: estrogen:progesterone; testosterone; hysterectomy
343988120	The psychololgical consequences of menopause are _________________(variable/not variable). European and North American cultures' perceptions of this aspect of menopause ________(have/have not) changed over time.	variable; have
343988121	Over the past two or three decades, many women used ____ ____ ____ to reduce post-menopausal symptoms.	hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
343988122	Long-term use of HRT beyond menopuause has been shown to increase the risk of ___________ and has no proven effects on ______. However, it __________ (does/ does not) reduce hot flashes and decrease __________.	heart disease, stroke, and breast cancer; dementia; does; osteoporosis
343988123	Although some experts believe men undergo _______, most believe that physiologically, men _______(do /do not) experience anything like menopause.	andropause; do not
343988124	55 yr old Dewey is concerned because sexual stimulation seems to take longer and needs to be more direct than earlier in his life. As a friend, you should tell him.	c. "Don't worry. This is normal for middle- aged men."
343988125	Female fertility may be affected by	obesity, pelvic inflammatory disease, smoking.
343988126	Rates of drug abuse _______________(increase/decrease) sharply by age 40.	decrease
343988127	In North America today, _________________(fewer/more) people begin smoking than in the past. Today, twice as many women die from ____cancer as from cancer of the breast, uterus, or ovary combined. Variations in smoking rates from nation to nation, and from one cohort to another, demonstrate that smoking is affected by _________ ______, laws and advertisements.	fewer; lung; social norms
343988128	Some studies find that adults who drink moderately may live longer, possibly because alcohol increases the blood's supply of __ __ __, the "good" cholesterol, and reduces _____ ____ ______, the "bad" cholesterol. It also lowers ___________ _________and ___________. However, even moderate alcohol consumption poses a health risk if it leads to ___________, _________, or other destructive habits. List some of the health hazards of excessive alcohol used.	high-density lipoproteins (HDL); low-density lipoproteins (LDL) ; blood pressure, glucose; smoking; overeating. Heavy drinking is the main cause of liver disease; it also destroys brain cells; contributes to osteoporosis; decreases fertility; is a risk factor for may forms of cancer; and accompanies many suicides, homicides, and accidents.
343988129	Between emerging adulthood and late adulthood, a person' metabolism(decreases/increases) by about a third, which means that middle-aged people need to eat ________(more/less) simply to maintain their weight.	decreases; less
343988130	In the U.S, on average adults gain __________(how many) pounds per year because they consume too many _____-_______, _________ and engage in too little __________. The U.S. is the world leader in _______and _______.	1 to 2; high-calorie foods; activity; obesity; diabetes
343988131	Overweight, defined as a _______ _________, is present in __________(What percent?) of all adults in the U.S.Obesity is defined as _________.	a BMI above 25; 66 % ; a BMI or 30 or more
343988132	Worldwide, _____ of adults are obese.	one-fourth
343988133	Current explanations for the trends in overweight and obesity focus on ____________, on ________, on the _____________ of meals, and on ___________.	genes; diet; context inactivity
343988134	(Table 20.2) In general,eating fewer ______and less _________is more important for weight loss than are specifics. State some of the health benefits of exercise.	calories; fat Exercise reduces blood pressure; strengthens the heart and lungs; and makes depression, osteoporosis,heart disease, arthritis, and some cancers less likely.
343988135	(A View From Science) The steps in breaking a habit are _______, _______, _____, ______ and ______. Our resolve in breaking bad health habits and maintaining good one may fade when we face ___________. This phenomenon is called ______________ _____________.	denial; awareness; planning ; implementation; maintenance; stress; attention myopia
343988136	A stressor is defined as ________ _____________.	any situation, event, experience, or other stimulus that causes a person to feel stressed.
343988137	In __________-______coping, people try to cope with stress by tackeling the problem directly. In __________-_______coping, people cope with stress by trying to change their emotions. Generally speaking, _______ (younger/older) adults are more likely to be emotion-focused and ________ (younger/older) adults to be more problem-focused. Women may be more _________focused than men, as their bodies produce the hormone _______that triggers ________- ________- _______behaviors.	problem-focused; emotion-focused; older; younger; emotion; oxytocin; tend-and -befriend
343988138	The total burden of stress and disease that an individual must cope with is called _______ ______. The gradual accumulation of stressors over a long period of time is called ______________. Identify five general factors that help a person choose how to cope.	allostatic load; weathering the general factors that seem to help aperson choose are social support; staying well rested, nourished, and exercised; analyzing alternatives; taking control: and finding meaning.
343988139	Maureen is British and Maria is Italian. Based on averages, which of the following is most likely true of the two women?	a. Maria is less obese than Maureen
343988140	45 yr old Val is the same weight as she has been since college and continues to earth the same types of amounts of food she has always eaten. To maintain her weight though middle age, Val should	b. reduce her caloric intake a. (continue to eat the same amonts and types of foods) As Val ages, her metabolosim will slow down, so she should reduce her caloric intake. c&d. Just the opposite is true. She should decrease her intake of food high in LDL and increase her intake of foods high in HDL.
343988141	Jack, who is approaching adulthood, want so to know which health habits have the greatest influence on physical well-being. You point to	d. tobacco and alcohol use, overeating, exercise
343988142	Immunization, monitoring the food and water supply, and other measure that help prevent ________, ______ and _______are collectively referred to as ________ ________.	morbidity; mortality; disability; public health
343988143	Perhaps the most solid indicator of health of given age groups is the rate of ________, or death. This rate is often ________adjusted to take into account the higher death rate among the very old. By this measure, the country with the lowest rate is ________, and the country with the highest rate is ________ ________.	mortality; age; Japan: Sierra Leone
343988144	A more comprehensive measure of health is ________, defined as ______of all kinds.	morbidity; disease
343988145	To truly portray quality of life, we need to measure _______, which refers to a person's inability to perform basic activities, and ____________, which refers to how healthy and energetic a person feels.	disability; vitality
343988146	In terms of quilt of life, _______is probably the most important measure of health.	vitality
343988147	The concept of ________- _________- ___ _____indicates how many years of full vitality are lost as a result of a particular disease or disability. The reciprocal of this statistic is known as _____ _______- ______- _______.	quality-adjusted life years (QALYs); disability -adjusted life years (DALYs)
343988148	Individuals who are relatively well-educated and financially secure tend to live ________ (shorter/longer) lives and have _____(more/fewer) chronic illnesses or disabilities.	longer; fewer
343988149	With each more acculturated generation of immigrants to the U.S., health _____________(improves/worsens). One suggested explanation of this phenomenon is that healthy people of high SES are more likely to ___________.	worsens; emigrate
343988150	Which of the following would entail the greatest loss of QALYs?	b. 20 yr old woman is permanently disable and unable to work following an automobile accident. a. (70 yr old man dies in an automobile accident) Being permanently disables and unable to work, the 20 yr old woman clearly has lost more years of vitality that either an elderly man, who statistically would be expected to die soon anyway.. or c. (50 yr old man is forced to switch jobs after a skiing accident) middle-aged man who is simply forced to change jobs following an accident.
343988151	50 yr old Beth has a college degree and a good job and live near Seattle. Washington, Compared with her sister, who dropped out of high school and is struggling to survive on a dairy farm in rural Wisconsin, Beth is most likely to	d. have fewer chronic illnesses People who are relatively well-educated, financially secure, and live in or near cities tend to receive all of these benefits
343988152	Kirk wants to move to the part of the world that has the lowest annual mortality. You tell him to buy a ticket to	d. Japan
343988153	Morbidity is to mortality as ________is to __________	a. disease is to death. b. (death; disease) this answer would be correct if the statement was "Mortality is to morbidity. c. (inability to perform normal daily activities; disease)This would be correct if the statement was "Disability is to morbidity." d. (disease:subjective feeling of being healthy)This answer would be correct if the statement was "Morbidity is to vitality.
343988154	1. During the years from 25 to 65, the average adult	d. is more likely to have pockets of fat settle on various parts of the body. b & c: (gain about 5lbs a yr or 10 lbs/yr) Weight gain varies substantially from person to person. Usually 1 to 2
343988155	2. Senescence refers to	c. age-related physical decline
343988156	3. Age-related deficits in speech-related hearing are most noticeable for	a. high-frequency sounds
343988157	4. Regarding age-related changes in vision, most older adults are	c. nearsighted and farsighted. (first nearsighted as emerging adults and farsighted as senscence)
343988158	5. As we age	d. each of the conditions exist (neurons fire more slowly), the size of the brain is reduced, there are fewer synapses.
343988159	6. At midlife, individuals who _____tend to live longer and have fewer chronic illness disabilities.	d. are relatively well educated, are financially secure and live in richer nations
343988160	7. The term that refers to diseases of all kinds is	b. morbidity a. mortality: This is overall death rate c. disability: this refers to a person's inability to perform normal activities of daily living. d. vitality: This refers to how physically, intellectually, and socially healthy an individual feels.
343988161	8. On average, women reach menopause at age	d. 50
343988162	9. DALYs is a measure of	b. the impact of disability on the equality of a person's life. a. (the quality of a person's life) his refers to QALYs c. (how healthy and energetic a person feels). This refers to vitality d. (long-term difficulty in performing normal activities)this refers to the disability itself.
343988163	10. allostatic load refers to	a. the combined burden of stress and disease that an individual must cope with
343988164	11. Mortality is usually expressed as	a. the number of deaths each year per 1,000 individuals in a particular population
343988165	12. The concept that indicates how many years of full physical, intellectual, and social health are lost to a particular physical disease or disability is	d. quality-adjusted life years. a. Vitality is a measure of how healthy and energetic a person feels. b. Disability measures only the inability to perform basic activities. c. Morbidity refers only to the rate of disease
343988166	13. Compared with his sister, Melvin is more likely to respond to stress	a. in a problem-focused manner
343988167	14. Two invisible aspects of aging that predict heart disease are	a. increases in blood pressure and in LDL cholesterol
343988168	15. What percentage of people under age 65 experience significant brain loss with age?	a. less than 1 percent
343988169	True/False: 1: Europe is the world leader of the obesity and diabetes epidemics.	F The U.S. is the world leader of the obesity and diabetes epidemics.
343988170	2. During adulthood, back muscles, connecting tissues, and bones lose density.	T
343988171	3. Approximately half of all adults in the U.S. are obese	F Approximately 2 of every 3 are overweight, and half of those are obese.
343988172	4. Moderate users of alcohol are more likely that teetotalers to have heart attacks.	F Moderate use of alcohol is associated with reduced risk of heart attacks. You never see an alcoholic getting a new heart - Cardiologist told me.
343988173	5. Those who exercise regularly have lower rates of serious illness than do sedentary people.	T
343988174	6. Rates of drug abuse increase markedly by age 30 in every nation.	F Rates actually decrease
343988175	7. During middle adulthood, sexual responses slow down.	T
343988176	8. Senescence refers specifically to the psychological changes that accompany menopause.	F Senescence is the gradual physical decline that occurs with age
343988177	9. Despite popular reference to it, there is no "male menopause."	T
343988178	The psychological consequences of menopause vary more that the physiological ones.	T
343988179	Progress Test 2: 1. The first visible age-related changes are seen in the	d. skin
343988180	2. Of the following, which is the most costly to society	a. disability When a person is disable, society not only loses an active contributor by may also need to provide special care.
343988181	3. Diabetes and obesity are most prevalent in which of the following countries?	d. U.S.
343988182	4. Problems that correlate with loss of brain cells in adulthood include	d. drug abuse, viruses, poor circulation
343988183	5. Which of the following is NOT true regarding infertility?	c. Age is the determining factor for both men and women. Age is one factor, but not the determining one.
343988184	6. Menopause is caused by a sharp decrease in the production of	a. sex hormones
343988185	7. To be a true index of health, morbidity rates must be refined in terms of which of the following health measure(s)?	d. disability and vitality
343988186	8. The term "male menopause" was probably coined to refer to	a. the sudden dip in testosterone that sometime occurs in men who have been sexually inactive b. (age-related declines in fertility among men) Most men continue to produce sperm through out adulthood and are, therefore, theoretically fertile indefinitely. d. (age-related declines in testosterone levels in middle-aged men.) For men, there is not sudden drop in hormone levels during middle adulthood.
343988187	9. Name hormone replacement therapy effects of HRT.	d. for most women, the benefits of HRT out weigh the risk
343988188	10. The leading cause of cancer deaths in North America is	a. lung cancer
343988189	11. Which of the following was NOT cited as a possible reason for the high incidence of overweight among children and adults?	d. glandular problems genes, diet and culture are.
343988190	12. Which of the following is NOT true regarding alcohol consumption?	a. Alcohol decreases the blood's supply of high density lipo-proteins. Alcohol increases the blood's supply of HDL, which is one possible reason that adults who drink in moderation may live longer than "teetotalers."
343988191	13. The highest rates of obesity are found during	c. middle adulthood
343988192	14. Which of the following is true of sexual expressiveness in adulthood?	d. the levels of sex hormones gradually diminish and responses slow down
343988193	Matching Items: 1. mortality	e. death; is a measure of health, it ususally refers to the number of deaths each year per 1000 individuals
343988194	2. morbidity	a. disease of all kinds
343988195	3. vitality	g. more important to quality of life than any other measure of health.
343988196	4. menopause	f. the cessation of ovulation and menstruation
343988197	5. andropause	h. male menopause
343988198	6. ART	b. collective term for infertility treatments
343988199	7. HRT	c. often prescribed to treat the symptoms of menopause hormone replacement therapy
343988200	8. osteoporosis	d. a condition of fragile bones decrease in osteoblast production& osteoclast function
343988201	9. disability	i. the inability to perform normal activities
343988202	10. quality-adjusted life years	j. number of years of full vitality lost because of disease or disability.
343988203	Key Terms: 1: senescence	Senescence refers to the gradual physical decline that accompanies aging.
343988204	2. presbycusis	Presbycusis is the significant loss of hearing associated with aging.
343988205	3. menopause	At menopause, which usually occurs around age 50, ovulation and menstruation stop and the production of the hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone drops.
343988206	4. hormone replacement therapy (HRT)	Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is intended to help relieve menopausal symptoms; it involves taking hormones lipids, patches, or injections) to compensate for hormone reduction.
343988207	5. andropause	Andropause, or male menopause, refers to a drop in testosterone levels in older men, which normally results in reduced sexual desire, muscle mass and erections.
343988208	6. stressor	A stressor in any situation, event, experience, or other stimulus that causes a person to feel stressed.
343988209	7. problem-focused coping	In problem-focused coping, people try to solve their problems by attacking them in some way. Males tend to used problem-focused coping vs. women use emotion-focused coping.
343988210	8. emotion-focused coping	in emotion-focused coping, people try to solve their problems by attacking them in some way.
343988211	9. allostatic load	Allostatic load refers to the total burden of stress and illness that a person must cope with
343988212	10 weathering	Weathering is the gradual accumulation of stressors over a long period of time, wearing down the resilience and resistance of a person
343988213	11. public health	refers to the measures that help prevent morbidity, mortality, and disablity in the public at large, such as via immunization.
343988214	12. mortality	means death. As a measure of health, it usually refers to the number of daths each year per 1,000 memebers of a given population.
343988215	13. morbidity	Morbidity means disease. as a measure of health, it refers to the rate of diseases of all kinds in a given population, which can be sudden and severe (acute) or extend over a long time period (chronic).
343988216	14. disability	Disability refers to a person's inability to perform normal activities of daily life because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition.
343988217	15 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)	the reciprocal of QALYs is a measure of the reduced quality of life caused by disability.
343988218	vitality	Vitality refers to how healthy and energetic-physically, intellectually and socially - an individual actually feels.
343988219	quality-adjusted life years (QALYs)	is the concept that indicates how many years of full vitality an individual loses due to a particular disease or disability.

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Immanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx Flashcards

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59063449	moral	refers to what people consider good or bad, right or wrong
59063450	nonmoral (amoral)	not pertaining to moral; a value-neutral descriptive claim or classification
59063451	immoral	morally wrong, bad, or not right; a moral value judgment or prescriptive claim
59063452	Kantian formalism	theory that knowledge is the result of the interaction between the mind and sensation and is structured by regulative ideas called categories
59063453	critical philosophy	Kant's term for his effort to assess the nature and limits of "pure reason," unadulterated by experience, in order to identify the actual relationship of the mind to knowledge
59063454	phenomenal reality	Kant's term for the world as we experience it
59063455	noumenal reality	Kant's term for reality as it is, independent of our perceptions; what is commonly called "objective reality"
59063456	theoretical reason	According to Kant, a function of reason confined to the empirical, phenomenal world
59063457	practical reason	According to Kant, moral function of reason that produces religious feelings and intuitions based on knowledge of moral conduct
59063458	hypothetical imperatives	propositions that tell us what to do under specific, variable conditions
59063459	categorical imperative	According to Kant, a command that is universally binding on all rational creatures; the ultimate foundation of all moral law
59063460	practical imperative	Kant's formulation of the categorical imperative based on the concept of dignity
59063461	thought experiment	a way of using our imaginations to test hypothesis; we "think" rather than field-test a hypothesis, using reasoned imagination to provide the necessary conditions for the "experiment," and carefully reasoning out the most likely consequences according to our hypothesis
59063462	original position	John Rawls's imaginary setting in which we can identify the fundamental principles of justice from an objective, impartial perspective, as rational agents, rather than as "interested parties"; similar to the "state of nature" in the social contract theories of Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and John Locke
59063463	veil of ignorance	John Rawls's mechanism for imaginatively entering into the original position by avoiding all personal considerations in the process of determining principles of justice; it is a problem-solving device that prevents us from knowing our social status, what property we own, what we like and don't like, how intelligent we are, what our talents and strengths are, and so on
61314623	psychological hedonism	the belief that all decisions are based on considerations of pleasure and pain because it is psychologically impossible for human beings to do otherwise
61314624	ethical hedonism	the belief that although it is possible to deliberately avoid pleasure or choose pain, it is morally wrong to do so
61314625	principle of utility	always act to promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number
61314626	altruism	From Latin for ''other''; the capacity to promote the welfare of others; opposed to egoism
61314627	absolute idealism (Hegelian)	a monistic philosophy that is based on an all-encompassing Absolute Spirit that is self-actualizing into perfection
61314628	dialectic (Hegelian)	a three-step pattern in which an original idea, known as a thesis, struggles with a contrary idea, known as an antithesis, to produce a new synthesis that combines elements of both
61314629	dialectical process (Hegelian)	internally governed evolutionary cycle in which progress occurs as the result of a struggle between to opposing conditions
61314630	bourgeoisie	all those who do not produce anything, yet who own and control the means of production
61314631	proletariat	all those whose labor produces goods and provides essential services, yet who do not own the means of production
61314632	mystification	use of cloudy abstractions to create elaborate metaphysical systems that distract us from concrete material reality
61314633	Marxist materialism	form of social determinism based on a reciprocal relationship between individuals and their environment; distinguished from strict materialism and hard determinism
61314634	economic (as used by Marx)	the complete array of social relationships and arrangements that constitutes a particular social order
61314635	substructure of society	the material substructure or base of society determines the nature of all social relationships, as well as religions, art, philosophies, literature, science, and government
61314636	means of production	the forces of production are factories, equipment, technology, knowledge, and skill; a part of teh substructure of society
61314637	relationships of production	relationships of production consist of who does what, who owns what, and how this affects members of both groups; a part of the substructure of society
61314638	superstructure of society	the superstructure of a culture consists of the ideas and institutions (religious beliefs, education systems, philosophies, the arts, and such) compatible with and produced by the material substructure of the society
61314639	capitalism	economic system in which the means of production are all (or mostly) privately owned and operated for profit under fully competitive conditions; tends to be accompanied by concentration of wealth and growth of great corporations
61314640	surplus value	refers to the capital accumulated by owners; the result of keeping prices higher than the costs of production at the expense of workers
61314641	co-opt	occurs when workers identify with the economic system that oppresses them by confusing the remote possibility of accumulating wealth with their actual living and working conditions; also refers to anyone who is somehow convinced to further interest that are to her or his ultimate disadvantage
61314642	alienation	condition of workers separated from the products of their labor; primarily an objective state, but can also refer to not feeling "at one" with the product of labor
61314643	eudaimonia	often translated as happiness; state of being fully aware, vital, alert
61314644	species-life	fully human life lived productively and consciously; not alienated
61314645	alienated life	unconscious, unspontaneous, and unfulfilled life; deprived of fundamental conditions necessary for self-actualization

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American Pageant 14th Edition Chapters 13-15 Flashcards

APUSH Unit 5 Key Terms/Important People

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594157385	American Temperance Society	Founded in Boston in 1826 as part of a growing effort of nineteenth century reformers to limit alcohol consumption.
594157388	Brook Farm	Transcendentalist commune founded by a group of intellectuals, who emphasized living plainly while pursuing the life of the mind. The community fell into debt and dissolved when their communal home burned to the ground in 1846.
594157390	Burned over district	Popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening.
594157391	Deism	Eighteenth century religious doctrine that emphasized reasoned moral behavior and the scientific pursuit of knowledge. Most deists rejected biblical inerrancy and the divinity of Christ, but they did believe that a Supreme Being created the universe.
594157393	Hudson River School	American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes.
594157396	Maine Law of 1851	Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. A dozen other states followed Maine's lead, though most statutes proved ineffective and were repealed within a decade.
594157397	minstrel shows	Variety shows performed by white actors in black-face. First popularized in the mid-nineteenth century.
594157399	Mormons	Religious followers of Joseph Smith, who founded a communal, oligarchic religious order in the 1830s, officially known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Mormons, facing deep hostility from their non-Mormon neighbors, eventually migrated west and established a flourishing settlement in the Utah desert.
594157400	New Harmony	Communal society of around one thousand members, established in New Harmony, Indiana by Robert Owen. The community attracted a hodgepodge of individuals, from scholars to crooks, and fell apart due to infighting and confusion after just two years.
594157401	Oneida Community	One of the more radical utopian communities established in the nineteenth century, it advocated "free love", birth control and eugenics. Utopian communities reflected the reformist spirit of the age.
594157402	Second Great Awakening	Religious revival characterized by emotional mass "camp meetings" and widespread conversion. Brought about a democratization of religion as a multiplicity of denominations vied for members.
594157403	Shakers	Called "Shakers" for their lively dance worship, they emphasized simple, communal living and were all expected to practice celibacy. First transplanted to America from England by Mother Ann Lee, the Shakers counted six thousand members by 1840, though by the 1940s the movement had largely died out.
594157404	The Age of Reason	Thomas Paine's anticlerical treatise that accused churches of seeking to acquire "power and profit" and to "enslave mankind".
594157405	"The American Scholar"	Ralph Waldo Emerson's address at Harvard College, in which he declared an intellectual independence from Europe, urging American scholars to develop their own traditions.
594157406	Transcendentalism	Literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self-reliance, predicated upon a belief that each person possesses an "inner-light" that can point the way to truth and direct contact with God.
594157407	Women's Rights Convention	Gathering of feminist activists in Seneca Falls, New York, where Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her "Declaration of Sentiments," stating that "all men and women are created equal".
594157408	Charles Grandison Finney	American lawyer, president of Oberlin College, and a central figure in the religious revival movement of the early 19th century; he is sometimes called the first of the professional evangelists.
594157409	Joseph Smith	Religious leader who founded the Mormon Church in 1830
594157410	Brigham Young	The successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith. He was responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Utah, thereby populating the would-be state.
594157411	Horace Mann	Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation. He advocated for longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum.
594157412	Dorothea Dix	American educator, social reformer, and humanitarian whose devotion to the welfare of the mentally ill led to widespread reforms in the United States and abroad.
594157413	Neal S. Dow	American politician and temperance advocate whose Maine Law of 1851 presaged national prohibition in the United States.
594157414	Lucretia Mott	pioneer reformer who, with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, founded the organized women's rights movement in the United States.
594157415	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	New York, N.Y.), American leader in the women's rights movement who in 1848 formulated the first organized demand for woman suffrage in the United States.
594157416	Susan B. Anthony	pioneer crusader for the woman suffrage movement in the United States and president (1892-1900) of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Her work helped pave the way for the Nineteenth Amendment (1920) to the Constitution, giving women the right to vote.
594157417	Lucy Stone	American pioneer in the women's rights movement; 1st woman to keep maiden name after marriage
594157418	John J. Audubon	French-descended ornithologist who illustrated "Birds of America"; the society for the protection of birds was named after him
594157419	James Fenimore Cooper	first major U.S. novelist, author of the novels of frontier adventure known as the Leatherstocking Tales, featuring the wilderness scout called Natty Bumppo, or Hawkeye. They include The Pioneers , The Last of the Mohicans, The Prairie, The Pathfinder, and The Deerslayer.
594157420	Ralph Waldo Emerson	American lecturer, poet, and essayist, the leading exponent of New England Transcendentalism.
594157421	Henry David Thoreau	American essayist, poet, and practical philosopher, renowned for having lived the doctrines of Transcendentalism as recorded in his masterwork, Walden (1854), and for having been a vigorous advocate of civil liberties, as evidenced in the essay "Civil Disobedience" (1849).
594157422	Walt Whitman	American poet, journalist, and essayist whose verse collection Leaves of Grass is a landmark in the history of American literature.
594157423	Henry Longfellow	United States poet remembered for his long narrative poems
594157424	Louisa May Alcott	American author known for her children's books, especially the classic Little Women.
594157425	Emily Dickinson	American lyric poet who lived in seclusion and commanded a singular brilliance of style and integrity of vision. With Walt Whitman, Dickinson is widely considered to be one of the two leading 19th-century American poets.
594157426	Herman Melville	American novelist, short-story writer, and poet, best known for his novels of the sea, including his masterpiece, Moby Dick (1851). In addition, he rejected the optimism of the transcendentalists and felt that man faced a tragic destiny.
594157427	Francis Parkman	American historian noted for his classic seven-volume history of France and England in North America, covering the colonial period from the beginnings to 1763.
594157428	Oberlin College	first American institution of higher learning to regularly admit female and black students
594157429	Industrial Revolution	the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine
594157430	"Self Reliance" (1841)	Ralph Waldo Emmerson's popular lecture-essay that reflected the spirit of individualism pervasive in American popular culture during the 1830's.
594157431	Limited Liability	legal principle that facilitates capital investment by offering protection for individual investors, who, in cases of legal claims for bankruptcy, cannot be held responsible for more than the value of there individual shares.
594157432	Rendezvous	The principal marketplace of the Northwest fur trade, which peaked in the 1820s and 1830s. Each summer, traders set up camps in the Rocky Mountains to exchange manufactured goods for beaver pelts.
594157433	Commonwealth vs. Hunt (1842)	Massachusetts Supreme Court decision that strengthened the labor movement by upholding the legality of unions.
594157434	Ecological Imperialism	Historians' term for the spoliation of Western natural resources through excessive hunting, logging, mining and grazing
594157435	Cult of Domesticity	Pervasive nineteenth-century cultural creed that venerated the domestic role of women. It gave married women greater authority to shape home life but limited opportunities outside the domestic sphere.
594157436	McCormick reaper (1831)	Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wear, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots. The introduction of the reaper in the 1830s fueled the establishment of large scale commercial agriculture in the Midwest.
594157437	Turnpike	privately funded, toll-based public road constructed in the early nineteenth century to facilitate commerce.
594157438	Eerie canal	A historic canal that connects the Hudson River at Albany in eastern New York with the Niagara River and the Great Lakes. It opened in 1825.
594157439	Molly Maguires (1860s-1870s)	Secret organization of Irish miners that campaigned, at times violently, against poor working conditions in the PA mines
594157440	Ancient Order of Hibernians (mid 1800s)	Irish semi-secret society that served as a benevolent organization for down-trodden Irish immigrants in the U..S.
594157441	Pony Express (1860-1861)	Short-lived, speedy mail service between Missouri and California that relied on lightweight riders galloping between closely place outposts.
594157442	Tammany Hall (est. 1789)	Powerful NY political machine that primarily drew support from the city's immigrants, who depended on Tammany Hall patronage, particularly social services.
594157443	Know-nothing Party (1850s)	Nativist political party, aka the American party, which emerged in response to an influx of immigrants, particularly Irish Catholics.
594157444	Transportation revolution	term referring to a series of nineteenth-century transportation innovation-turnpikes, steamboats, canals, and railroads-that linked local and regional markets, creating a national economy.
594157445	Market Revolution	Eighteenth and nineteenth century transformation from a disaggregated, subsistence economy to a national commercial and industrial network.
594157446	Cotton gin (1793)	Eli Whitney's invention that sped up the process of harvesting cotton. The gin made cotton cultivation more profitable, revitalizing the Southern economy and increasing the importance of slavery in the South.
594157447	Patent office	Federal government bureau that reviews patent applications. A patent is a legal recognition of new invention, granting exclusive rights to the inventor for a period of years.
594157448	Cumberland Road	The National Road or Cumberland Road was one of the first major improved highways in the United States to be built by the federal government. Construction began in 1811 at Cumberland, Maryland, on the Potomac River
594157449	Yellowstone National Park	the first national park in the United States, created in 1872. Located in the border area between Wyoming and Montana and Idaho; spectacular wilderness; famous for Old Faithful geyser and for buffalo and bears. Once more parks were created, the National Park Service was created by Wilson in 1916
594157450	John Jacob Astor	Fur magnate and founder of a renowned family of Anglo-American capitalists, business leaders, and philanthropists. His American Fur Company is considered the first American business monopoly. Astoria was named after him.
594157451	Robert Fulton	American inventor, engineer, and artist who brought steamboating from the experimental stage to commercial success. He also designed a system of inland waterways, a submarine, and a steam warship.
594157452	Cyrus Field	U.S. financier noted for the success of the first transatlantic cable. He was the younger brother of the law reformer David Dudley Field and of U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen J. Field.
594157453	Dewitt Clinton	Governor of New York who started the Erie Canal project. His leadership helped complete the canal, which boosted the economy greatly by cutting time traveled from west New York to the Hudson.
594157454	Cyrus McCormick	Irish-American industrialist and inventor who is generally credited with the development (from 1831) of the mechanical reaper.
594157455	Samuel Slater	British-born founder of the American cotton-textile industry textile. He oversaw construction of the nation's first successful water-powered cotton mill (1790-1793).
594157456	Eli Whitney	inventor of the cotton gin
594157457	Elias Howe	American inventor whose sewing machine helped revolutionize garment manufacture in the factory and in the home.
594157458	Issac Singer	Helped Howe perfect the sewing machine by making it quicker and brought it to middle class families and large maufacturers.
594157459	Samuel F.B. Morse	an American painter of portraits and historic scenes, the creator of a single wire telegraph system, and co-inventor, with Alfred Vail, of the Morse Code
594157460	John Deere	American blacksmith that was responsible for inventing the steel plow. This new plow was much stronger than the old iron version; therefore, it made plowing farmland in the west easier, making expansion faster.
594157461	Martin Van Buren	eighth president of the United States (1837-41) and one of the founders of the Democratic Party. He was known as the "Little Magician" to his friends (and the "Sly Fox" to his enemies) in recognition of his reputed cunning and skill as a politician.
594157462	Corrupt Bargain	Alleged deal between presidential candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the House of Representatives, in Adams' favor. Though never proven, the accusation became the rallying cry for supporters of Andrew Jackson, who had actually garnered a plurality of the popular vote in 1824
594157464	Spoils system	policy of rewarding political supporters with public office, first widely employed at the federal level by Andrew Jackson. The practice was widely abused by the unscrupulous office seekers, but it also helped cement party loyalty in the emerging two-party system.
594157467	Tariff of Abominations (1828)	Noteworthy for its unprecedentedly high duties on imports. Southerners vehemently opposed the Tariff, arguing that it hurt Southern farmers, who did not enjoy the protection of tariffs, but were forced to pay higher prices for
594157470	Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)	Showdown between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. It was resolved by a compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833
594157477	Compromise tariff of 1833	Passed as a measure to resolve the nullification crisis, it provided that tariffs be lowered gradually, over a period of ten years, to 1816 levels.
594157483	Force Bill (1833)	Passed by Congress alongside the Compromise Tariff, it authorized the president to use the military to collect federal tariff duties.
594157489	Indian Removal Act (1830)	Ordered the removal of Indian Tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri. Tribes resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces, often after prolonged legal or military battles.
594157493	Trail of Tears (1838-1839)	Forced march of 15,000 Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian Territory. Some 4,000 Cherokee died on the arduous journey.
594157497	Black Hawk War (1832)	Series of clashes in Illinois and Wisconsin between American forces and Indian chief Black Hawk of he Sauk and Fox tribes, who unsuccessfully tried to reclaim territory lost under the 1830 Indian Removal Act
594157502	Bank War (1832)	Battle between President Andrew Jackson and Congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank's renewal in 1836. Jackson vetoed the Bank Bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers.
594157505	Specie Circular (1836)	U.S. Treasury decree requiring that all public lands be purchased with "hard," or metallic, currency. Issued after small state banks flooded the market with unreliable paper currency, fueling land speculation in the West.
594157509	Panic of 1837	Economic crisis triggered by bank failures, elevated grain prices, and Andrew Jackson's efforts to curb over speculation on western lands and transportation improvements. In response, President Martin Van Buren proposed the "Divorce Bill," which pulled treasury funds out of the baking system altogether, contracting the credit supply.
594157515	Alamo	Fortress in Texas where American volunteers were slain by Santa Anna in 1836. "Remember the Alamo" became a battle cry in support of Texan independence.
594157519	Battle of San Jacinto	final battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas
594157525	John Q. Adams (1825-1829)	The sixth president of the United States, who was not well-liked by citizens and accused of making a corrupt bargain to win the election. He mainly focused on the economy during his presidency.
594157530	Andrew Jackson	The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
594157538	Denmark Vesey	American insurrectionist. A freed slave in South Carolina, he was implicated in the planning of a large uprising of slaves and was subsequently hanged. The event led to more stringent slave codes in many Southern states.
594157542	John C. Calhoun	The 7th Vice President of the United States and a leading Southern politician from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. He was an advocate of slavery, states' rights, limited government, and nullification.
594157544	Black Hawk	Sauk leader who in 1832 led Fox and Sauk warriors against the United States
594157549	Nicholas Biddle	The brilliant but arrogant president of the Second Bank of the United States. Many people believed he held an unconstitutional amount of power over the nation's financial affairs. The power struggle between Biddle and Jackson led to Jackson depositing a large amount of investments into his pet banks.
594157552	Daniel Webster	noted orator, constitutional lawyer, senator, secretary of state, and major spokesman for nationalism and the union in the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s.
594157561	Henry Clay	Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.
594157565	Martin Van Buren	Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836
594157568	Stephen Austin	The son of Moses Austin and also known as the "Father of Texas" he lead "the old 300" into Texas after his father died of pneumonia. Mexico granted him land on the condition that there would be Roan Catholicism, the learning of Spanish, and no slavery.
594157575	Sam Houston	United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863), First president of the Republic of Texas
594157579	Santa Anna	Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)
594157582	William Henry Harrison	was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

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Abnormal Psychology Flashcards II Flashcards

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488408377	habituation	repeated exposure reduces emotional response to a stimulus -anxiety disorders (PHOBIAS)
488408378	exposure	repeated contact with a feared/arousing stimulus in controlled setting (leads to habituation)
488408379	managed care	health insurance plan may restrict # days in hospital or restrict facilities where patient can receive care
488408380	treating a multicultural population	bridging cultural gap between patient and clinician
488408381	problems with treating minorities	-less likely to use MI services -less likely to have healthcare coverage -may not speak English -distrust treatment -stigma of treatments (fear)
488408382	cultural competence	clinical treatment should be sensitive to different cultural backgrounds
488408383	prevention programs	designed to prevent/inhibit development or progression of psychological disorders; targets those with elevated risks (family history, traumatic event, divorce, etc)
488408384	group therapy	several patients with similar needs meet together to discuss issues with therapists; offers emotional support, uses psychodynamic/CB orientation
488408385	systems therapy	designed to change the communication/behavior patterns of one or more family members in context of family as a whole GOALS: identify/change maladaptive patterns of interaction and communication among family members
488408386	paradoxical intention	therapist allows problem behavior to continue and increase in intensity or frequency (ex: if a child is acting out to bring quarreling parents together...)
488408387	cybertherapy	internet-based therapy that may involve email exchanges, skyping etc
488408388	dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)	designed to treat BPD; builds skills to manage emotions, and focuses on validating patient's experience. "Dialectics" component = allows opposing beliefs and feelings to co-exist
488408389	psychoeducation	educating patients about research findings/therapy procedures relevant to situations
488408390	cognitive restructuring	developed by Aaron Beck; psychological problems result from faulty automatic thoughts (cognitive theory for depression)
488408391	foundations of treatment	-reduce or eliminate psychological disorders -reduce or eliminate target symptoms -improve quality of life
488408392	target symptoms	symptoms addressed by a given treatment
488408393	biomedical treatments	aim to change brain functioning, hormonal activity, or other aspects of bodily functioning
488408394	agonists	mimic the effects of a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator to activate a receptor
488408395	antagonists	bind to a receptor site and prevent neurotransmitter in synapse from binding to that receptor
488408396	reuptake inhibitors	partially block the process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed into terminal button
488408397	SSRI	selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor -Prozac, Zoloft
488408398	SNRI	serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor -effexor, cymbalta
488408399	antipsychotics	reduce certain psychotic symptoms; known as "major tranquilizers," used to treat schizophrenia -prevent dopamine binding in synapse
488408400	treatments for depression	-SSRIs -SNRIs -Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) -MAOIs (need to be on tyramine-controlled diet)
488408401	short-term anxiety treatments	benzodiazepines (minor tranquilizers) -help to reduce anxiety quickly (Valium, Xanax)
488408402	electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)	used to treat severe depression when all other types of therapy fail -controlled brain seizure, short term memory loss
488408403	transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)	sequences of short, strong magnetic pulses into cerebral cortex via coil -treatment resistant depression, no more advantageous than ECT but less side effects -elderly with depression see improvements with this technique
488408404	biofeedback	subject brings involuntary/unconscious bodily activities under voluntary control (MOOD RINGS) -slowed heart rate, control of breathing, etc
488408405	psychodynamic therapy	all behavior has underlying psychological causes; unconscious driven by urges for sex and aggression, behaviors represent responses to urges
488408406	goals of psychoanalysis	-understand events in personal past -understand how those events and unconscious conflict and influence current difficulties -"Insight" is main catalyst of change
488408407	therapeutic alliance	positive relationship between therapist and patient
488408408	dream analysis	therapist interprets content of patient's dreams: manifest content- content of dream latent content- hidden, true meaning expressed by unconscious
488408409	resistance	patients are likely (overtly/covertly, consciously/unconsciously) to hinder treatment
488408410	transference	patients interact with therapist in manner that they did with parents/important figures; developed by Freud, encouraged by therapist to explore patient feelings
488408411	client-centered therapy	humanistic therapy (Carl Rogers), intended to promote personal growth so that client can reach full potential; arises from incongruence between "real self" and "ideal self"
488408412	unconditional positive regard	therapist expresses positive feelings for client, regardless of expressed thoughts, emotions, or behaviors
488408413	behavior therapy	maladaptive behaviors stem from previous learning goal: replace problematic behaviors with classical/operant conditioning models
488408414	cognitive therapy	correct irrational thoughts and incorrect beliefs, lead to better mood/adaptive behavior
488408415	systematic desensitization	learning to relax in presence of feared stimulus
488408416	exposure with response prevention	used to treat compulsive behaviors; patient is prevented from engaging in usual maladaptive response after being exposed to stimulus
488408417	stimulus control	changing frequency of maladaptive conditioned response by controlling the frequency/intensity of exposure
488408418	behavior modification	use of operant conditioning principles to change maladaptive behaviors goals: perform desired behavior more often and undesired behavior less often
488408419	shaping	creating behavioral change by reinforcing bits at a time (successive approximations)
488408420	rational-emotive behavior therapy	(Albert Ellis) irrational thoughts are transformed into rational ones, leading to better mood and adaptive behaviors PROMOTES self-acceptance REDUCES self-blame
488408421	scientific method	process of gathering and interpreting facts that can lead to formation of a new theory or validation of existing theory
488408422	scientific method steps	1. Collect initial observations 2. Identify question to be answered 3. Develop hypothesis 4. Collect data to test hypothesis 5. Formulate theory 6. Test theory
488408423	characteristics of the scientific method	data- methodological observations of phenomena replication- study must have similar characteristics of original hypothesis- preliminary idea to explain data set theory- principle that explains data set predictions- hypothesis should be confirmed if theory is correct experiment- manipulate one variable at a time and measure consequences
488408424	confounds	factors that might affect variables of interest and covary with dependent (age, health, education, SES)
488408425	sampling bias	distortion when experiment participants haven't been drawn randomly from population; limiting factor when want to generalize results to population you're treating
488408426	correlational research	used when manipulating IV is impossible/unethical; cannot conclude causality
488408427	correlation coefficient	-1 to 1, magnitude of relationship = "index of overlap"
488408428	statistically significant	probability of obtaining the value of a statistical test is greater than would be expected by chance alone
488408429	epidemiology	correlational research method that investigates rate of disease/disorder occurrence and causes/risk factors
488408430	case studies in psychopathology	one individual and factors that underlie disorder(s); in-depth understanding that allows individual/researcher to stay connected BUT cannot be generalized
488408431	single-participant experiment	experiments with a single participant; rely in ABAB design: A- baseline condition B- treatment/behavior modification goal: to change target behavior as result of treatment
488408432	meta-analysis	statistical procedure to generalize across studies that measure the same thing; may uncover relationship that isn't apparent in one study CON: "file drawer problem," some studies never make it to publication
488408433	response bias	tendency to respond in a particular way, regardless of what is being asked
488408434	social desirability	answering questions in a way that makes subjects "look good," want to appear desirable
488408435	experimenter bias (expectancy effect)	treating participants in ways that encourage particular types of responses SOLUTION: double blind procedure
488408436	reactivity	behavior change that occurs when one becomes aware of being observed
488408437	placebo effect	treatment that targets neurological factors, is one treatment more effective than no treatment? Inert substance or procedure
488408438	common factors of therapy	-helpful aspects, opportunities to express problems -explanation/understanding of problems is offered -can gain support and feedback -hope and positive relationship
488408439	specific factors of therapy	characteristics of a particular treatment/technique that lead it to have unique benefits
488408440	analogue study	treatment is provided in a way that is analogous to the way it is usually provided, but under controlled lab conditions (minimize confounds)
488408441	treatment that targets psychological factors	is therapy better than no treatment? YES Assign participants to treatment vs. no treatment (wait-list control)
488408442	baseline assessment	-levels of symptoms at beginning of study; assess same variables after treatment period
488408443	randomized clinical trial (RCT)	-treatment and control group -random assignment to either group PROS: well-designed and well-conducted, evidence-based CONS: patients in study are usually white/middle-class -overly rigid manual-based treatment, length of treatment -question of external validity: can results be generalized? -problem with DSM diagnostic group heterogeneity
488408444	manual-based treatment	requires therapists to base treatments on detailed manuals
488408445	allegiance effect	studies conducted by investigators who prefer a particular theoretical orientation tend to obtain data that supports this orientation

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Environmental Science Final Flashcards

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167736919	What makes up biodiversity?	the variety of life on earth and the natural distribution and patterns of organisms
167736920	How many species have been identified?	1.5 million named species identified (70% invertebrates) 3-50 million species alive: only identified a small proportion
167736921	Why is biodiversity important?	Nature's products support industries and the loss of biodiversity threatens our food supplies and sources of medicine and energy.
167736922	What is Background Extinction?	Gradual loss of species. 95% of all extinctions.
167736923	What are some factors that contribute to background extinction?	climate change, disease, loss of habitat, or competitive disadvantage in relation to other species.
167736924	What is the background extinction rate?	1 mammal species every 400 years and 1 bird species every 200 years.
167736925	What is Anthropogenic Extinction?	extinction caused by humans
167736926	What is the Anthropogenic extinction rate?	20-75 plant/animal species each day. Now 10,000 times the background rate
167736927	What are the two biggest threats to endangered mammals in order?	habitat losses then exploitation
167736928	Define Threatened species	population is low but extinction less imminent
167736929	Define Endangered species	numbers so low that extinction is imminent
167736930	What are the 5 common characteristics of threatened, endangered, or extinct species posses	1. Small range (small geographic area) 2. Specialized habitat/diet 3. Low reproductive rates & low natural morality 4. Slow-moving animals 5. Wild animals and plants which have value as food, pets, ceremonial objects, or marketable products to humans.
167736931	Why are wetlands important?	- help control floods by storing water until it gradually drains - provide habitats for many species - as water flows through the plants wastes are absorbed by plants and waste materials settle out allowing the water to be naturally filtered
167736932	What are the rates of deforestation?	since 1978, we've lost 20% of tropical forest (about 13 million hectares of the worlds forests are lost each year)
167736933	List the 3 countries in order that have the highest rates of deforestation	Brazil highest (over 3,000 hectares), then Indonesia, then Sudan.
167736934	Why are forests important?	Tropical forests are system regulators as well as habitats. Rainforests moderate air temp, maintain humidity through evapotranspiration, and regulate stream flows. Amazon is 30% of world's rainforests and acts as the "Earth's lung", absorbing carbon dioxide and generating oxygen
167736935	What is the definition of soil?	The unconsolidated mineral or material on the immediate surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
167736936	Describe the soil forming process	forms very slowly; begins with breakdown of rock into loose material. Soil formation refers to changes within this loose material (aka parent material) over time into layers/horizons.
167736937	What is the equation for soil formation?	Soil formation = f (climate, organic matter, relief, parent material, time)
167736938	Define soil erosion. (includes 2 steps)	removes soil from an area in two steps: 1. Detachment of particles from the surface 2. Transport of particles by erosive agents (normally wind or water).
167736939	What are the 6 soil horizons and their identifications?	O - surface litter A - topsoil E - zone of leaching B - subsoil C - weathered parent material R - bedrock
167736940	What are the two major soil types in the US?	Mollisols & Ultisols
167736941	What is the definition of soil/land degredation?	the aggregate reduction of the productive potential of the soil. Primary cause is erosion by wind and water, also caused by chemical degradation and physical degradation (compaction).
167736942	Define the T-Value for soil degredation	(Tolerable Erosion Value): the allowable rate of soil loss in a particular region.
167736943	What is the definition of point source pollution?	effluent being released from a single outlet, meaning it easier to monitor and control (sewage plants, discharge from specific locations)
167736944	What is the definition of non-point pollution?	pollution that cannot be linked directly to one specific source (diffuse discharge, agricultural runoff, feedlots)
167736945	Why is the #1 pollutant the introduction of sediment into waterways?	Too much sediment into a stream can lead to detrimental effects on native aquatic life, can act as a storage unit for other pollutants. 10% of sediment underlying surface water is significantly contaminated.
167736946	What are Debt-for-Nature swaps?	financial transactions in which a portion of a developing nation's foreign debt is forgiven in exchange for local investments in environmental conservation measures.

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