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AP Art History Chapter 25: Early Twentieth-Century Art Flashcards

Early Twentieth-Century Art

775138403	Prairie Style	1900-1917 Frank Lloyd Wright
775138404	Fauvism	1905 Matisse
775138405	Expressionism	1905-1930s Modersohn-Becker
775138406	The Bridge	1905, Kirchner
775138407	The Blue Rider	1911, Kandinsky, Marc
775138408	Cubism	1907-1930s, Picasso
775138409	Futurism	1909-1914, Boccioni
775138410	Metaphysical Painting	1910-1920s, DeChirico
775138411	Suprematism	1913-1920s, Malevich
775138412	Constructivism	1914-1920s, Tatlin
775138413	Dada	1916-1925, Duchamp
775138414	DeStijl	1917-1930s, Mondrian, Rietveld
775138415	Bauhaus	1919-1933, Gropius
775138416	Precisionism	1920s, O'Keeffe
775138417	Mexican Muralists	1920s-1930s, Rivera
775138418	International Style	1920s-1930s, Le Corbusier
775138419	Surrealism	1924-1930s, Dali, Kahlo, Miro, Oppenheim
775138420	Art Deco	1920-1930s, Van Alen
775138421	Organic Art	Late 1920s-1930s, Brancusi, Moore
775138422	Depression Era Art	1930s, Hopper, Lange, Lawrence, Wood
775138423	Historical Background	World War I and II, Great Depression, artistic expression flourished despite the tragedies, some movements fed on cataclysms
775138424	Patronage	sponsored by cultivated and intellectual patrons who were members of the avant-garde, saw art as a way to embrace the modern spirit in a cultured way, Gertrude Stein, promoted artists through sponsorship and connections, MUSEUMS, became works of art in themselves, commissioned works of sculpture as well
775138425	Armory Show	1913, introduced modern art to American audiences, was reviled
775138426	Advances in Architecture	ferroconcrete, cantilever, skeleton frameworks, cantilever, avoid historical associations
775138427	Advances in Painting	color was used to evoke a feeling and challenge the viewer, perspective was violently titled, compositions were altered, abstraction became first feature of modern art, abstract form in center, frottage and collage techniques, relegated to children's art, experimentation led Europeans to draw inspiration from African cultures
775138428	Abstraction	the simplifying of an observed reality so that the essence of an object is portrayed
775138429	Advances in Sculpture	new materials like plastic, new formats like collages, mobiles, found object, ready-mades
775138430	Fauvism	1905, SALON D'AUTOMNE in Paris, thought paintings looked like they were created by "Wild Beasts', inspired by Gauguin and van Gogh, work exhibited in Paris, stressed painterly surface with broad flat areas, figure modeling, color harmonies
775138431	Woman with a Hat	conventional composition, violent contrasts of color, energetic painterly brushwork, exhibited at 1905 Salon d'Automne, Matisse's wife
775168490	Die Bruke	"The Bridge", EXPRESSIONISM, 1905, bridge from traditional to modern painting, emphasized Fauve ideas expressed in violent juxtapositions of color, so purposely roused the ire of critics and the public
775168491	Der Blaue Reiter	"The Blue Rider", EXPRESSIONISM, 1911, horses and the color blue, began to forsake representational art and move toward abstraction, intellectual and filled with theories of artistic representation, conceiving natural world beyond what was represented
775168492	Concerning the Spiritual in Art	influential essay by Kandinsky, expressed his theories on color and form for the modern movement
775168493	Self-Portrait with an Amber Necklace	MODERSOHN-BECKER, EXPRESSIONISM, 1906, similar to this one, unusual self-portrait, artist portrays herself as nude, presents two flowers, fertility and beauty, looks out at viewer, mixture of confidence, tenderness of humanity, thick paint application, interlocking surfaces of color
775168494	Improvisation 28	KANDINSKY, DER BLAUE REITER, 1912, movement toward abstraction, representational objects, title derived from musical compositions, articulated use of black lines, colors seem to shade around line forms
775168495	Large Blue Horses	MARC, DER BLAUE REITER, 1911, swirling shapes and dynamic compositions, suggests sweeping movement, emotional impact of blue color for horses
775168496	Street, Dresden	KIRCHNER, EXPRESSIONISM, 1908, uncomfortably close encounter with women on a Dresden Street, colors are nonrepresentational, but symbolic, expressive quality of horrified facial features and grim surroundings, titled perspective moves things closer
775168497	Cubism	Pablo Picasso in 1907, influenced by simple geometries of African masks, inspired to break down the human form into angles and shapes, achieving a new way of looking at the human figure from many sides at once, dominated by wedges and facets that simulate depth
775168498	Analytical Cubism	highly experimental, shows jagged edges, sharp multifaceted lines
775168499	Synthetic Cubism	initially inspired by collages, found objects and featured flattened forms
775168500	Curvilinear Cubism	more flowing rounded response to the flattened and firm edges of Synthetic
775168501	Les Demoiselles d'Avignon	PICASSO, CUBISM, 1907, first Cubist work, represents five prostitutes, poses are not traditionally alluring, awkward, expressionless, uninviting, three are more conservatively, two painted more radically, multiple views shown at same time, no real depth
775168502	Guernica	PICASSO, CUBISM, 1937, Painted for Spanish pavilion, 1937, reaction to Fascist bombing, done in black and white, usually not a symbolic painter, Pieta on left with stigmata, bull symbolizes brutality and darkness, fallen warrior holds broken sword, women with torch is allegory of Liberty, wounded figures rush in, perspective on bottom
775168503	Futurism	group of Italian artists came together to celebrate the scientific and technological progress of the modern world, glory and fascination with MACHINES, influenced by Cubists, enjoyed prismatic effects of representation
775168504	Unique Forms of Continuity in Space	BOCCIONI, FUTURISM, similar to Nike, affected by the atmosphere around it, strides pridefully forward, 1913, bronze
775168505	Nude Descending a Staircase	DUCHAMP, 1912, Armory Show, depicts an assumed nude going down a flight of stairs, limited color range
775168506	Photo-Secession	Alfred Stieglitz, Gallery 291, most progressive art gallery in the US, showcased photographs beside avant-garde paintings
775168507	The Steerage	STIEGLITZ, PHOTO-SECESSION, arranged little and allowed people and events to make their own compositions, diagonals and lines as framing elements, diagonals and framing effects of ladders, sails, steam pipes, etc., poorest people traveling from US to Europe, rejected immigration
775168508	Precisionism	loosely organized 1920s movement, stressed the flat precession of synthetic Cubism and interest in the sharp edges of machinery
775168509	Light Iris	O'KEEFFE, 1924, PRECISIONISM, simplified monumental shapes, organic forms, minimal details, monumentality of delicate flower, broad planes of unmodulated color, titled perspective, erotic overtones, female sexuality, naturally beautiful flower
775168510	Dada	"hobby horse", nonsense word, rejected conventional methods of representation, conventional manner in which they were represented, disillusioned by the slaughter of WWI, oil and canvas abandoned, READY-MADES, did work on glass, challenged relationship between words and images, meaning contingent upon location or accident
775168511	Fountain	DUCHAMP, DADA, ready-made sculpture, entered in a show, but was refused, R. Mutt was signed, urinal collects liquid, doesn't spout it
775168512	Ready-Made	a functional manufactured object that is displayed as a work of art for its unintentional aesthetic qualities.
775168513	Metaphysical Painting	Italian movement, flourished in 1910s and 1920s, human beings cast in open and mysterious plazas of infinite space, introduction of alien elements, created enigmas, influenced by work of German philosophers, asks the viewer to interpret the meaning based on symbols, suggestions, and impressions
775168514	Melancholy and Mystery of a Street	DECHIRICO, METAPHYSICAL, 1914, deep pull into space, shadowy eerie forms, create mystery and foreboding, juxtaposition of large dark spaces and open light vistas, empty van with nothing in it
775168515	Surrealism	inspired by Freud and Jung, sought to represent an unseen world of dreams, subconscious thoughts, and unspoken communication, starting the the theories of Breton, biomorphic and suggestive forms, veristic tradition of using reality-based subjects, looking at a painting's title confuses, meant to puzzle, challenge, and fascinate
775178340	Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale	ERNST, SURREALISM, 1924, why is a nightingale out in the daytime? how could a bird frighten children so much? relative size between fence and children? shadowy figure in house? what will happen when the figure pushes the button?
775178341	Persistence of Memory	DALI, SURREALISM, huge empty spaces suggested by vast landscape, drooping watches all tell different times, only life is the fly on watch, ants on closed watch fob, hallucinatory, bonelike, barren landscape, visual ironies
775178342	Painting	MIRO, SURREALISM, 1933, biomorphic shapes set on a series of simple background colors, harmonies are softly modeled, shapes suggest realistic objects, delineated by solid black outlines, some are filled in with black, amoeba-like shapes, forms interact in a free-flowing pattern
775178343	Lobster Tail and Fish Trap	CALDER, SURREALISM, mobile hung from ceiling, perfectly balanced and changing shape in the breeze, primary and neutral colors, biomorphic flat forms, MoMA
775178344	Alexander Calder	inventor of the mobile
775178345	Object	OPPENHEIM, SURREALISM, said to have been done in response to Picasso's claim that anything looks good in fur
775178346	The Two Fridas	KAHLO, SURREALISM, 1939, juxtaposition of two self-portraits, left is Spanish lady in white lace, right is Mexican peasant, stiffness and provincial quality of Mexican folk art, two hearts are intertwined by veins that are cut by scissors, barren landscape, two figures sit against an active sky
775178347	Suprematism	powerful independent movement before the Russian Revolution, so named because they thought nonobjective reality was greater than anything else, produced canvases called "SUPREMACY OF PURE FEELING", forms float on white background, usually suspended in thoughtful arrangements, limited use of color, geometric shapes
775199166	Airplane Flying	MALEVICH, SUPREMATISM, simple rectangular forms placed the white background, compositions asks us to contemplate relationship of forms, pure idealism of forms, said he wanted to "free art from burden of the object"
775199167	Constructivism	experimented with new architectural materials, assembled them in a way devoid of historical reference, Tatlin and others saw the new Russia as an idealistic center removed form historical reference and decoration, influenced by Cubists and Futurists, designed buildings with no precise facades, placed on dramatic use of materials
775199168	Monument to the Third International	TATLIN, CONSTRUCTIVISM, commemorates Russian Revolution, believed abstract art represented new society built free of past associations, to have been made of iron and glass, Axis pointed to Polaris, three chambers were to rotate around a central axis, bottom glass structure, middle for administration, top information center, lacks main facade, never built, would have been world's tallest building
775199169	DeStijl	movement symbolized by MONDRIAN, reached its height between 1917 and 1930s, COMPLETELY ABSTRACT, make no reference to nature, painted on a white background, use black lines to shape rectangular shapes, primary colors, painted without modulation, perpendicular lines
775199170	Composition in Black and White and Red	MONDRIAN, DESTIJL, only primary colors, severe geometry of forms, all right angles, gridlike, no shading
775199171	Schroder House	RIETVELD, DESTIJL, arrangement suggesting DeStijl paintings, geometric grid-like facade, asymmetrical interlocking planes, private rooms of house on bottom floor, free-flowing interior has partitions
775199172	Bauhaus	school of architecture and interior design, taught that all art forms should be designed as a unit, technology was embraced, students encouraged to understand all aspects of art, free combining of science and fine arts
775199173	The Bauhaus	GROPIUS, BAUHAUS, building lifted off ground, seems to float, framing white horizontal string courses embrace the building, glass walls reveal classrooms beyond, devoid of embellishments or architectural motifs, "house of building"
775199174	International Style	Le Corbusier, house is a "MACHINE FOR LIVING", streamlined qualities of Bauhaus, celebrates clean, spacious white lines, skeleton system which holds the building up from within, great planes of glass wrap around, lack of architectural ornament and avoidance of sculpture and painting applied to the outside
775199175	Villa Savoye	LE CORBUSIER, three-bedroom villa with servant's quarters, boxlike horizontal quality, main part of house lifted off ground, turning circle on bottom is carport, all space is utilized
775199176	Prairie Style	concerns a group of Chicago architects from 1900 to 1917, Frank Lloyd Wright, rejected the idea that buildings should be done in historic style, buildings should be in harmony with their site, complex irregular plans and forms that seemed to reflect contemporary painting, rectangles, squares, circles, botanical spaces, organic qualities of materials, believed to be most beautiful
775199177	Cantilever	a projecting beam anchored without support, used by Frank Lloyd Wright
775199178	Robie House	FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT, PRAIRIE STYLE, accent on the horizontal nature of the prairie reflected long ground-hugging lines of the building, cantilever construction, porches covered by long balconies, corners were turned with windows, roof angled to allow low winter sun to center, built without blinds or curtains in mind, entrance hidden from view
775199179	Falling Water	FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT, PRAIRIE STYLE, cantilevered porches extend over waterfall, accent on horizontal lines, architecture in harmony with site, living room contains glass curtain wall, floor of living room are made from stone, hearth is the center of the house, suppression of space devoted to hanging a painting, irregularity and complexity of ground plan
775199180	Art Deco	expresses refined taste in streamlined art, focus on industry, machine, and aerodynamics, developed in opposition to International Style, comes from 1925 Exposition, replaces vegetal forms of Art Nouveau with machine stylization, stylized automobile wheels and grills
775199181	Chrysler Building	VAN ALEN, ART DECO, tallest building in the world at the time, lobby clad in rich mix of marble, onyx, etc., extensive use of streamlined metalwork in facade, car motifs dominate, metal hubcaps, gargoyles in form of radiator caps, stainless steel used for beauty of metal and easy maintenance
775199182	Organic Art	uses a few basic shapes and builds upon these, more symbolic than depictive, belief in the honesty of simple shapes, sleekness and roundness of forms, makes sculptures seem deceptively simple, show great understanding
775199183	Bird in Space	BRANCUSI, ORGANIC, anchored onto marble base, figure soars up directly before us, not image of bird, impression of bird sweeping into sky, shiny bronze surface, famous trial over importation of object
775199184	Reclining Figure	MOORE, ORGANIC, 1947, did many on this theme, simplified forms with great areas of negative space, made of highly polished bronze, negative space emphasized, biomorphic forms, influenced by ancient Mayan figures
775211604	Depression Era Art	American art recognized the plight of destitute, raised social issues and concerns, Documentary Photography, Lawrence's migration series, city life, country life, Harlem Renaissance
775211605	Documentary Photography	a type of photography that seeks social and political redress for current issues by using photographs as a way of exposing' society's faults
775211606	Migrant Mother	LANGE, DEPRESSION ERA, 1935, photographed migrant workers in California, children turn away, mother is symbol of despair and anxiety, yet has strength and determination, poverty expressed in rags the infant is wrapped in, documentary photography
775211607	Nighthawks	HOPPER, DEPRESSION ERA, simple, quiet composition, one that denotes tension, city location that seems empty and deserted, loneliness of modern life, we see through the glass window, no exterior door, three customers have no interaction, one counterman seems to listen, clarity of forms
775211608	Migration of the Negro	LAWRENCE, DEPRESSION-ERA, similar to this one, series of sixty paintings that depicts migration of African-Americans from rural South to urban North, overall color unity in the series unites each painting, forms hover in large spaces, flat simple shapes, unmodulated colors, collective African-American experience
775211609	American Gothic	WOOD, DEPRESSION-ERA, emphasized Midwestern subjects, Artist's sister and his dentist, meant to represent father-daughter, long oval heads, narrow chins, sloping shoulders, expression of disapproval or hostility, pitchfork design reflected in farmer's shirt, artist resisted interpreting the painting
775211610	Mexican Muralists	major revival, started doing old-age tradition of frescos, promoted a political or a social message, didactic paintings have unmistakable meaning rendered in an easy-to-read format, themes promote labor and struggle of the working classes, Socialist agenda
775211611	Biomorphism	a movement stressing organic shapes that hint at natural forms
775211612	Collage	a composition made by pasting together different items onto a flat surface
775211613	Ferroconcrete	steel reinforced concrete, materials act together to resist building stresses
775211614	Frottage	a composition made by rubbing a crayon or a pencil over paper placed over a surface with a raised design
775211615	Harlem Renaissance	particularly rich artistic period in the 1920s and 1930s that is named after the African-American neighborhood in NYC where it emerged, marked by a cultural resurgence by African-Americans in painting, writing, music, and photography
775211616	Mobile	a sculpture made of several different items that dangle from a ceiling and can be set in motion by air currents
775211617	Regionalism	an American art movement from the early twentieth century that emphasized Midwestern rural life in a direct style

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AP Biology Chapter 10 Flashcards

AP Biology Chapter 10 Photosynthesis

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590740444	photosynthesis	the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy
590740445	autotrophs	sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms
590740446	autotrophs	they are the producers of the biosphere, producing organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules
590740447	photoautotrophs	uses energy of sunlight to make organic molecules from H2O and CO2
590740448	heterotrophs	obtain their organic material from other organisms
590740449	heterotrophs	the consumers of the biosphere; depends on photoautotrophs for food and O2
590740450	leaves	where are the major locations of photosynthesis?
590740451	chlorophyll	the green pigment within chloroplasts
590740452	stomata	microscopic pores in leaves
590740453	mesophyll	the interior tissue of the leaf; where chloroplasts are found
590740454	30-40	a typical mesophyll cell has _______ chloroplasts
590740455	thylakoids	connected sacs in the chloroplast
590740456	thylakoids	the chlorophyll is in the membrane of _______
590740457	grana (singular- granum)	stacks of thylakoids
590740458	stroma	dense fluid in the chloroplast; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from CO2 and H2O
590740459	6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy yields C6H12O6 + 6O2	the formula for photosynthesis
590740460	oxidized; reduced	photosynthesis is a redox process in which H2O is ______and CO2 is ________
590740461	hydrogen, oxygen, electrons	chloroplasts split H2O into ______, ______, and ______
590740462	light reactions, Calvin cycle	photosynthesis consists of the _____ _____ and ____ ____
590740463	H2O enters, light strikes PSII and splits H2O; release O2, H+, and electrons, electrons move across ETC (electron transport chain) to PSI, reduce NADP+ to NADPH, H+ goes to ATP synthase to generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation	the process of the light reaction (in the thylakoids) are... (6 steps)
590740464	calvin cycle	forms sugar from CO2 using ATP and NADPH
590740465	wavelength	the distance between crests of waves; determines the type of electromagnetic energy
590740466	electromagnetic spectrum	the entire range of electromagnetic energy or radiation
590740467	visible light	consists of wavelengths (inclduing those that drive photosynthesis) that produce colors we can see
590740468	photons	a quantum, or discrete quantity, of light that behaves as if it were a particle
590740469	shorter; longer	the _______ the wavelength the higher the energy; the ______ the wavelength the lower the energy
590740470	pigments	substances that absorb visible light
590740471	chlorophyll reflects green light	why do leaves appear green? (think spectrum)
590740472	spectrophotometer	measures a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths; measures the fraction of light transmitted at each wavelength
590740473	absorption spectrum	a graph plotting a pigment's light absorption versus wavelength
590740474	violet-blue, red	the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a suggests that ______ and____ light work best for photosynthesis
590740475	action spectrum	profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a process
590740476	(Theodor W.) Engelmann	the action spectrum of photosynthesis was first demonstrated in 1883 by who?
590740477	chlorophyll a	the main photosynthetic pigment
590740478	chlorophyll b	accessory pigment; broadens the spectrum used for photosynthesis
590740479	carotenoids	accessory pigments; absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll
590740480	fluorescence	when excited electrons fall back to the ground state, photons are given off, an afterglow called ______
590740481	fluoresce, light, heat	if illuminated, an isolated solution of chlorophyll will _______, giving of ____ and _____
590740482	photosystem	consists of a reaction-center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes
590740483	light-harvesting complex	pigment molecules bound to proteins; funnels the energy of photons to the reaction center
590740484	primary electron acceptor (plastoquinone)	accepts an excited electron from chlorophyll a
590740485	first	solar-powered transfer of an electron from a chlorophyll a molecule to the primary electron acceptor is the ____ step of the light reactions
590740488	PS II, PS I	what are the two types of photosystems? (initials)
590740490	PS II	functions first (the numbers reflect order of discovery) and is best at absorbing a wavelength of 680nm
590740491	P680	the reaction-center chlorophyll a of PS II is _____
590740493	PS I	best at absorbing a wavelength of 700nm
590740495	P700	the reaction-center chlorophyll a of PS I is called ______
590740497	linear, cyclic	what are the two possible routes for electron flow?
590740499	linear electron flow	the primary pathway, involves both photosystems and produces ATP, NADPH, and O2 using light energy
590740500	ferredoxin (Fd)	what protein transfers electrons to reduce NADP+ to NADPH?
590740503	cyclic electron flow	uses only photosystem I and produces ATP, but NOT NADPH and O2; generates surplus ATP, satisfying the higher demand in the Calvin cycle
590740505	chemiosmosis	chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP by _____, but use different sources of energy
590740507	mitochondria	transfer chemical energy from food to ATP
590740508	chloroplast	transforms light energy into the chemical energy of ATP
590740510	ATP; NADPH	the Calvin cycle builds sugar from smaller molecules by using ______ and the reducing power of electrons carried by _______
590740512	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P or PGAL)	in the Calvin cycle, carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as a sugar named __________
590740515	3, 3	for a net synthesis of 1 G3P, the cycle must take place _____ times, fixing ___ molecules of CO2
590740517	carbon fixation (catalyzed by rubisco); reduction, regeneration (of the CO2 acceptor RuBP)	name the three stages of the Calvin cycle
591619670	carbon fixation	the initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism (a plant, photosynthetic organism, etc)
591135861	C3 plants	in most plants, initial fixation of CO2 via rubisco forms a three-carbon compound
591135862	photorespiration	rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2 in the Calvin cycle; consumes O2 and organic fuel and releases CO2 without producing ATP or sugar; consumes O2 and ATP, releases CO2, and decreases photosynthetic output
591135863	C4 plants	minimize the cost of photorespiration by incorporating CO2 into four-carbon compounds in mesophyll cells
591471263	C4 plants	transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occurs
591135864	PEP carboxylase	what enzyme is in C4 plants?
591135865	PEP carboxylase	has a high affinity for CO2 than rubisco; it can fix CO2 even when CO2 concentrations are low
591135866	bundle-sheath cell	the four-carbon compounds are exported from the mesophyll cell to the _______, where they release CO2 that is then used in the Calving cycle
591135867	CAM plants	open their stomata at night, incorporating CO2 into organic acids; stomata close during the day, and CO2 is released from organic acids and used in the Calvin cycle
591471264	cytoplasm	in C4 and CAM plants, carbon dioxide is fixed in the ______ of mesophyll cells
591619671	photophosphorylation	the process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton-motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or the membrane of certain prokaryotes during the light reactions of photosynthesis
591827105	in sugar molecules and water	in photosynthesis, what is the fate of the oxygen atoms present in CO2? they end up ______

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A.P. World History | Unit III Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary from A.P. World History's third Unit!

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987759840	bacchanal	a follower of Bacchus, and an occasion of drunken revelry
987759841	caravan	a vehicle equipped for living in, usually towed by animals (camels, donkey's, etc.) and carrying a group of travelers, traveling together to deserts and/or hostile territories
987759842	colony	any people or territory separated from but subject to a ruling power; under full control of another people or territory
987759843	convivium	(ancient Greece) a drinking party
987759844	debilitating	to make weak or feeble; enfeeble
987759845	Democracy	government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system; by the whole population and eligible members of a state
987759846	demoralizing	to deprive (a person or persons) of spirit, courage, discipline, etc.; destroy the morale of; to corrupt or undermine the morals of
987759847	dictator	a person exercising absolute power, especially a ruler who has absolute, unrestricted control in a government without hereditary succession
987759848	Epicurean	disciple or student of Greek philosopher Epicuns; as well as fond of or adapted to luxury or indulgence in sensual pleasures; having luxurious tastes or habits,especially in eating and drinking
987759849	Federation	a group of states with a central government but independence in internal affairs
987759850	Helot	of Spartan state; not slaves but not free; a serf or slave-esque; bondman
987759851	Odyssey	an epic poem attributed to Homer, describing Odysseus's adventures in his ten-yearattempt to return home to Ithaca after the Trojan War; a long series of wanderings or adventures, especially when filled with notable experiences, hardships, etc
987759852	oligarchy	a form of government in which all power is vested in a few persons or in a dominant class or clique;government by the few; a small group of people having control of a country, orginization, or institution
987759853	oracle	a priest or priestess acting as a medium through whom advice or prophecy was sought from the gods in classical antiquity; an utterance, often ambiguous or obscure, given by a priest or priestess at a shrine as the response of a god to an inquiry; response to question
987759854	polis	'city' in Greek; a citadel or fortified site that offered refuge for local communities during times of fear or other emergencies
987759855	qanat	a gently sloping underground tunnel for irrigation purposes; taps underground mountain water and channels it through tunnels
987759856	rational	having or exercising reason, sound judgment, or good sense; based on or in accordance with reason or logic; logical
987759857	Republic	a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by the
987759858	satrap	a governor of a province under the ancient Persian monarchy; a provincial governor in the ancient Persian Empire
987759859	Socratic	a form of inquiry and discussion between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to illuminate ideas; understanding of human nature with ethics and morality; named after Greek philosopher Socrates
987759860	Stoicism	taught that virtue, the highest good, is based on knowledge, and that the wise live in harmony with the divine Reason (also identified with Fate and Providence) that governs nature, and are indifferent to the vicissitudes of fortune and to pleasure and pain; endures pain without complaint; hardship without expression of feeling; 'deal with it'
987759861	symposion	(in ancient Greece and Rome) a convivial meeting, usually following a dinner, for drinking and intellectual conversation; a 'drinking together' meeting; followed by conviviums and/or bacchanals
987759862	tribute	an act, statement, or gift that is intended to show gratitude, respect, or admiration; made annually or periodically to a state or ruler for their (the tribute's) dependence
987759863	tyrant	a sovereign or other ruler who uses power oppressively or unjustly; any person in a position of authority who exercises power oppressively or despotically; a cruel and oppressive ruler

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A.P. World History | Unit III Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary from A.P. World History's third Unit!

Terms : Hide Images

987759840	bacchanal	a follower of Bacchus, and an occasion of drunken revelry
987759841	caravan	a vehicle equipped for living in, usually towed by animals (camels, donkey's, etc.) and carrying a group of travelers, traveling together to deserts and/or hostile territories
987759842	colony	any people or territory separated from but subject to a ruling power; under full control of another people or territory
987759843	convivium	(ancient Greece) a drinking party
987759844	debilitating	to make weak or feeble; enfeeble
987759845	Democracy	government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system; by the whole population and eligible members of a state
987759846	demoralizing	to deprive (a person or persons) of spirit, courage, discipline, etc.; destroy the morale of; to corrupt or undermine the morals of
987759847	dictator	a person exercising absolute power, especially a ruler who has absolute, unrestricted control in a government without hereditary succession
987759848	Epicurean	disciple or student of Greek philosopher Epicuns; as well as fond of or adapted to luxury or indulgence in sensual pleasures; having luxurious tastes or habits,especially in eating and drinking
987759849	Federation	a group of states with a central government but independence in internal affairs
987759850	Helot	of Spartan state; not slaves but not free; a serf or slave-esque; bondman
987759851	Odyssey	an epic poem attributed to Homer, describing Odysseus's adventures in his ten-yearattempt to return home to Ithaca after the Trojan War; a long series of wanderings or adventures, especially when filled with notable experiences, hardships, etc
987759852	oligarchy	a form of government in which all power is vested in a few persons or in a dominant class or clique;government by the few; a small group of people having control of a country, orginization, or institution
987759853	oracle	a priest or priestess acting as a medium through whom advice or prophecy was sought from the gods in classical antiquity; an utterance, often ambiguous or obscure, given by a priest or priestess at a shrine as the response of a god to an inquiry; response to question
987759854	polis	'city' in Greek; a citadel or fortified site that offered refuge for local communities during times of fear or other emergencies
987759855	qanat	a gently sloping underground tunnel for irrigation purposes; taps underground mountain water and channels it through tunnels
987759856	rational	having or exercising reason, sound judgment, or good sense; based on or in accordance with reason or logic; logical
987759857	Republic	a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by the
987759858	satrap	a governor of a province under the ancient Persian monarchy; a provincial governor in the ancient Persian Empire
987759859	Socratic	a form of inquiry and discussion between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to illuminate ideas; understanding of human nature with ethics and morality; named after Greek philosopher Socrates
987759860	Stoicism	taught that virtue, the highest good, is based on knowledge, and that the wise live in harmony with the divine Reason (also identified with Fate and Providence) that governs nature, and are indifferent to the vicissitudes of fortune and to pleasure and pain; endures pain without complaint; hardship without expression of feeling; 'deal with it'
987759861	symposion	(in ancient Greece and Rome) a convivial meeting, usually following a dinner, for drinking and intellectual conversation; a 'drinking together' meeting; followed by conviviums and/or bacchanals
987759862	tribute	an act, statement, or gift that is intended to show gratitude, respect, or admiration; made annually or periodically to a state or ruler for their (the tribute's) dependence
987759863	tyrant	a sovereign or other ruler who uses power oppressively or unjustly; any person in a position of authority who exercises power oppressively or despotically; a cruel and oppressive ruler

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A.P. World History | Unit I Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary from A.P. World History's first Unit.

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918549484	agriculture	the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain
918549485	band	an extended group that generally lived together (company of persons)
919322325	civilization	a society in an advanced state of social development (i.e., with complex cities, legal, political and religious organizations)
919322326	clan	a group of people of common descent; family
919322327	commerce	an interchange of goods or commodities on a large scale between different countries or within the country; trade; business
919322328	cultivation	work on land in an effort to raise crops, harvesting for consumption; till
919322329	culture	the behaviors, beliefs, artistic expressions, etc. characteristic of a Civilization or society
919322330	diffusion	an art form, practice, belief, etc. traveling from a hearth and possibly being accepted throughout
919322331	domesticate	to tame (an animal) as a pet or work animal, creating a dependency so that the animal loses its ability to live in the wild; to adapt (a plant) so as to be cultivated by and beneficial to human beings / verb
919322332	history	the record of past events and times, especially in connection with the human race; a past notable for its important, unusual, or interesting events; world history
919322333	irrigation	the artificial application of water to land to assist in the production of crops (through canals, waterways, aquifers, etc.)
919322334	matriarchy	a form of social organization in which the mother is head of the family, and in which descent is reckoned in the female line, the children belonging to the mother's clan; 'think women'
919322336	migration	periodically from one region or climate to another, as certain birds, fishes, and animals (and humans throughout history)
919322338	monotheism	belief in a single God
919322341	Neolithic	characteristic of the last of the Stone Age, marked by the domestication of animals, the development of agriculture, and the manufacture of pottery and textiles; commonly thought to have begun c. 9000 - 8000 b.c. in the Middle East.
919322343	nomad	(of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently
919322345	pastoral	relating to shepherds or herdsmen or devoted to raising sheep or cattle (e.g. pastoral peoples)
919322347	Patriarchy	a form of social organization in which the father is the supreme authority in the family, clan, or tribe and the descent is reckoned in the male line, with the children belonging to the father's clan or tribe; 'think men'
919322349	scribe	a person who serves as a professional copyist, especially one who made copies of manuscripts before the invention of printing
919322351	sedentary	remaining in one place (settling)
919322353	specialization	the act of specializing, or pursuing a particular line of study or work
919322355	stratification	the hierarchical or vertical division of society according to rank, caste, or class
919322356	theocracy	government run by religious leaders (and/or a God being held as the supreme civil ruler)
919322359	tribe	any aggregate of people united by ties of descent from a common ancestor, community of customs and traditions, adherence to the same leaders, etc.; a division of aboriginal people
919322361	polytheism	belief in multiple Gods

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A.P. World History Terms (Whole Book) Flashcards

The terms from the glossary in the back of The Earth and Its Peoples (Advanced Placement Edition), 3rd Edition - prep for the A.P. World History Exam.

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771611262	Abbasid Caliphate	Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750-1258. (p. 203)
771611263	abolitionists	Men and women who agitated for a complete end to slavery. Abolitionist pressure ended the British transatlantic slave trade in 1808 and slavery in British colonies in 1834. In the United States the activities of abolitionists were one factor leading to the Civil War (1861-1865). (p. 610)
771611264	acculturation	The adoption of the language, customs, values, and behaviors of host nations by immigrants. (p. 614)
771611265	Acheh Sultanate	Muslim kingdom in northern Sumatra. Main center of Islamic expansion in Southeast Asia in the early seventeenth century, it declined after the Dutch seized Malacca from Portugal in 1641. (p. 504)
771611266	Aden	Port city in the modern south Arabian country of Yemen. It has been a major trading center in the Indian Ocean since ancient times. (p. 342)
771611267	African National Congress	An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Though it was banned and its leaders were jailed for many years, it eventually helped bring majority rule to South Africa. (p. 799)
771611269	Afrikaners	South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910, imposing a system of racial segregation called apartheid after 1949. (p. 717)
771611271	Agricultural Revolution(s) (ancient)	The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between ca. 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution. (pp. 8, 570)
771611273	agricultural revolution (eighteenth century)	The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and the consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants and sharecroppers were forcibly expelled. (p. 570)
771611276	Aguinaldo, Emilio (1869-1964)	Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901. (p. 725)
771611278	Akbar I (1542-1605)	Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. (p. 500)
771611280	Akhenaten	Egyptian pharaoh (r. 1353-1335 B.C.E.). He built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk. The Amarna letters, largely from his reign, preserve official correspondence with subjects and neighbors. (p. 64)
771611282	Alexander (356-323 B.C.E.)	King of Macedonia in northern Greece. Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. Later known as Alexander the Great. (p. 116)
771611284	Alexandria	City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of the Ptolemies. It contained the famous Library and the Museum - a center for leading scientific and literary figures. Its merchants engaged in trade with areas bordering the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. (p. 117)
771611286	Allende, Salvador (1908-1973)	Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. He died during the military attack.
779280536	All-India Muslim League	Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India's Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. In 1940, the League began demanding a separate state for Muslims, to be called Pakistan. (See also Jinnah, Muhammad Ali.) (p. 803)
779280537	amulet	Small charm meant to protect the bearer from evil. Found frequently in archaeological excavations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, amulets reflect the religious practices of the common people. (p. 19)
779280538	Amur River	This river valley was a contested frontier between northern China and eastern Russia until the settlement arranged in the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689). (p. 522)
779280539	anarchists	Revolutionaries who wanted to abolish all private property and governments, usually by violence, and replace them with free associations of groups. (p. 691)
779280540	Anasazi	Important culture of what is now the Southwest United States (1000-1300 C.E.). Centered on the Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshipped in subterranean buildings called kivas. (p. 278)
779280541	aqueduct	A conduit, either elevated or underground, using gravity to carry water from a source to a location - usually a city - that needed it. The Romans built many aqueducts in a period of substantial urbanization. (p. 135)
779280542	Arawak	Amerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus. (p. 381)
779280543	Arkwright, Richard (1732-1792)	English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin many strong cotton threads at once. (p. 575)
779280544	Armenia	One of the earliest Christian kingdoms, situated in eastern Anatolia and the western Caucasus and occupied by speakers of the Armenian language. (p. 190)
779280545	Asante	African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. Asante participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain's Gold Coast colony in 1902. (p. 718)
779280546	Ashikaga Shogunate (1336-1573)	The second of Japan's military governments headed by a shogun (a military ruler). Sometimes called the Muromachi Shogunate. (p. 320)
779280547	Ashoka	Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing. (p. 161)
779280548	Asian Tigers	Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore - nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s. (p. 856)
779280549	Atahualpa (1502?-1533)	Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. (p. 398)
779280550	Atlantic Circuit	The network of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system. (p. 469)
779280551	Atlantic system	The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin. (p. 458)
779280552	Augustus (63 B.C.E. - 14 C.E.)	Honorific name of Octavian, founder of the Roman Principate, the military dictatorship that replaced the failing rule of the Roman Senate. After defeating all rivals, between 31 B.C.E. and 14 C.E. he laid the groundwork for several centuries of stability and prosperity in the Roman Empire. (p. 132)
779280553	Auschwitz	Nazi extermination camp in Poland, the largest center of mass murder during the Holocaust. Close to a million Jews, Gypsies, Communists, and others were killed there. (p. 788)
779280554	ayllu	Andean lineage group or kin-based community. (p. 282)
779280555	Aztecs	Also known as Mexica, the Aztecs created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. (p. 275)
779280556	Babylon	The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. (p. 14)
779280557	balance of power	The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful. (p. 424)
779280558	Balfour Declaration	Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. (p. 744)
779280559	Bannermen	Hereditary military servants of the Qing Empire, in large part descendants of peoples of various origins who had fought for the founders of the empire. (p. 668)
779280560	Bantu	Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking those languages. (p. 188)
779280561	Batavia	Fort established ca. 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta. (p. 507)
779280562	Battle of Midway	U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II. (p. 782)
779280563	Battle of Omdurman	British victory over the Mahdi in the Sudan in 1898. General Kitchener led a mixed force of British and Egyptian troops armed with rapid-firing rifles and machine guns. (p. 712)
779280564	Beijing	China's northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the People's Republic of China. (p. 310)
779280565	Bengal	Region of northeastern India. It was the first part of India to be conquered by the British in the eighteenth century and remained the political and economic center of British India throughout the nineteenth century. The 1905 split of the province into predominantly Hindu West Bengal and predominantly Muslim East Bengal (now Bangladesh) sparked anti-British riots. (p. 802)
779280566	Berlin Conference (1884-1885)	Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium. (See also Bismarck, Otto von). (p. 716)
779280567	Bhagavad-Gita	The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit. (p. 162)
779280568	bin Laden, Usama	Saudi-born Muslim extremist who funded the al Qaeda organization that was responsible for several terrorist attacks, including those on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001. (p. 883)
779280569	Bismarck, Otto von (1815-1898)	Chancellor (prime minister) of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire in 1871. (p. 695)
779280570	Black Death	An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. (p. 353)
779280571	Bolívar, Simón (1783-1830)	The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. (p. 594)
779280572	Bolsheviks	Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladmir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin's leadership, the Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution. (See also Lenin, Vladmir). (p. 744)
779280573	Bonaparte, Napoleon	See Napoleon I.
779280574	Bornu	A powerful West African kingdom at the southern edge of the Sahara in the Central Sudan, which was important in trans-Saharan trade and in the spread of Islam. Also known as Kanem-Bornu, it endured from the ninth century to the end of the nineteenth. (p. 480)
779280575	bourgeoisie	In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. (p. 413)
779280576	Brant, Joseph (1742-1807)	Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution. (p. 549)
779280577	Brazza, Savorgnan de (1852-1905)	Franco-Italian explorer sent by the French government to claim part of equatorial Africa for France. Founded Brazzaville, capital of the French Congo, in 1880. (p. 714)
779280578	British raj	The rule over much of South Asia between 1765 and 1947 by the East India Company and then by a British government. (p. 634)
779280579	bubonic plague	A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing. Because of its very high mortality rate and the difficulty of preventing its spread, major outbreaks have created crises in many parts of the world. (See also Black Death.) (pp. 250, 302)
779280580	Buddha (563-483 B.C.E.)	An Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who renounced his wealth and social position. After becoming "enlightened" (the meaning of Buddha) he enunciated the principles of Buddhism. This doctrine evolved and spread throughout India and to Southeast, East, and Central Asia. (See also Mahayana Buddhism, Theravada Buddhism.) (p. 156)
779280581	business cycles	Recurrent swings from economic hard times to recovery and growth, then back to hard times and a repetition of the sequence. (p. 586)
779280582	Byzantine Empire	Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from "Byzantion," an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. (See also Ottoman Empire.) (p. 138, 219)
784078551	caliphate	Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire. (See also Abbasid Caliphate; Sokoto Caliphate; Umayyad Caliphate.) (p. 201)
784078552	capitalism	The economic system of large financial institutions—banks, stock exchanges, investment companies—that first developed in early modern Europe. Commercial capitalism, the trading system of the early modern economy, is often distinguished from industrial capitalism, the system based on machine production. (p. 468)
784078553	caravel	A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. (p. 384)
784078554	Cárdenas, Lázaro (1895-1970)	President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry. (p. 809)
784078555	Carthage	City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. (p. 81)
784078556	Caste War	A rebellion of the Maya people against the government of Mexico in 1847. It nearly returned the Yucatán to Maya rule. Some Maya rebels retreated to unoccupied territories where they held out until 1901. (p. 609)
784078557	Catholic Reformation	Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. (p. 409)
784078558	Champa rice	Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state. (See also tributary system.) (p. 264)
784078559	Chang'an	City in the Wei Valley in eastern China. It became the capital of the Qin and early Han Empires. Its main features were imitated in the cities and towns that sprang up throughout the Han Empire. (p. 143)
784078560	Charlemagne (742-814)	King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Though illiterate himself, he sponsored a brief intellectual revival. (p. 219)
784078561	chartered companies	Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies. (p. 460)
784078562	Chavín	The first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 B.C.E.). Its capital, Chavín de Huántar, was located high in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Chavín became politically and economically dominant in a densely populated region that included two distinct ecological zones, the Peruvian coastal plain and the Andean foothills. (p. 54)
784078563	Chiang Kai-shek	(1886-1975) Chinese military and political leader. Succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang in 1923; headed the Chinese government from 1928 to 1948; fought against the Chinese Communists and Japanese invaders. After 1949 he headed the Chinese Nationalist government in Taiwan. (pp. 752, 776)
784078564	chiefdom	Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, chiefdoms were based on gift giving and commercial links. (p. 280)
784078565	chinampas	Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. (p. 270)
784078566	city-state	A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy. (See also polis.) (p. 16)
784078567	civilization	An ambiguous term often used to denote more complex societies but sometimes by anthropologists to describe any group of people sharing a set of cultural traits. (p. 5)
784078568	Cixi, Empress Dowager (1835-1908)	Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported antiforeign movements, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces. (p. 701)
784078569	clipper ship	Large, fast, streamlined sailing vessel, often American built, of the mid-to-late nineteenth century rigged with vast canvas sails hung from tall masts. (p. 644)
784078570	Cold War (1945-1991)	The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another. The Cold War came to an end when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. (See also North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Warsaw Pact.) (p. 821)
784078571	colonialism	Policy by which a nation administers a foreign territory and develops its resources for the benefit of the colonial power. (p. 713)
784078572	Columbian Exchange	The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. (p. 431)
784078573	Columbus, Christopher (1451-1506)	Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization. (p. 388)
784078574	Confederation of 1867	Negotiated union of the formerly separate colonial governments of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. This new Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa is seen as the beginning of the Canadian nation. (p. 599)
784078575	Confucius	Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi (551-479 B.C.E.). His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials. (p. 45)
784078576	Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)	Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon I. (p. 563)
784078577	conquistadors	Early sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (See Cortés, Hernán; Pizarro, Francisco.) (p. 394)
784078578	Constantine (285-337 C.E.)	Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion. (p. 138)
784078579	Constitutional Convention	Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States. (p. 551)
789048837	contract of indenture	A voluntary agreement binding a person to work for a specified period of years in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most indentured servants were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians. (p. 647)
789048838	Cortés, Hernán (1485-1547)	Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. (p. 394)
789048839	Cossacks	Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (p. 529)
789048840	Council of the Indies	The institution responsible for the supervising of Spain's colonies in the Americas from 1524 to the early eighteenth century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilities. (p. 434)
789048841	coureurs des bois (runners of the woods)	French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America. (p. 450)
789048842	creoles	In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term used to describe all non-native peoples. (p. 440)
789048843	Crimean War (1853-1856)	Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans. (p. 660)
789048844	Crusades (1096-1291)	Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. (p. 237)
789048845	Crystal Palace	Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age. (p. 578)
789048846	Cuban missile crisis (1962)	Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter's placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba. (p. 829)
789048847	cultural imperialism	Domination of one culture over another by a deliberate policy or by economic or technological superiority. (p. 897)
789048848	Cultural Revolution (China) (1966-1969)	Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation. (p. 841)
789048849	culture	Socially transmitted patterns of action and expression. Material culture refers to physical objects, such as dwellings, clothing, tools, and crafts. Culture also includes arts, beliefs, knowledge, and technology. (p. 6)
789048850	cuneiform	A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represent words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but was later adapted to represent other languages of western Asia. Because so many symbols had to be learned, literacy was confined to a relatively small group of administrators and scribes. (p. 22)
789048851	Cyrus (600-530 B.C.E.)	Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples, he employed Persians and Medes in his administration and respected the institutions and beliefs of subject peoples. (p. 96)
789048852	czar	See tsar.
789519955	daimyo	Literally, great name(s). Japanese warlords and great landowners, whose armed samurai gave them control of the Japanese islands from the eighth to the later nineteenth century. Under the Tokugawa Shogunate they were subordinated to the imperial government. (p. 511)
789519956	Daoism	Chinese school of thought, originating in the Warring States Period with Laozi (604-531 B.C.E.). Daoism offered an alternative to the Confucian emphasis on hierarchy and duty. Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or "path" of nature. (See also Confucius.) (p. 45)
789519957	Darius I (ca. 558-486 B.C.E.)	Third ruler of the Persian Empire (r. 521-486) B.C.E.). He crushed the widespread initial resistance to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians rather than to Medes. He established a system of provinces and tribute, began construction of Persepolis, and expanded Persian control in the east (Pakistan) and west (northern Greece). (p. 96)
789519958	Decembrist revolt	Abortive attempt by army officers to take control of the Russian government upon the death of Tsar Alexander I in 1825. (p. 666)
789519959	Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789)	Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. (p. 555)
789519960	deforestation	The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves. (p. 416)
789519961	Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)	Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders. (p. 328)
789519962	democracy	A system of government in which all "citizens" (however defined) have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections, as in the Greek city-state of Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. (p. 107)
789519963	demographic transition	A change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birthrates and death rates are high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate drops but the birthrate remains high, causing a population explosion; finally the birthrate drops and the population growth slows down. This transition took place in Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, in North America and East Asia in the mid-twentieth, and, most recently, in Latin America and South Asia. (p. 862)
789519964	Deng Xiaoping (1904-1997)	Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong. (p. 857)
789519965	development	In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the economic process that led to industrialization, urbanization, the rise of a large and prosperous middle class, and heavy investment in education. (p. 616)
789519966	devshirme	"Selection" in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries. (p. 489)
789519967	dhow	Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull. (p. 338)
789519968	Diagne, Blaise (1872-1934)	Senegalese political leader. He was the first African elected to the French National Assembly. During World War I, in exchange for promises to give French citizenship to Senegalese, he helped recruit Africans to serve in the French army. After the war, he led a movement to abolish forced labor in Africa. (p. 799)
789519969	Dias, Bartolomeu (1450?-1500)	Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. (p. 386)
789519970	Diaspora	A Greek word meaning "dispersal," used to describe the communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland. Jews, for example, spread from Israel to western Asia and the Mediterranean lands in antiquity and today can be found throughout the world. (p. 80)
791630747	Dirty War	War waged by the Argentine military (1976-1982) against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment, torture, and executions by the military. (p. 850)
791630748	divination	Techniques for ascertaining the future or the will of the gods by interpreting natural phenomena such as, in early China, the cracks on oracle bones or, in ancient Greece, the flight of birds through sectors of the sky. (p. 41)
791630749	division of labor	A manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers. Pioneered in the pottery works of Josiah Wedgwood and in other eighteenth-century factories, it greatly increased the productivity of labor and lowered the cost of manufactured goods. (See also Wedgwood, Josiah.) (p. 574)
791630750	driver	A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation. (p. 464)
791630751	durbar	An elaborate display of political power and wealth in British India in the nineteenth century, ostensibly in imitation of the pageantry of the Mughal Empire. (p. 636)
791630752	Dutch West India Company (1621-1794)	Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa. (p. 460)
791630753	Edison, Thomas (1847-1931)	American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures. (p. 684)
791630754	Einstein, Albert (1879-1955)	German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed. (p. 760)
791630755	El Alamein	Town in Egypt, site of the victory by Britain's Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery over German forces led by General Erwin Rommel (the "Desert Fox") in 1942-1943. (p. 782)
791630756	electricity	A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s. (p. 684)
791630757	electric telegraph	A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s and replaced telegraph systems that utilized visual signals such as semaphores. (See also submarine telegraph cables.) (p. 580)
791630758	encomienda	A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. (p. 439)
791630759	English Civil War (1642-1649)	A conflict over royal versus. Parliamentary rights, caused by King Charles I's arrest of his parliamentary critics and ending with his execution. Its outcome checked the growth of royal absolutism and, with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the English Bill of Rights of 1689, ensured that England would be a constitutional monarchy. (p. 422)
791630760	Enlightenment	A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. (pp. 412, 542)
791630761	equites	In ancient Italy, prosperous landowners second in wealth and status to the senatorial aristocracy. The Roman emperors allied with this group to counterbalance the influence of the old aristocracy and used the equites to staff the imperial civil service. (p. 132)
791630762	Estates General	France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. (p. 553)
791630763	Ethiopia	East African highland nation lying east of the Nile River. (See also Menelik II; Selassie, Haile.) (p. 190)
791630764	ethnic cleansing	Effort to eradicate a people and its culture by means of mass killing and the destruction of historical buildings and cultural materials. Ethnic cleansing was used by both sides of the conflicts that accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia in the 1990s. (p. 882)
791630765	European Community (EC)	An organization promoting economic unity in Europe formed in 1967 by consolidation of earlier, more limited, agreements. Replaced by the European Union (EU) in 1993. (p. 825)
791630766	extraterritoriality	The right of foreign residents in a country to live under the laws of their native country and disregard the laws of the host country. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, European and American nationals living in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right. (p. 661)
791630767	Faisal I (1885-1933)	Arab prince, leader of the Arab Revolt in World War I. The British made him king of Iraq in 1921, and he reigned under British protection until 1933.

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A.P. World History Terms (Whole Book) Flashcards

The terms from the glossary in the back of The Earth and Its Peoples (Advanced Placement Edition), 3rd Edition - prep for the A.P. World History Exam.

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771611262	Abbasid Caliphate	Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750-1258. (p. 203)
771611263	abolitionists	Men and women who agitated for a complete end to slavery. Abolitionist pressure ended the British transatlantic slave trade in 1808 and slavery in British colonies in 1834. In the United States the activities of abolitionists were one factor leading to the Civil War (1861-1865). (p. 610)
771611264	acculturation	The adoption of the language, customs, values, and behaviors of host nations by immigrants. (p. 614)
771611265	Acheh Sultanate	Muslim kingdom in northern Sumatra. Main center of Islamic expansion in Southeast Asia in the early seventeenth century, it declined after the Dutch seized Malacca from Portugal in 1641. (p. 504)
771611266	Aden	Port city in the modern south Arabian country of Yemen. It has been a major trading center in the Indian Ocean since ancient times. (p. 342)
771611267	African National Congress	An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Though it was banned and its leaders were jailed for many years, it eventually helped bring majority rule to South Africa. (p. 799)
771611269	Afrikaners	South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910, imposing a system of racial segregation called apartheid after 1949. (p. 717)
771611271	Agricultural Revolution(s) (ancient)	The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between ca. 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution. (pp. 8, 570)
771611273	agricultural revolution (eighteenth century)	The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and the consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants and sharecroppers were forcibly expelled. (p. 570)
771611276	Aguinaldo, Emilio (1869-1964)	Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901. (p. 725)
771611278	Akbar I (1542-1605)	Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. (p. 500)
771611280	Akhenaten	Egyptian pharaoh (r. 1353-1335 B.C.E.). He built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk. The Amarna letters, largely from his reign, preserve official correspondence with subjects and neighbors. (p. 64)
771611282	Alexander (356-323 B.C.E.)	King of Macedonia in northern Greece. Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. Later known as Alexander the Great. (p. 116)
771611284	Alexandria	City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of the Ptolemies. It contained the famous Library and the Museum - a center for leading scientific and literary figures. Its merchants engaged in trade with areas bordering the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. (p. 117)
771611286	Allende, Salvador (1908-1973)	Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. He died during the military attack.
779280536	All-India Muslim League	Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India's Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. In 1940, the League began demanding a separate state for Muslims, to be called Pakistan. (See also Jinnah, Muhammad Ali.) (p. 803)
779280537	amulet	Small charm meant to protect the bearer from evil. Found frequently in archaeological excavations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, amulets reflect the religious practices of the common people. (p. 19)
779280538	Amur River	This river valley was a contested frontier between northern China and eastern Russia until the settlement arranged in the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689). (p. 522)
779280539	anarchists	Revolutionaries who wanted to abolish all private property and governments, usually by violence, and replace them with free associations of groups. (p. 691)
779280540	Anasazi	Important culture of what is now the Southwest United States (1000-1300 C.E.). Centered on the Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshipped in subterranean buildings called kivas. (p. 278)
779280541	aqueduct	A conduit, either elevated or underground, using gravity to carry water from a source to a location - usually a city - that needed it. The Romans built many aqueducts in a period of substantial urbanization. (p. 135)
779280542	Arawak	Amerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus. (p. 381)
779280543	Arkwright, Richard (1732-1792)	English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin many strong cotton threads at once. (p. 575)
779280544	Armenia	One of the earliest Christian kingdoms, situated in eastern Anatolia and the western Caucasus and occupied by speakers of the Armenian language. (p. 190)
779280545	Asante	African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. Asante participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain's Gold Coast colony in 1902. (p. 718)
779280546	Ashikaga Shogunate (1336-1573)	The second of Japan's military governments headed by a shogun (a military ruler). Sometimes called the Muromachi Shogunate. (p. 320)
779280547	Ashoka	Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing. (p. 161)
779280548	Asian Tigers	Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore - nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s. (p. 856)
779280549	Atahualpa (1502?-1533)	Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. (p. 398)
779280550	Atlantic Circuit	The network of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system. (p. 469)
779280551	Atlantic system	The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin. (p. 458)
779280552	Augustus (63 B.C.E. - 14 C.E.)	Honorific name of Octavian, founder of the Roman Principate, the military dictatorship that replaced the failing rule of the Roman Senate. After defeating all rivals, between 31 B.C.E. and 14 C.E. he laid the groundwork for several centuries of stability and prosperity in the Roman Empire. (p. 132)
779280553	Auschwitz	Nazi extermination camp in Poland, the largest center of mass murder during the Holocaust. Close to a million Jews, Gypsies, Communists, and others were killed there. (p. 788)
779280554	ayllu	Andean lineage group or kin-based community. (p. 282)
779280555	Aztecs	Also known as Mexica, the Aztecs created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. (p. 275)
779280556	Babylon	The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. (p. 14)
779280557	balance of power	The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful. (p. 424)
779280558	Balfour Declaration	Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. (p. 744)
779280559	Bannermen	Hereditary military servants of the Qing Empire, in large part descendants of peoples of various origins who had fought for the founders of the empire. (p. 668)
779280560	Bantu	Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking those languages. (p. 188)
779280561	Batavia	Fort established ca. 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta. (p. 507)
779280562	Battle of Midway	U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II. (p. 782)
779280563	Battle of Omdurman	British victory over the Mahdi in the Sudan in 1898. General Kitchener led a mixed force of British and Egyptian troops armed with rapid-firing rifles and machine guns. (p. 712)
779280564	Beijing	China's northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the People's Republic of China. (p. 310)
779280565	Bengal	Region of northeastern India. It was the first part of India to be conquered by the British in the eighteenth century and remained the political and economic center of British India throughout the nineteenth century. The 1905 split of the province into predominantly Hindu West Bengal and predominantly Muslim East Bengal (now Bangladesh) sparked anti-British riots. (p. 802)
779280566	Berlin Conference (1884-1885)	Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium. (See also Bismarck, Otto von). (p. 716)
779280567	Bhagavad-Gita	The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit. (p. 162)
779280568	bin Laden, Usama	Saudi-born Muslim extremist who funded the al Qaeda organization that was responsible for several terrorist attacks, including those on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001. (p. 883)
779280569	Bismarck, Otto von (1815-1898)	Chancellor (prime minister) of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire in 1871. (p. 695)
779280570	Black Death	An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. (p. 353)
779280571	Bolívar, Simón (1783-1830)	The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. (p. 594)
779280572	Bolsheviks	Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladmir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin's leadership, the Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution. (See also Lenin, Vladmir). (p. 744)
779280573	Bonaparte, Napoleon	See Napoleon I.
779280574	Bornu	A powerful West African kingdom at the southern edge of the Sahara in the Central Sudan, which was important in trans-Saharan trade and in the spread of Islam. Also known as Kanem-Bornu, it endured from the ninth century to the end of the nineteenth. (p. 480)
779280575	bourgeoisie	In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. (p. 413)
779280576	Brant, Joseph (1742-1807)	Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution. (p. 549)
779280577	Brazza, Savorgnan de (1852-1905)	Franco-Italian explorer sent by the French government to claim part of equatorial Africa for France. Founded Brazzaville, capital of the French Congo, in 1880. (p. 714)
779280578	British raj	The rule over much of South Asia between 1765 and 1947 by the East India Company and then by a British government. (p. 634)
779280579	bubonic plague	A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing. Because of its very high mortality rate and the difficulty of preventing its spread, major outbreaks have created crises in many parts of the world. (See also Black Death.) (pp. 250, 302)
779280580	Buddha (563-483 B.C.E.)	An Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who renounced his wealth and social position. After becoming "enlightened" (the meaning of Buddha) he enunciated the principles of Buddhism. This doctrine evolved and spread throughout India and to Southeast, East, and Central Asia. (See also Mahayana Buddhism, Theravada Buddhism.) (p. 156)
779280581	business cycles	Recurrent swings from economic hard times to recovery and growth, then back to hard times and a repetition of the sequence. (p. 586)
779280582	Byzantine Empire	Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from "Byzantion," an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. (See also Ottoman Empire.) (p. 138, 219)
784078551	caliphate	Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire. (See also Abbasid Caliphate; Sokoto Caliphate; Umayyad Caliphate.) (p. 201)
784078552	capitalism	The economic system of large financial institutions—banks, stock exchanges, investment companies—that first developed in early modern Europe. Commercial capitalism, the trading system of the early modern economy, is often distinguished from industrial capitalism, the system based on machine production. (p. 468)
784078553	caravel	A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. (p. 384)
784078554	Cárdenas, Lázaro (1895-1970)	President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry. (p. 809)
784078555	Carthage	City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. (p. 81)
784078556	Caste War	A rebellion of the Maya people against the government of Mexico in 1847. It nearly returned the Yucatán to Maya rule. Some Maya rebels retreated to unoccupied territories where they held out until 1901. (p. 609)
784078557	Catholic Reformation	Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. (p. 409)
784078558	Champa rice	Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state. (See also tributary system.) (p. 264)
784078559	Chang'an	City in the Wei Valley in eastern China. It became the capital of the Qin and early Han Empires. Its main features were imitated in the cities and towns that sprang up throughout the Han Empire. (p. 143)
784078560	Charlemagne (742-814)	King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Though illiterate himself, he sponsored a brief intellectual revival. (p. 219)
784078561	chartered companies	Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies. (p. 460)
784078562	Chavín	The first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 B.C.E.). Its capital, Chavín de Huántar, was located high in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Chavín became politically and economically dominant in a densely populated region that included two distinct ecological zones, the Peruvian coastal plain and the Andean foothills. (p. 54)
784078563	Chiang Kai-shek	(1886-1975) Chinese military and political leader. Succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang in 1923; headed the Chinese government from 1928 to 1948; fought against the Chinese Communists and Japanese invaders. After 1949 he headed the Chinese Nationalist government in Taiwan. (pp. 752, 776)
784078564	chiefdom	Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, chiefdoms were based on gift giving and commercial links. (p. 280)
784078565	chinampas	Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. (p. 270)
784078566	city-state	A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy. (See also polis.) (p. 16)
784078567	civilization	An ambiguous term often used to denote more complex societies but sometimes by anthropologists to describe any group of people sharing a set of cultural traits. (p. 5)
784078568	Cixi, Empress Dowager (1835-1908)	Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported antiforeign movements, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces. (p. 701)
784078569	clipper ship	Large, fast, streamlined sailing vessel, often American built, of the mid-to-late nineteenth century rigged with vast canvas sails hung from tall masts. (p. 644)
784078570	Cold War (1945-1991)	The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another. The Cold War came to an end when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. (See also North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Warsaw Pact.) (p. 821)
784078571	colonialism	Policy by which a nation administers a foreign territory and develops its resources for the benefit of the colonial power. (p. 713)
784078572	Columbian Exchange	The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. (p. 431)
784078573	Columbus, Christopher (1451-1506)	Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization. (p. 388)
784078574	Confederation of 1867	Negotiated union of the formerly separate colonial governments of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. This new Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa is seen as the beginning of the Canadian nation. (p. 599)
784078575	Confucius	Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi (551-479 B.C.E.). His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials. (p. 45)
784078576	Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)	Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon I. (p. 563)
784078577	conquistadors	Early sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (See Cortés, Hernán; Pizarro, Francisco.) (p. 394)
784078578	Constantine (285-337 C.E.)	Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion. (p. 138)
784078579	Constitutional Convention	Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States. (p. 551)
789048837	contract of indenture	A voluntary agreement binding a person to work for a specified period of years in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most indentured servants were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians. (p. 647)
789048838	Cortés, Hernán (1485-1547)	Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. (p. 394)
789048839	Cossacks	Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (p. 529)
789048840	Council of the Indies	The institution responsible for the supervising of Spain's colonies in the Americas from 1524 to the early eighteenth century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilities. (p. 434)
789048841	coureurs des bois (runners of the woods)	French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America. (p. 450)
789048842	creoles	In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term used to describe all non-native peoples. (p. 440)
789048843	Crimean War (1853-1856)	Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans. (p. 660)
789048844	Crusades (1096-1291)	Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. (p. 237)
789048845	Crystal Palace	Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age. (p. 578)
789048846	Cuban missile crisis (1962)	Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter's placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba. (p. 829)
789048847	cultural imperialism	Domination of one culture over another by a deliberate policy or by economic or technological superiority. (p. 897)
789048848	Cultural Revolution (China) (1966-1969)	Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation. (p. 841)
789048849	culture	Socially transmitted patterns of action and expression. Material culture refers to physical objects, such as dwellings, clothing, tools, and crafts. Culture also includes arts, beliefs, knowledge, and technology. (p. 6)
789048850	cuneiform	A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represent words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but was later adapted to represent other languages of western Asia. Because so many symbols had to be learned, literacy was confined to a relatively small group of administrators and scribes. (p. 22)
789048851	Cyrus (600-530 B.C.E.)	Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples, he employed Persians and Medes in his administration and respected the institutions and beliefs of subject peoples. (p. 96)
789048852	czar	See tsar.
789519955	daimyo	Literally, great name(s). Japanese warlords and great landowners, whose armed samurai gave them control of the Japanese islands from the eighth to the later nineteenth century. Under the Tokugawa Shogunate they were subordinated to the imperial government. (p. 511)
789519956	Daoism	Chinese school of thought, originating in the Warring States Period with Laozi (604-531 B.C.E.). Daoism offered an alternative to the Confucian emphasis on hierarchy and duty. Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or "path" of nature. (See also Confucius.) (p. 45)
789519957	Darius I (ca. 558-486 B.C.E.)	Third ruler of the Persian Empire (r. 521-486) B.C.E.). He crushed the widespread initial resistance to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians rather than to Medes. He established a system of provinces and tribute, began construction of Persepolis, and expanded Persian control in the east (Pakistan) and west (northern Greece). (p. 96)
789519958	Decembrist revolt	Abortive attempt by army officers to take control of the Russian government upon the death of Tsar Alexander I in 1825. (p. 666)
789519959	Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789)	Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. (p. 555)
789519960	deforestation	The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves. (p. 416)
789519961	Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)	Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders. (p. 328)
789519962	democracy	A system of government in which all "citizens" (however defined) have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections, as in the Greek city-state of Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. (p. 107)
789519963	demographic transition	A change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birthrates and death rates are high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate drops but the birthrate remains high, causing a population explosion; finally the birthrate drops and the population growth slows down. This transition took place in Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, in North America and East Asia in the mid-twentieth, and, most recently, in Latin America and South Asia. (p. 862)
789519964	Deng Xiaoping (1904-1997)	Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong. (p. 857)
789519965	development	In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the economic process that led to industrialization, urbanization, the rise of a large and prosperous middle class, and heavy investment in education. (p. 616)
789519966	devshirme	"Selection" in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries. (p. 489)
789519967	dhow	Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull. (p. 338)
789519968	Diagne, Blaise (1872-1934)	Senegalese political leader. He was the first African elected to the French National Assembly. During World War I, in exchange for promises to give French citizenship to Senegalese, he helped recruit Africans to serve in the French army. After the war, he led a movement to abolish forced labor in Africa. (p. 799)
789519969	Dias, Bartolomeu (1450?-1500)	Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. (p. 386)
789519970	Diaspora	A Greek word meaning "dispersal," used to describe the communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland. Jews, for example, spread from Israel to western Asia and the Mediterranean lands in antiquity and today can be found throughout the world. (p. 80)
791630747	Dirty War	War waged by the Argentine military (1976-1982) against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment, torture, and executions by the military. (p. 850)
791630748	divination	Techniques for ascertaining the future or the will of the gods by interpreting natural phenomena such as, in early China, the cracks on oracle bones or, in ancient Greece, the flight of birds through sectors of the sky. (p. 41)
791630749	division of labor	A manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers. Pioneered in the pottery works of Josiah Wedgwood and in other eighteenth-century factories, it greatly increased the productivity of labor and lowered the cost of manufactured goods. (See also Wedgwood, Josiah.) (p. 574)
791630750	driver	A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation. (p. 464)
791630751	durbar	An elaborate display of political power and wealth in British India in the nineteenth century, ostensibly in imitation of the pageantry of the Mughal Empire. (p. 636)
791630752	Dutch West India Company (1621-1794)	Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa. (p. 460)
791630753	Edison, Thomas (1847-1931)	American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures. (p. 684)
791630754	Einstein, Albert (1879-1955)	German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed. (p. 760)
791630755	El Alamein	Town in Egypt, site of the victory by Britain's Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery over German forces led by General Erwin Rommel (the "Desert Fox") in 1942-1943. (p. 782)
791630756	electricity	A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s. (p. 684)
791630757	electric telegraph	A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s and replaced telegraph systems that utilized visual signals such as semaphores. (See also submarine telegraph cables.) (p. 580)
791630758	encomienda	A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. (p. 439)
791630759	English Civil War (1642-1649)	A conflict over royal versus. Parliamentary rights, caused by King Charles I's arrest of his parliamentary critics and ending with his execution. Its outcome checked the growth of royal absolutism and, with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the English Bill of Rights of 1689, ensured that England would be a constitutional monarchy. (p. 422)
791630760	Enlightenment	A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. (pp. 412, 542)
791630761	equites	In ancient Italy, prosperous landowners second in wealth and status to the senatorial aristocracy. The Roman emperors allied with this group to counterbalance the influence of the old aristocracy and used the equites to staff the imperial civil service. (p. 132)
791630762	Estates General	France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. (p. 553)
791630763	Ethiopia	East African highland nation lying east of the Nile River. (See also Menelik II; Selassie, Haile.) (p. 190)
791630764	ethnic cleansing	Effort to eradicate a people and its culture by means of mass killing and the destruction of historical buildings and cultural materials. Ethnic cleansing was used by both sides of the conflicts that accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia in the 1990s. (p. 882)
791630765	European Community (EC)	An organization promoting economic unity in Europe formed in 1967 by consolidation of earlier, more limited, agreements. Replaced by the European Union (EU) in 1993. (p. 825)
791630766	extraterritoriality	The right of foreign residents in a country to live under the laws of their native country and disregard the laws of the host country. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, European and American nationals living in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right. (p. 661)
791630767	Faisal I (1885-1933)	Arab prince, leader of the Arab Revolt in World War I. The British made him king of Iraq in 1921, and he reigned under British protection until 1933.

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Biomes Flashcards

Facts about biomes (climate, vegetation, animals, how organisms adapt). All measures in metric system unless otherwise mentioned.

Terms : Hide Images

71791937	tundra rainfall	<25 cm/yr
71791938	tundra temperature	-35 to -25 deep snow in winter, permafrost shallow lakes ponds marsh areas in summer (summer about 8)
71791939	tundra vegetation	few plants mosses grasses shrubs dwarf tress (willows) short summer growing season constant daylight in summer constant night in winter
71791940	tundra animals	insects in summer birds lemon polar bears wolves owls caribou geese arctic hare geese caribou migrate south in winter
71791941	tundra adaptations	very furry coats birds nest on ground dwarf plant leaves protected from cold
71791942	boreal forest rainfall	16-24 in rainfall, mostly as snow
71791943	boreal forest temperature	very cold winters, -25 C deep snow rainy warm summer melt all snow (15 C)
71791944	boreal forest vegetation	coniferous trees produce cones, needle shaped leaves spruce, fir, hemlock
71791945	boreal forest animals	red squirrels, insects, birds such as finches chickadees herbivores: snowshoe hare, moose, beavers predators: wolves, bears, lynxes, owls
71791946	boreal foresta adaptations	thick waxy needle shaped leaves prevent moisture loss
71791947	grasslands rainfall	25-75 cm rainfall in prairie, savannah up to 125 cm/yr draughts in summer, longer summers
71791948	grasslands temperature	moderate temperatures (0-25 C prairie and savannah) fires and draughts
71791949	grasslands vegetation	tall grasses on prairies savannah has higher rainfall to support stunted trees, scattered shrubs
71791950	grasslands animals	home of largest animals elephants giraffes rhinoceroses bison antelopes kangaroos grazing keeps young trees and shrubs from growing
71791951	grasslands adaptations	giraffe long neck and elephant trunk allows to eat plants hard to reach otherwise
71791952	deciduous forest rainfall	at least 50 cm/year
71791953	deciduous forest temperature	temperatures vary, long growing season. cold winters. 0-25 C
71791954	deciduous forest vegetation	Oaks, maples drop leaves in winter
71791955	deciduous forest animals	insects, birds, chipmunks, skunks, white-tailed deer, black bears
71791956	deciduous forest adaptations	animals migrate or hibernate during cold winters store fat to live through winter
71791957	desert rainfall	<25cm rainfall/yr evaporation exceeds precipitation may be years with no rainfall, then is huge downpour (can last 15 hours)
71791958	desert temperature	searing day temp, cooler nights extreme temps deserts in central asia may have freezing temps in winter -35C to 48 C in summer
71791959	desert vegetation	cactus
71791960	desert animals	meerkats, snakes
71791961	desert adaptations	adapted to low rainfall and extreme temps need little water, can store water build burrows nocturnal or other methods of surviving heat/cold
71791962	rainforest rainfall	tropical warm humid all year high rainfall (250 cm) temperate (nw USA) 200-400 cm/year
71791963	rainforest temperature	tropical 21-30 C temperate moderate temperatures (same? 0-25?)
71791964	rainforest vegetation	tropical: huge variety of species ground cover understory canopy and emergent trees vines and parasitic plants temperate: huge trees douglas fir, cedars redwoods
71791965	rainforest animals	trop: huge variety of species insects food for reptiles birds mamals monkeys temp: mule deer woodpecker
71791966	rainforest adaptations	monkeys use fingers to open bananas, swing on vines to food away from predators

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Government EOC Practice Flashcards

This study set will include terms, government systems, monarchies, economic systems, philosophers, rights, amendments, powers, Missouri's legislative body, branches of government, the articles of confederation, constitutional conventions, federalists papers, executive departments, policies, and application of amendments. I hope this will help you prepare for your Government EOC!

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1054835006	Absolute Monarchy	Usually a hereditary position where all power is held by a King or a Queen.
1054835007	Constitutional Monarchy	Power is shared between the monarchs and legislature.
1054835008	Dictatorship	A dictator holds absolute power which is usually maintained by fear and intimidation. They are usually militaristic leaders (or generals). They almost always use force.
1054835009	Totalitarian	TOTAL CONTROL!!! Example: North Korea
1054835010	Oligarchy	A small group of rulers hold the political power. They rule to their personal beliefs and benefit.
1054835011	Presidential System 1. How is the chief executive chosen? 2. What title is given to the chief executive? 3. Who is the head of state?	1. vote in the electoral college. 2. President. 3. President.
1054835012	Parliamentary System 1. How is the chief executive chosen? 2. What title is given to the chief executive? 3. Who is the head of state?	1. Elected by the legislature 2. Prime Minister 3. Monarch or a President
1054835013	Unitary System * Power Levels Pros *Cons	* Power is held in one central government (they hold all power) * The levels maintain order/ put laws to use Pros: No 1 person has all the power Cons: Local officials have no input
1054835014	Confederal System Power Levels Pros Cons	Power comes from the states (Independent states write to accomplish common goals) Each state is represented in the central government Pros: States wanted rights Cons: There is no strong central government
1054835015	Federal System Power Levels Pros Cons	* The power is evenly split between federal, state, and local governments (People elect representatives) * The levels all make laws, elect officials, and create agencies. Pros; evenly distributed power Cons: It's hard to get things done quickly
1054835016	Why does the U.S. Government use a republican form of government instead of direct democracy?	Because we would have less participation in government, no one would get along, and it would be too time consuming.
1054835017	Capitalism Principles	1. Private Ownership 2. Free-market economy that allows human choice 3. Competition between producers 4. Ability to make a profit 5. Laissez-Faire Perspective
1054835018	Communism Principles	1. everything is owned by the government 2. usually ruled by a dictator 3. called command economy because of governments total control over all economic and political activities. 4. It is often a failure 5. Citizens have fewer rights
1054835019	Socialism Principles	1. Government owns or controls many factors of production 2. Nationalism of major industries 3. Equal distribution 4. Command Economy-government control 5. High taxation 6. Reduces concentration of wealth
1054835020	Thomas Hobbes	An English philosopher who thought people were cruel, greedy, and selfish. Came up with the idea of the social contract: You give up the right to state of nature for an organized society and peace. * Thought that the best government was an absolute monarchy.
1054835021	John Locke	* Agrees with the social contract. * English philosopher who thought people were basically good. Natural rights- life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness(right to own your own property). * Believed it was the governments job to protect natural rights
1054835022	Baron De Montesquieu	* Was not a fan of the absolute monarchy. * He admired Britain's limited monarchy. * He thought it protected people from tyranny. * He had a pessimistic view of mankind, felt human nature was corrupt.
1054835023	Jean-Jacque Rousseau	Thought that people were basically good. What makes people act bad are social evils- poverty and lack of power. * Thought there were too many controls on people. * Democracy *Society as a whole was better than the individual.
1054835024	Which philosopher most greatly influenced Thomas Jefferson with their writings?	John Locke
1054835025	What three ideas did Jefferson take from John Locke?	1. Unalienable Rights 2. Power from the people 3. The people can dissolve the government if it fails
1054835026	Popular Sovereignty	* The governments authority to rule comes from the people.
1054835027	Representative Democracy	People elect representatives to run the government for them.
1054835028	Limited government	* The idea adopted from England; Government is to prevent the executive from gaining too much power.
1054835029	Separation of Powers	* Dividing the power of government into 3 separate branches so that no one branch holds too much power.
1054835030	Checks and Balances	* Used to prevent abuses of power, each branch can check the power of the other two.
1054835031	Federalism	* Powers are divided amongst the levels of government. All levels of government have separation of power, elected officials, and collect taxes.
1054835032	What are reserved powers?	Powers not listed in the constitution that only the states have.
1054835033	What is the name of Missouri's legislative body?	General Assembly
1054835034	What title is given to the chief executive of Missouri?	Governor
1054835035	Who is the current governor of Missouri?	Jay Nixon
1054835036	What is the difference between the state and federal budget?	State Budget must be balanced Federal Budget can run a defecit
1054835037	What are the main functions of each branch of government? a. executive b. legislative c. judicial	a. Carry Out Laws b. Make Laws c. Interpret Laws
1054835038	What vocabulary term indicates the order or people set to replace the president?	Order of Secession
1054835039	Who are the first three people in line to replace the president?	1. Vice President 2. Speaker of the House 3. President Pro-Tempore of the Senate
1054835040	What were the articles of confederation?	Document that organized our government. (First national government in America)
1054835041	What caused the Articles of Confederation to fail?	* The lack of national currency and a weak national government.
1054835042	Describe how the articles limited the national government.	No executive or judicial branch could tax or regulate trade.
1054835043	What event demonstrated the need for a stronger national government?	Shays Rebellion
1054835044	New Jersey Plan	A national government with a unicameral legislature based upon equality between the states and in which the states had a stronger role.
1054835045	Virginia Plan	* A strong national government with a bicameral legislature based on each states population and with an executive and judiciary both chosen by a legislature.
1054835046	The Great Compromise (AKA The Connecticut Compromise)	Combined the New Jersey and Virginia Plans and had a bicameral legislature.
1054835047	How is representation determined in the House?	Population
1054835048	How is representation determined in the Senate?	2 per state. (Based on equality)
1054835049	What were the federalist papers?	* A series of 85 articles written to convince people to ratify the constitution. Explains how the constitution is supposed to work.
1054835050	What did the federalists promise the antifederalists in order to ratify the constitution?	* A Bill of Rights
1054835051	Define Tyranny	* Absolute rule by government that ignores rights and welfare of the people
1054835052	What is the War Powers Act Resolution?	*The President can send out troops for up to 60 days without congressional approval
1054835053	What is the main role of the Electoral College?	To select the president and vice president
1054835054	Total # of electors in the Electoral College	538
1054835055	# of electors needed to win presidency	270
1054835056	Equation for # of state electors	Senators + House Members
1054835057	Number of Missouri Electors?	10
1054835058	How does the popular vote effect the presidential election?	Whichever candidate receives the most popular votes receives all of the electoral college votes for that state.
1054835059	What are the three roles of the Vice President?	1. Handles Policy Issues 2. Serves as a spokesperson for the White House 3. President of the Senate
1054835060	How many executive departments are there within the cabinet?	15
1054835061	What is the title given to the leader of all but one department?	Secretary
1054835062	Department of Defense	* Includes all branches of the military *Provides military advice and leadership for the president
1054835063	Department of State	* Leads the foreign affairs agency. * Advises the president and helps implement the presidents foreign policy * Secretary of State often meets with leaders of other countries * Issues passports and visas * Maintains diplomatic relations
1054835064	Department of Treasury	Creates and recommends fiscal policy Manufactures coins, currency, and postage stamps * IRS and Secret Service are part of the Department of Treasury
1054835065	Department of Homeland Security	* Most recently established Department (2002) * Established to prevent terrorists attacks in the U.S. * 22 federal agencies fall under homeland security
1054835066	Fiscal Policy	* Using government expenditure and revenue collection to influence the economy * Taxes and spending- done by the government
1054835067	Monetary Policy	* Using a rate of interest to control money supply and stabilize the economy. * Interest Rates- used by the Central Bank (Feds)
1054835068	What is the bureaucracy?	All of the agencies and departments working for the government.
1054835069	censorship	government telling you what you can and cannot say or read.
1054835070	Libel/Libelous	Something false is written and damages someones reputation (Protected by the first amendment)
1054835071	Slander	Threats/ something false is spoken (Also protected by the first amendment)
1054835072	Poll Tax	A tax placed on voting (kept blacks or poor whites from voting)
1054835073	Grandfather Clause	A law to descriminate against blacks ( If your grandfather couldn't vote you can't either.
1054835074	JIm Crow Laws	Laws that descriminated segregation of blacks
1054835075	Component	part of something
1054835076	Unalienable Rights	Rights given to you for being human- they cannot be taken away.
1054835077	Authoritarian	a government that has a very strong national government/ usually with a dictator
1054835078	Incumbent	Someone who already holds office
1054835079	Partisan	Of or dealing with a political party ( You always take a side of one political party)
1054835080	Concurrent Powers	Powers shared between the national and state government
1054835081	Reserved Powers	Powers set exclusively aside for the state
1054835082	Expressed Powers	Powers specifically granted to the federal government
1054835083	1st Amendment	Freedom of Press, Religion, Speech, Petition, and Assembly
1054835084	2nd Amendment	Right to bear arms
1054835085	3rd Amendment	Protects citizens from being forced to quarter soldiers
1054835086	4th Amendment (Privacy Amendment)	Protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures
1054835087	5th Amendment	Protects people accused of crimes
1054835088	6th Amendment	Ensures the right to a trial by jury in criminal cases
1054835089	7th Amendment	Guarantees the right to trial by jury in civil cases
1054835090	8th Amendment	(ONLY FOR CRIMINALS) Prohibits excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment
1054835091	9th Amendment	Protects the rights of citizens not specifically listed in the constitution
1054835092	10th Amendment	Gives powers to the states that are not listed in the constitution
1054835093	11th Amendment	Citizens cannot sue a state in a federal court
1054835094	12th Amendment	Changed the election procedure for the president and vice president
1054835095	13th Amendment	Abolished Slavery
1054835096	14th Amendment	Defines citizenship (granted to former slaves) and assures equal protection of the laws
1054835097	15th Amendment	Prohibits restrictions on voting based on race or color
1054835098	16th Amendment	gives the power to levy an income tax
1054835099	17th Amendment	Direct election of senators
1054835100	18th Amendment	Prohibits the manufacture, sale, or consumption of alcohol
1054835101	19th Amendment	Women's Suffrage
1054835102	20th amendment	Changed the date that the president and congress members take office. ( January 3rd)
1054835103	21st Amendment	Repeals the 18th Amendment
1054835104	22nd Amendment	Two-term limit on the president
1054835105	23rd Amendment	Gives the residents of Washington D.C. the right to vote
1054835106	24th Amendment	Abolished Poll Taxes
1054835107	25th Amendment	Provided a clear presidential secession
1054835108	26th Amendment	Changed the voting age to 18
1054835109	27th Amendment	Congressional Raises take effect after the next election (paychecks won't increase until after the election)

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Chapters 11-18 Flashcards

Final Exam Study Guide
Chapters 11-18

Terms : Hide Images

184344284	aden/o	gland
184344285	inguin/o	groin
184344286	steth/o	chest
184344287	axill/o	armpit
184344288	brachi/o	arm
184344289	splen/o	spleen
184344290	cyan/o	bluish condition
184344291	tox/o	poison
184344292	phleb/o	vein
184344293	dips/o	thirst
184344294	orth/o	straight
184344295	glyc/o	sugar, glucose
184344296	spir/o	to breathe
184344297	acetabul/o	acetabulum (hip socket)
184344298	pulmon/o	lung
184344299	arthr/o	joint
184344300	thorac/o	chest
184344301	calcane/o	calcaneous (heel bone)
184344302	chrom/o	color
184344303	chondr/o	cartilage
184344304	cyt/o	cell
184344305	crani/o	skull
184344306	erythr/o	red
184344307	fibr/o	fiber
184344308	hemat/o	blood
184344309	lord/o	curve, swayback
184344310	phag/o	swallow, to eat
184344311	kyph/o	humpback
184344312	leuk/o	white
184344313	mandibul/o	mandible (lower jawbone)
184344314	thromb/o	blood cloth
184344315	maxill/o	maxilla (upper jawbone)
184344316	crin/o	secrete
184344317	my/o	muscle
184344318	calc/o	calcium
184344319	olecran/o	olecranon (elbow)
184344320	mon/o	one, single
184344321	sarc/o	flesh
184344322	lymph/o	lymph; fluid
184344323	ped/o	child
184344324	morph/o	shape, form
184344325	xer/o	dry
184344326	cervic/o	neck
184344327	myel/o	muscle, bone marrow, spinal cord
184344328	xanth/o	yellow
184344329	spher/o	round, sphere, globe-shaped
184344330	acous/o	hearing
184344331	ot/o	ear, hearing
184344332	lymphaden/o	lymph gland
184344333	myring/o	eardrum, tympanic membrane
184344334	adip/o	fat
184344335	cost/o	rib
184344336	diaphor/o	sweat
184344337	-phobia	fear
184344338	-opia	vision, condition
184344339	-plegic	paralysis
184344340	-tropia	to turn
184344341	-ectomy	surgical removal
184344342	-megaly	enlargement
184344343	-oid	resemble
184344344	-tocin	labor, birth
184344345	-stasis	stop or control, place
184344346	-osis	abnormal condition
184344347	-emia	blood condition
184344348	-blast	immature cell, embryonic
184344349	-penia	deficiency
184344350	-poiesis	formation
184344351	-plasia	development
184344352	-globulin	protein
184344353	-algia	pain
184344354	-asthenia	lack of strength
184344355	-listhesis	slipping
184344356	-malacia	softening
184344357	a-, an-	no, not, without
184344358	epi-	above, upon, on
184344359	exo-	out, away from
184344360	lip/o	fat
184344361	peri-	surrounding
184344362	hyper-	above, excessive
184344363	poly-	many, much
184344364	sub-	under, below
184344365	supra-	above, upper
184344366	eu-	good, normal
184344367	crani/o	skull
184344368	sym-	together
184344369	ab-	away from
184344370	tri-	three
184344371	kyph/o	humpback
184344372	ad-	toward
184344373	dia-	complete, through
184344374	dorsi-	back

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