| 718010278 | Alfred Mahan | Navy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy; His research into naval History led to his most important work, The Influence of Seapower Upon History,1660-1783, published in 1890 | |
| 718010279 | Valeriano Weyler | He was a Spanish General referred to as "Butcher" Weyler. He undertook to crush the Cuban rebellion by herding many civilians into barbed-wire reconcentration camps, where they could not give assistance to the armed insurrectionists. The civilians died in deadly pestholes. "Butcher" was removed in 1897. | |
| 718010280 | De Lome | He was a Spanish minister in Washington who wrote a private letter to a friend concerning President McKinley (called him basically usless and indecisive) The discovery of his letter strained Spanish-American relations, which helped initiate the Spanish-American War. | |
| 718010281 | Theodore Roosevelt | 26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War | |
| 718010282 | George Dewey | a United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines | |
| 718010283 | Emilio Aguinaldo | Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901 | |
| 718010284 | reconcentration | policy of moving Cubans to detention camps so that they could not aid rebels | |
| 718010285 | jingoism | an appeal intended to arouse patriotic emotions | |
| 718010286 | imperialism | A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically. | |
| 718010287 | Pan-American Conference | Conference called by James Blaine that created an organization of cooperation between the US and Latin American countries; this was an international organization that dealt with trade; created to encourage cooperation and trust with the manufacturers | |
| 718010288 | The Maine | The sinking of this U.S. battleship in Havanna, Cuba which the U.S. blamed on Spain was the main cause of the Spanish-American War. | |
| 718010289 | Teller Amendment | This Amendment was drafter by Henry M. Teller which declared that the US had no desire for control in Cuba & pledged the US would leave the island alone. | |
| 718010290 | Rough Riders | The First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt, they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cuba. | |
| 718010291 | Treaty of Paris | Signed by the United States and Spain in December 1898, this treaty ended the Spanish-American War. Under its terms:
1) Spain recognized Cuba's independence and assumed the Cuban debt
2) ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States
3) At the insistence of the U.S. representatives, Spain also ceded the Phillipines. The Senate ratified the treaty on February 6, 1899. | |
| 718010292 | Anti-Imperialist League | objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900 | |
| 718010293 | Foraker Act | This act established Puerto Rico as an unorganized U.S. territory. Puerto Ricans were not given U.S. citizenship, but the U.S. president appointed the island's governor and governing council. | |
| 718010294 | insular cases | Court cases that essentially determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens; They dealt with the islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus, for example, denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos. | |
| 718010295 | Platt Amendment | Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble | |
| 718010296 | William Howard Taft | 27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term. | |
| 718010297 | John Hay | Secretary of State (1899) under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy (the Open Door Notes) and Panama canal; attempted to keep the countries that had spheres of influence in China from taking over China and closing the doors on trade between China and the U.S. | |
| 718010298 | guerrilla warfare | a hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes | |
| 718010299 | sphere of influence | the geographical area in which one nation is very influential, especially in terms of special trading privileges and laws for its own citizens | |
| 718010300 | Philippine insurrection | Even before the Philippines was annexed by the U.S. there existed tension between U.S. troops and Filippinos. The situation deteriorated and eventually we entered into a war with the Philippines. Emilio Aguinaldo helped Americans fight Spain only to turn on them once free. In 1901, Aguinaldo surrendered which greatly hurt the Filippino cause. The Philippines was not an independent nation until July 4, 1946. | |
| 718010301 | benevolent assimilation | McKinley and the U.S. were trying to assimilate the Philippines to help them become better. American dollars went to the Philippines to improve roads, sanitation, and public health. Although the U.S. might have looked intrusive, they were actually trying to improve the condition of the Philippines. | |
| 718010302 | Open Door Policy | A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China. | |
| 718010303 | Boxer Rebellion | 1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops | |
| 718010304 | big-stick diplomacy | Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy. | |
| 718010305 | Clayton-Bulwer Treaty | 1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881. | |
| 718010306 | Hay-Pauncefote Treaty | permission granted by Panama for the US to dig a canal ; permitted by the British in order to make friends with US in hope of future support against Germany ; negociated under Roosevelt ; greatly facilitated trade | |
| 718010307 | Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty | 1903 - U.S. guaranteed the independence of the newly-created Republic of Panama; also, an agreement between Panama and U.S. that gave us a 99 year lease to build a canal on a ten mile ide strip of land across panama isthmas | |
| 718010308 | Panama Canal | Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000 (746) | |
| 718010309 | Roosevelt Corollary | Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force | |
| 718010310 | Portsmouth Conference | The meeting between Japan, Russia, and the U.S. that ended the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for stopping the fighting between those two countries. | |
| 718010311 | Gentlemen's Agreement | Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them | |
| 718010312 | Great White Fleet | 1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent 16 white battleships on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement." | |
| 718010313 | Root-Takahira agreement | 1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China. | |
| 718010314 | James G. Blaine | a U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine, two-time United States Secretary of State, and champion of the Half-Breeds. He was a dominant Republican leader of the post Civil War period, obtaining the 1884 Republican nomination, but lost to Democrat Grover Cleveland | |
| 718010315 | Richard Olney | Attorney General of the U.S., he obtained an active injunction that state union members couldn't stop the movement of trains. He moved troops in to stop the Pullman strike. | |
| 718010316 | Russo Japanese War | Russia and Japan were fighting over Korea, Manchuria, etc. Began in 1904, but neither side could gain a clear advantage and win. Both sent reps to Portsmouth, NH where TR mediated Treaty of New Hampshire in 1905. TR won the nobel peace prize for his efforts, the 1st pres. to do so. | |
| 718010317 | Phillipe Bunau-Varilla | A representative of the French Canal Company who offered to sell the Panama canal to the U.S. He allowed the U.S. the choice of the Panama route rather than the Nicaraguan one, which would have been a disaster due to Mount Pelee. | |
| 718010318 | Muckrakers | This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business. The term was first given to them by Theodore Roosevelt. | |
| 718010319 | 16th Amendment | amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income. | |
| 718010320 | 17th Amendment | Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures. | |
| 718010321 | 18th Amendment | Ban on sale, manufacture, and transport of alcoholic beverages. Repealed by 21st amendment | |
| 718010322 | Henry Demarest Lloyd | He wrote the book "Wealth Against Commonwealth" in 1894. It was part of the progressive movement and the book's purpose was to show the wrong in the monopoly of the Standard Oil Company. | |
| 718010323 | Jacob Riis | A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890. | |
| 718010324 | Theodore Dreiser | American naturalist who wrote The Financier and The Titan. Like Riis, he helped reveal the poor conditions people in the slums faced and influenced reforms. | |
| 718010325 | Ida Tarbell | A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil. | |
| 718010326 | Robert LaFollette | Republican Senator from Wisconsin - ran for president under the Progressive Party - proponent of Progressivism and a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, World War I, and the League of Nations | |
| 718010327 | Gifford Pinchot | head of the U.S. Forest Servic under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them | |
| 718010328 | Sierra Club | oldest and largest grassroots environmental organization in the United States. It was founded on May 28, 1892 in San Francisco, California by the well-known conservationist and preservationist John Muir, who became its first president. The Sierra Club has hundreds of thousands of members in chapters located throughout the US, and is affiliated with Sierra Club Canada. | |
| 718010329 | Triangle Shirtwaist Fire | a fire in New York's Triangle Shirtwaist Company in 1911 killed 146 people, mostly women. They died because the doors were locked and the windows were too high for them to get to the ground. Dramatized the poor working conditions and let to federal regulations to protect workers. | |
| 718010330 | Meat Inspection Act | 1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines. | |
| 718010331 | Dollar Diplomacy | Term used to describe the efforts of the US to further its foreign policy through use of economic power by gaurenteeing loans to foreign countries | |
| 718010332 | Initiative | Allowed all citizens to introduce a bill into the legislative and required members to take a vote on it | |
| 718010333 | Referendum | a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate | |
| 718010334 | Recall | the act of removing an official by petition | |
| 718010335 | Women's Trade Union League | a U.S. organization of both working class and more well-off women formed in 1903 to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions | |
| 718010336 | Frances Willard | became leader of the WCTU. She worked to educate people about the evils of alcohol. She urged laws banning the sale of liquor. Also worked to outlaw saloons as step towards strengthening democracy. | |
| 718010337 | J.P. Morgan | Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons" | |
| 718010338 | John Muir | went on a campaign for awareness of the environment; inspired creation of Yosemite National Park; became president of the Sierra Club, which was devoted to conservation | |
| 718010339 | Conservation | the preservation and careful management of the environment and of natural resources | |
| 718010340 | Newlands Act | 1902 act authorizing federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states | |
| 718010341 | Muller v. Oregon | 1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health | |
| 718010342 | Upton Sincalir | Wrote "The Jungle", a novel based on facts of the meatpacking industry | |
| 718010343 | Pure Food and Drug Act | Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA. | |
| 718010344 | Payne-Aldrich Act | Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Republican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff). | |
| 718010345 | Woodrow Wilson | 28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize | |
| 718010346 | Eugene V. Debs | Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over. | |
| 718010347 | Charles Evans Hughes | Started government regulation of public utilities. He was Secretary of State under Harding and later became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He was the Republican candidate in 1916, and lost to Wilson by less that 1% of the vote. | |
| 718010348 | Underwood Tariff Bill | Congressional measure to provide the a substantial reduction of rates, and the first ever implementation of a graduated income tax on incomes $3000+ | |
| 718010349 | Federal Reserve Act | Sparked by the Panic of 1893 and 1907, the 1913 Federal Reserve Act created the Federal Reserve System, which issued paper money controlled by government banks. | |
| 718010350 | Federal Trade Commission Act | This law authorized a presidentially-appointed commission to oversee industries engaged in interstate commerce, such as the meatpackers. The commissioners were expected to crush monopolies at the source. | |
| 718010351 | Clayton Act | New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions | |
| 718010352 | Vicoriano Huerta | attempted to reestablish centralized dictatorship in mexico following removal of madero in 1913; forced from power by 1914 | |
| 718010353 | Pancho Villa | Mexican revolutionary leader (1877-1923) Did many good things, but killed a lot of people. Wanted to take money from the rich and give it to the poor. | |
| 718010354 | John J. Pershing | US general who chased Villa over 300 miles into Mexico but didn't capture him | |
| 718010355 | Kaiser Wilhelm II | was the Kaiser of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918. He pushed for a more aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain. His actions added to the growing tensions in pre-1914 Europe. | |
| 718010356 | Central Powers | in World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies | |
| 718010357 | Lusitiania | A British passenger ship sunk by German U Boats 1200 passengers died. but still wilson would not fight - too proud to fight | |
| 718010358 | Sussex Pledge | A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning. | |
