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| 414671793 | "Revolution of 1800" | First time that an American political party surrendered power to the opposition party; Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican, had defeated incumbent Adams, a Federalist, for president. | |
| 414671794 | Marbury v. Madison | (1803) First U.S. Supreme Court decision to declare a federal law-the Judiciary Act of 1801-unconstitutional; President John Adams's "midnight appointment'' of Federalist judges prompted the suit. | |
| 414671795 | Barbary pirates | Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations, 1801-1805. | |
| 414671796 | Louisiana Purchase | President Thomas Jefferson's 1803 purchase from France of the important port of New Orleans and 828,000 square miles west of the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains; it more than doubled the territory of the United States at a cost of only $15 million. | |
| 414671797 | Lewis and Clark | Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, the leaders of the "Corps of Discovery", a government funded a mapping and scientific expedition to the Far Northwest beyond the Mississippi River. | |
| 414671798 | Zebulon Pike | Early Nineteenth Century explorer who investigated the upper regions of the Mississippi River Valley, the Arkansas River headwaters in Colorado, and parts of New Mexico. | |
| 414671799 | Essex Junto | Under the leadership of Senator Thomas Pickering, a group of ardent Massachusetts Federalists who considered seceding from the Union. | |
| 414671800 | Aaron Burr | New York Senator, Thomas Jefferson's Vice-President, and archrival of Alexander Hamilton. He is best known for the duel between himself and Hamilton, which resulted in Hamilton's death. | |
| 414671801 | Tertium Quid | Literally, the "third something'': states' rights and strict constructionist Republicans under John Randolph who broke with President Thomas Jefferson but never managed to form a third political party. | |
| 414671802 | Yazoo Fraud | Illegal sale of the Yazoo lands (much of present-day Alabama and Mississippi) by Georgia legislators; by 1802 it had become a tangle of conflicting claims that the U.S. Supreme Court settled in Fletcher v. Peck (1810). | |
| 414671803 | Fletcher v. Peck | (1810) U.S. Supreme Court decision in which Chief Justice John Marshall upheld the initial fraudulent sale contracts in the Yazoo Fraud cases; Congress paid $4.2 million to the original speculators in 1814. | |
| 414671804 | Burr conspiracy | Scheme by Vice-President Aaron Burr to lead the secession of the Louisiana Territory from the United States; captured in 1807 and charged with treason, Burr was acquitted by the U.S. Supreme Court. | |
| 414671805 | Embargo Act of 1807 | Attempt to exert economic pressure instead of waging war in reaction to continued British impressment of American sailors; smugglers easily circumvented the embargo, and it was repealed two years later. | |
| 414671806 | James Madison | "Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States. | |
| 414671807 | War of 1812 | Fought with Britain, 1812-14, over lingering conflicts that included impressment of American sailors, interference with shipping, and collusion with Northwest Territory Indians; settled by the Treaty of Ghent in 1814. | |
| 414671808 | Tecumseh | Shawnee leader who attempted to unite Indians in their struggle against the onslaught of settlers taking over their lands. | |
| 414671809 | William Henry Harrison | Governor of the Indiana Territories who became a national hero after the Battle of Tippecanoe. The last Whig President, he was also the first to die in office (of pneumonia). | |
| 414671810 | Battle of Tippecanoe | On November 7, 1811, Indiana governor William Henry Harrison (later president) defeated the Shawnee Indians at the Tippecanoe River in northern Indiana; victory fomented war fever against the British, who were believed to be aiding the Indians. | |
| 414671811 | Fort McHenry | Fort in Baltimore Harbor unsuccessfully bombarded by the British in September 1814; Francis Scott Key, a witness to the battle, was moved to write the words to "The Star-Spangled Banner". | |
| 414671812 | Andrew Jackson | The ninth President of the United States. He represented Tennessee as a Congressman and Senator, and as a major-general he defeated the British at New Orleans in the War of 1812. | |
| 414671813 | Battle of New Orleans | Last battle of the War of 1812, fought on January 8, 1815, weeks after the peace treaty was signed but prior to its ratification; General Andrew Jackson led the victorious American troops. | |
| 414671814 | Treaty of Ghent | Meeting of American and British delegates in the Flemish city Ghent bringing an official end to the War of 1812. | |
| 414671815 | Hartford Convention | Meeting of New England Federalists on December 15, 1814, to protest the War of 1812; proposed seven constitutional amendments (limiting embargoes and changing requirements for officeholding, declaration of war, and admission of new states), but the war ended before Congress could respond. |
