| 217030460 | Guns and the Contact Period | Conquistadors (Spanish soldiers), Pope's Rebellion, the Black Legend. | |
| 217030461 | Germs and the Contact Period | Natives gave syphilis. Europeans brought over countless diseases (big ones: small pox, influenze, black plague). Neither side is immune to the other's, causes mass death.
Fact: Tiano People, located on present day Haiti, their population drop dramatically thanks to their lack of immunity. | |
| 217030462 | God and the Contact Period | Encomiendas (Spanish government enslaves and tries to convert the natives). Spanish at St. Augustine (a known conversion hub). Quetzalcoatl and the Aztecs - Cortes's ability to conquer. Pope's Rebellion. | |
| 217030463 | Why is Columbus a big deal? | He sustained contact while other civilizations came and went. | |
| 217030464 | Two most important things from New to Old Worlds? | POTATOES: From the New World to the Old World. Europeans become dependent on the versatile and substantial "poor man's crop" that later leads to Ireland's Potato Famine.
SILVER: Huge money gain for Spain especially, such as profits found in the Potasi Silver Mine (Bolivia). It comes in such quantities that in can link countries in a worldwide currency. | |
| 217030465 | Land Bridge | An estimated 1000 nomadic people chase migrating animals over the bridge. Problem: they are genetically similar and therefore highly susceptible to disease. | |
| 217030466 | Natives: Nomadic vs. Settled? | Settled colonies were far more rare than nomadic ones. Some successful anomalies include: Aztecs, Incas, Mayans, Cahokia. | |
| 217030467 | Maize Corn | The need for a solid food like corn led to a) advanced agricultural systems and b) gradually a more settled agricultural-based village. | |
| 217030468 | Matrilineal Cultures | Instead of Patrilineal. Women cared for crops, thus they are seen as more significant. Power and possessions are passed down along the female side. | |
| 217030469 | Norse Discover Americas | 1000 AD: Land in present day Newfoundland, but leave because the place lacked resources and couldn't sustain their population. | |
| 217030470 | Sugar Revolution | Columbus brings sugar back to Europe, begins the Revolution. Slaves are used to grow the crop. | |
| 217030471 | Columbian Exchange | New World offers gold, silver, corn, tobacco. Old World offers wheat, rice, horses, livestock, disease.
Beginning of Globalization. | |
| 217030472 | Treaty of Tordesillas | 1484: Divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along a Demarcation Line west of the Cape Verde islands. | |
| 217030473 | Encomiendas | Allows Spanish government to give Indians to colonists who promise to Christianize them. Essentially, early slavery.
Baralome de Las Casas: a Spanish missionary who spoke out against the encomienda system. | |
| 217030474 | St. Augustine | 1565: Spanish build the fort to protect land/sea area from other Europeans. Serves also as a Christianity conversion center. | |
| 217030475 | Pope's Rebellion | 1680: Churches destroyed, priests killed, revert to native shrines. Catholics eventually reassert their power later on. | |
| 217030476 | Father Junipero Serra | Founds the San Diego Mission (missionary missions along the California coast hoping to Christianize natives). They teach Indians Spanish culture and crafts - ushering in loss of culture and disease. | |
| 217030477 | Black Legend | Belief of the natives that Spanish conquerors merely tortured and murdered Indians, stole gold and infected them with smallpox, leaving nothing of benefit. | |
| 217030478 | Inhabitants of America pre-1942 | Population: 30-45 million
Originate: present-day Alaska over a Land Bridge | |
| 217030479 | Iroquois | Iroquois Confederacy: five tribes originally inhabiting the northern part of New York state, consisting of the Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, Onondaga and Mohawk.
They are extremely powerful at first, but fall to the colonists. They posed a threat only because it was the most coherent effort made by Indians.
One of their strategies was "mourning wars" which involved adopting refugees of attacked tribes to add to their power and numbers. Sadly, this distracted from the real enemy.
Patriarchal Society. | |
| 217030480 | Francis Drake | 1580: Under the support of the Crown, he sets out to plunder the Spanish. He is successful, and is knighted by Elizabeth. | |
| 217030481 | Roanoke Island | 1585: Walter Raleigh attempts to start a colony off the coast of Virginia. It fails, and the colony disappears along with all the colonists. | |
| 217030482 | 1588 | England attempts colonization in America, fails in the wake of the Spain's success. Phillip II (Spain) uses profits to amass an "Invincible Armada" to attack England.
1588: England defeats Spain with help from the Protestant Wind (bad storm, scatters Spanish fleet). It brings Spain into decline and England to a dominance in the Atlantic - start to expand.
England = huge population boom after battle success, but laws of "primogeniture" dictated that only the eldest son would inherit land. Young men who tried/failed at starting a life, pooled their money to start up a business, they were early investors in what is called a joint-stock company. | |
| 217030483 | Charter of the Virginia Company | This guaranteed all English citizens equal rights no matter where they were (New or Old World). This leads to big problems later. | |
| 217030484 | Jamestown | 1607: the Virginia Company lands in the Chesapeake, which turns out to be a disease-infested swamp. When colonists should have been focusing on finding food, building shelter, etc, they were out searching for gold that wasn't there. | |
| 217030485 | Captain John Smith | 1608: organized colonists of Jamestown who wouldn't work and just wanted to look for gold. He imposed a harsh law: "He who will not work shall not eat." | |
| 217030486 | Starving Time | The winter of 1609-1610 was a harsh winter, killing off the large majority of English settlers. | |
| 217030487 | First Anglo-Powhatan War (1614) | 1614: De La Warr strained the Indian relations by raiding their food, burning villages and attacking tribes of Powhatans. They made a peace settlement after the First Anglo-Powhatan War (1614) and it was sealed by the marriage between Pocahontas and John Rolfe. | |
| 217030488 | Second Anglo-Powhatan War | American Indians attack settlers, forcing the Virginia Company to call for a war that would remove all of the native population. Powhatans are pushed off their land. | |
| 217030489 | Lakotas (Sioux) | Horse are introduced to these previously forest dwellers, and they flourish in the Great Plains. | |
| 217030490 | John Rolfe | Marries Pocahontas in the Virginia's first Indian/European marriage. He discovers how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia a hugely economically successful colony. | |
| 217030491 | King Nicotine | Tobacco described as being a tyrant, ruling the South's economy but helping it prosper. Downside: it ruins the soil, depends on slave labor and plantations, makes Virginia incredibly dependent on the success of one crop. | |
| 217030492 | 1619 | 1. The first black African slaves are sold to the English colonists in North America by Dutch freighters.
2. The House of Burgesses is formed after the London Company authorizes the assembly's formation. The King doesn't like or trust it. | |
| 217030493 | Lord Baltimore | 1694: He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics. He doled out giant land plots to his relatives, eventually losing his right to do so (only for a short time) when backcountry farmers rebel against it. | |
| 217030494 | Indentured Servants | Poor, white immigrants who pay for a ticket to the Americas by offering so many years of labor. Later they are replaced by slaves (cheaper). | |
| 217030495 | What led to Northern Indian failure? | ➀ Disease: they were extremely prone to lethal diseases that destroyed their population.
➁ Disorganization: the lack of unity in "Powhatan's Confederacy" compared to the structure of the whites made them an easy target.
➂ Disposability: they served to economic purpose like Indians in South America who could work the mines. | |
| 217030496 | Act of Toleration | Fearing that just like in England Protestants would come to power in Maryland and abuse their Catholic belief, Catholics pass the Act, guaranteeing tolerance. This was misleading because it also promised death to those who didn't believe in the Trinity (Jews, Atheists). This meant less toleration than before it act was passed. | |
| 217030497 | African Diaspora | A scattering of slaves all over the Americas starting after Columbus's discovery. Happens because of the slave trade and need for slave labor. | |
| 217030498 | Barbados Slave Code (1661) | Smaller farmers pushed out of the West Indies came north in search of a more profitable career, brought with them the code. They are now enslaving not only blacks by natives. Some Indians move north to Pennsylvania which promises better white relations. | |
| 217030499 | Carolina | King Charles II (Charles I is beheaded because he dismissed Parliament when he disagreed with them, and when he came back, they killed him) gives land to eight of his court favorites where they can grow good to send to Barbados plantations, etc. | |
| 217030500 | Charles Town (Charleston) | A city in southeastern Carolina and a major port on the Atlantic Ocean that had great economic success. Later, in 1780, the British troops greatly outnumbered the American soldiers and won a battle in this city during the Revolutionary War. | |
| 217030501 | Yamasees | Defeated by North Carolina's citizens. They were the last Indian obstacle between the colonist's and their expansion south. | |
| 217030502 | James Oglethorpe | Interested in American prison reform after one of his friends died in debtors jail. Contributes little. | |
| 217030503 | John Wesley | A Georgia missionary doing work with Indians and debtors (conversions). He returns to England later and founds the Methodist Church. | |
| 217030504 | Important Words | Proto-industrialization: early industrialization.
Monoculture: dependent on production of one thing | |
| 217030505 | Starting Colonies | South: NC, SC, GA
Chesapeake: VA, MD
Midd Atlantic: MD, DE, PA, NJ, NY
New England: MA, NH, RI, CT, Plymouth | |
| 217030506 | Predestination | Doctrine of John Calvin that was the idea that each person's fate is predetermined by god.
The "elect" have been destined for eternal bliss, others damnation. Even good deeds couldn't save a person.
"Conversion" meant to Calvinists that they had seen a sign that mean they were bound to go to Heaven. | |
| 217030507 | Puritan | Puritans wanted all Catholic elements in the Church of England eliminated. They were unhappy with the slow "Protestant Reforms" so they left for the New World. | |
| 217030508 | Separatists | Really extreme and dedicated Puritans who wanted to break all connections with the Church of England as opposed to Puritans who believed it was possible to reform the Church. They didn't want the "saints" to pray with the "damned."
The pilgrims were Separatists. | |
| 217030509 | Mayflower Compact | This document was drafted in 1620 prior to settlement by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. It declared that the members agreed to accept majority rule and vote in the best interest of the colony.
They chose William Bradford as their leader many times. | |
| 217030510 | Massachusetts Bay Colony | 1629: a group of Puritans (not the Separatist type), fearing what might become of their church in England, but want to stay a part of the Anglican Church, agree to make a settlement. | |
| 217030511 | Great Migration | 1630s: an estimated 70 thousand immigrants leave England and come to Massachusetts (mostly), another colony, or the West Indies. | |
| 217030512 | John Winthrop | The first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop helped form the colony's government and legislative policy (he was an attorney in England). He envisioned the colony as a "city upon a hill" where Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world and be a model colony. | |
| 217030513 | Congregational Church | Adult Puritan freemen could belong to it, and were then allowed to vote. It held a significant amount of power in the New England colonies because it could sway politicians even though there was no church government (or mixing of the two). | |
| 217030514 | Bible Commonwealth | Religious leaders who decided on admissions to the church by questioning people. | |
| 217030515 | Blue Law State | It was a nickname for Connecticut because repressive laws (sometimes called sumptuary laws) were printed on blue paper. Residents did not like them. | |
| 217030516 | Anne Hutchinson | A religious radical who attracted a large following in Massachusetts. Stated that people can achieve salvation without the church, and was banished from Boston for her beliefs. | |
| 217030517 | Antinomians | Members of a religious group that thought they were didn't have to obey laws given by their religion, they were heretics. | |
| 217030518 | Roger Williams | Extreme Separatist: said clergy should all sever ties with England. He questioned if the Bay Colony Charter was legal or not because they just came over. He didn't thinks should be allowed to govern.
He was exiled for this and founded Rhode Island. Known as "Rogue's Island" because all the unhappy and banished people went there. | |
| 217030519 | Reverend Thomas Hooker | Leads a group of Puritans (fed up with the ideals of the Mass Bay Colony) to Hartford. He becomes the founder of Connecticut. | |
| 217030520 | Fundamental Orders | 1639: settlers of CT draft this. It was basically a modern Constitution that established a democratic regime. | |
| 217030521 | Massasoit | 1621: Wampanoag chieftain who signed a treaty with the Pilgrims, leading to the first Thanksgiving. | |
| 217030522 | Pequot War | 1637: Whites start forcing natives west, ruining the peace relations they just made with Massasoit. They attack a Pequot village by setting fire to homes and killing survivors. It was the start of strained relations. | |
| 217030523 | King Phillips's War | Metacom = Son of Massasoit = King Phillip
1685: Metacom attacks English villages, driving settlers back to Boston. Many die on both sides, one of America's bloodiest wars. Remaining Indians sold in to slavery. | |
| 217030524 | New England Confederation | 1643: Four colonies (MA, CT, RI, ME) join together to defend against common potential foes (Indian, French, Dutch). It only lasted a short time, breaking apart when MA refuses to join the Anglo-Dutch war, but regaining importance during King Phillip's War. | |
| 217126946 | Dominion of New England | Created by royal authority in attempt to consolidate their overseas possessions. Stopped trade between America and other countries with the Navigation Laws (which ended up just leading to excessive smuggling). | |
| 217126947 | English Navigation Laws | Britain said that they were the only people the colonies could trade with, ensuring they got a profit form colonial trading. Leads to smuggling. | |
| 217126948 | Sir Edmund Andros | Representative from the Dominion of New England sent to the colonies to "lay down the law." He was disliked because of his affiliation with the Church of England and because he taxed as he pleased. | |
| 217126949 | Glorious Revolution | In this bloodless revolution, the English Parliament and William and Mary agreed to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism. A bloodless revolution. This took Edmund Andros out of the colonies.
W/M implement "Salutary Neglect" making the Nav. Acts obsolete. | |
| 217126950 | New Netherland | Dutch West India Company established the colony for fur trading purposes. They become a successful trade outpost, and purchase Manhattan island for nothing. | |
| 217126951 | Patroonship | Granted to a feudal estate only if they found fifty people that would settle on the land. | |
| 217126952 | Quakers | Protestants, but they were different because they allowed women to speak at meetings. | |
| 217126953 | Bread Colonies | PA, NY, NJ came be to known as the "bread" colonies because they exported a lot of grain thanks to fertile soil and broad expanses of land. Not lock the rocky New England soil. | |
| 217126954 | Freedom Dues | Indentured servants, when they were free, would get "freedom dues" which included, clothes, corn, some land, etc. | |
| 217126955 | Headright System | Whoever paid the passage of an indentured servant would get 50 acres of land. This gave incentive to populate the New World. | |
| 217126956 | Bacon's Rebellion | Virginia citizens (led by Nathaniel Bacon) rebel against governor William Berkeley for refusing to respond to Indian attacks. Angered people run around killing Indians and running Berkeley out of the seat. | |
| 217126957 | Royal African Company | In 1672, they had a "crown-granted" monopoly on bringing slaves to the colonies (and West Indies). In 1698, the ban lifted, and everyone rushed to get in on the trade (especially Rhode Islanders). | |
| 217126958 | Chattels | The early "slave codes" dictated that black men and women, as well as their children, were property, or "chattels." | |
| 217126959 | Ringshout | West African dance that contributed to the evolution of jazz in the Americas. | |
| 217126960 | NYC Slave Revolt | 1712: a result of slaves' harsh conditions in captivity. 12 White men are killed. Even with revolts, blacks are still less troublesome than white servants | |
| 217126961 | Stono Rebellion | 1739: Some South Caroline blacks revolt and try to march south to Florida (Spanish) but were stopped and killed by a local militia. It was the largest revolt before the American Revolution. | |
| 217126962 | First Families of Virginia | A small group of families at the top of Virginia's social ladder who had all been established there in 1690. They owned huge tracts of land and many slaves, as well as most of the political power. | |
| 217126963 | Halfway Covenant | 1662: because less and less people were supporting the church, if offered partial membership to Puritans (even though they couldn't vote). Meant to drum up more membership. | |
| 217126964 | The Massachusetts School Law (1647) | 1647: requires larger communities to pay a leader to teach school age children to read/write. Literacy was important to read scriptures. | |
| 217126965 | Salem Witch Hunt | 1692: girls claim to have been bewitched by an older woman, and a "witch hunt followed." | |
| 217126966 | Gold Mines of New England | New ENglanders fish off the coast of Newfoundland, finding more wealthy from that than all the Aztec treasure. | |
| 217167258 | Edict of Nantes | 1598: said that French Protestants had "limited toleration" thus reducing the flow of French to North America. | |
| 217167259 | Samuel de Champlain | Founds Quebec. | |
| 217167260 | Courears de Bois | "Runners of the woods." They were French fur traders who just moved around, naming places, drink, and trading fur. It was profitable. | |
| 217167261 | Robert de La Salle | 1682: travels down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico so the Spanish can't settle there. He names i Louisiana (after King Louis XIV). He leaves, tries to find the same spot when he returns to settle, but can't and is then murdered by angry crew members. | |
| 217167262 | New Orleans | The most important French Fort, built to block Spain along the Gulf of Mexico. It also was a big fur trading outpost for the French. | |
| 217167263 | War of Jenkins' Ear | 1739: British/Spanish fight in the Caribbean Sea and in Georgia. British Captain Robert Jenkins ear was cut off bu a Spaniard, arousing a furious response in Britain. | |
| 217167264 | Louisbourg | The British capture it in 1745, colonists fight for it with them, but then they return in in 1748, angering the colonists. | |
| 217167265 | Deerfield | 1704: Indians attack Deerfield residents, killing many and sending others in to the wilderness, taking more captive. | |
| 217167266 | Fort Duquesne | There was a rivalry between French/America for land of the upper Ohio Valley. The French built a series of Forts to control the Ohio River. Americans send Washington to go secure that land, but French send troops to surround him.
1754: Washington is forced to surrender, he and his men march back. | |
| 217167267 | Albany Congress | 1754: representatives of colonies meet in Albany to talk about their relationship with Great Britain. Franklin proposes home rule, which everyone accepts. | |
| 217167268 | General Braddock | An experienced European officer who goes to Virginia to try and capture Fort Duquesne. He colonial army is defeated by Indians (embarrassing). | |
| 217265644 | William Pitt | In Great Britain, he is considered to be the "The Great Commoner." He believed strongly in his cause and his country, sending energetic young generals to fight in the West Indies. | |
| 217265645 | Battle of Quebec | 1759: Quebec and Montreal were defeated because the French soldiers didn't have supplies, so the French had no involvement in North America for awhile.
Combatants: British and Americans against the French and Canadians. | |
| 217265646 | 1763 | 1. French and Indian War ends: This leaves Britain in a huge debt and feels they can tax the colonists.
2. Treaty of Paris: Montreal falls in 1760 (French out of North America), and the Peace ends the French and Indian War, giving French Canada to Britain but allowing French to keep some West Indies islands.
3. Pontiac's Uprising: tribes band together and kill several thousand soldiers and settlers.
4. Proclamation of 1763: King George III prevents the American colonists froms settling west of the Appalachians - just to avoid clashes with the Indians. | |
| 217265647 | Paxton Boys | 1764: Led by Scots-Irish (who aren't at all Irish, just Scottish lowlanders) they marched armed in Philadelphia to protest the Quaker's lenient policy with Indians. | |
| 217265648 | Smallpox Inoculation | Early method of vaccination of smallpox. Skin was broken and pus was taken from a smallpox victim (who had lived) and applied to someone's wound so immunity developed.
People didn't like that it was "tampering with the will of God." | |
| 217265649 | Triangular Trade | New England merchants would take rum to the Gold Coast of Africa, trade it for claves, take the slaves to the West Indies where he would get molasses, then finally take the molasses to New England to make rum. A flourishing trade route. | |
| 217265650 | Lumbering | Fresh wood being chopped down, need for New England ship building (big business). | |
| 217265651 | Molasses Act | 1733: an attempt to stop North American trade with the West Indies. Parliament wanted to weaken America and her trade connections, but America just turns to smuggling. This foreshadows the colonist's would rather revolt than follow rules. | |
| 217265652 | Jonathan Edwards | 1734: He started the Great Awakening. He preached that good deeds didn't lead to salvation, and one must depend on God's grace. He speeches really resinated with people and scared them. | |
| 217265653 | Old lights vs. New Lights | "Old lights" were skeptical of the new preaching style the came with the Great Awakening, while "New light" ministeres defended it for revitalizing the American religion. | |
