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Chapter 6 AP Bio Flashcards

Chapter 6 vocabulary from Principles of Life.

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477767382hydrolysisa chemical reaction between water and another substance to form two or more new substances
477767383coenzymea small molecule (not a protein but sometimes a vitamin) essential for the activity of some enzymes
477767384exergonic reactionA spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy. (cell respiration and catabolism)
477767385endergonic reactionA non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. (active transport, cell movements, and anabolism)
477767386redox reactionA chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction.
477767387reduction reactiona chemical change in which electrons are gained, either by the removal of oxygen, the addition of hydrogen, or the addition of electrons
477767388oxidation reactiona chemical reaction in which a reactant loses one or more electrons such that the reactant becomes more positive in charge
477767389oxidative phosphorylationATP formation in the mitochondrian, assosciated with flow of electrons through respiratory chain
477767390chemiosmosisFormation of ATP in the mitochondria and chloroplasts, resulting from a pumping of protons across a membrane (against a gradient of electrical charge and of pH), followed by the return of the protons through a protein channel with ATP synthase activity
477767391cellular respirationThe catabolic pathways by which electrons are removed from various molecules and passed through intermediate electron carriers to O2, generating H2O and releasing energy
480719607glycolysisa metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP and NADH
480719608aerobicdepending on free oxygen or air
480719609pyruvate oxidation2nd step in cellular respiration occurs on the way to the mitochondrial matrix. Pyruvate is oxidized into 1 CO2, 1 NADH, 1 acetyl-COA (2 carbons attached to coenzyme A)
480719610citric acid cyclein cellular respiration, series of chemical reactions that break down glucose and produce ATP; energizes electron carriers that pass the energized electrons on to the electron transport chain
480719611coenzyme A (CoA)a coenzyme, a small molecule required for enzymatic activity, present in all cells; necessary for cell respiration and fatty-acid metabolism
480719612electron transportPart of Oxidative Phosphorylation, Electrons from reduced coenzymes (NADH & FADH2) are passed through. The terminal electron acceptor is O2, forming H2O. Energy from electron transfer creates PROTON GRADIENT across cell membrane.
480719613anaerobicliving or active in the absence of free oxygen
480719614fermentationa chemical phenomenon in which an organic molecule splits into simpler substances
480719615catabolic pathwayA metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds.
480719616anabolic pathwayA metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler compounds.
480719617gluconeogenesisproduction of glucose from non-carbohydrates
480719618photosynthesisprocess by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
480719619light reactionsThe steps in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and that convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, evolving oxygen in the process.
480719620carbon-fixation reactionsdoes not use light directly, but uses ATP and NADPH from light reactions with CO2 to produce carbs
480719621electromagnetic radiationpropagated in waves, and the amount of energy in the radiation is inversely proportional to its wavelength. The shorter the wave length, the greater the energy.
480719622photonsparticles of light
480719623pigmentsMolecules that absorb wavelengths in the visible spectrum
487740314absorption spectrumthe spectrum of electromagnetic radiation that has passed through a medium that absorbed radiation of certain wavelengths
487740315action spectrumthe efficiency with which electromagnetic radiation produces a photochemical reaction plotted as a function of the wavelength of the radiation
487740316biological activitythe actions of plants and animals that cause weathering
487740317light harvesting complexespigment molecules bound to proteins funnel the energy of photons to the reaction center
487740318photosystemin the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, a cluster of chlorophyll and other pigment molecules harvest light energy for the light reactions of photosynthesis
487740319reaction centerThe chlorophyll a molecule and the primary electron acceptor in a photosystem trigger the light reactions of photosynthesis. The chlorophyll donates an electron, excited by light energy, to the primary electron acceptor; which passes an electron to an electron transport chain.
487740320photosystem IComplex in photosynthesis that absorbs light at 700nm and passes electrons to ferrodoxin and then to NADPH
487740321photosytem IIComplex in photosynthesis that absorbs light at 680 nm and passes electrons to the electron transport chain in the chloroplast
487740322cyclic electron transportIn photosynthetic light reactions, the flow of electrons that produces ATP but no NADPH or O2
487740323calvin cyclea series of reactions that occur during photosynthesis where glucose is synthesized by carbon dioxide
487740324ribscoribulose biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase; enzyme that catalyzes the initial reaction of the Calvin cycle of CO2 to an acceptor molecule
487740325G3PA three-carbon carbohydrate that is the direct product of the Calvin cycle; it is also an intermediate in glycolysis.
487740326autotrophsorganisms that make their own food; photosynthetic organisms
487740327heterotrophsorganism that must get energy from food sources; depend on autotrophs for chemical energy
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American Pageant Chapters 7-8 Flashcards

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220424941Sons of LibertyThe Sons of Liberty were a political group intent on upholding nonimportation agreements. They cried out "Liberty, Property, and No Stamps." Any colonials not following the nonimportation agreement risked being tarred and feathered. Unpopular officials often were abused or robbed.
220424942Townshend ActsThe Townshend Acts, passed in 1767 at the urging of "Champagne Charley" Townshend, included a light duty on imported glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea. The Townshend Acts differed from the Stamp Acts in that the tax was an indirect customs duty that could be paid at American ports but the colonials saw little distinction. The money from the acts was to be used to pay the salaries of royal governors and judges in the colonies.
220424943Boston Tea PartyOn December 16, 1773, a group of white townsfolk disguished as Indians, jumped aboard three tea ships anchored in Boston harbor. The disguised colonials then proceeded to open 342 chests of tea and dump them into the water. This was a radical move and some thought this destruction of property went too far however the extremists were inspired into future action.
220424944Coercive (Repressive) ActsIn response to the Boston Tea Party, British Parliament passed the "Repressive Acts" in 1774. Directed at Massachusetts and Boston in particular, Boston's harbor was closed until the colonials could repay the lost damages.
220424945Loyalists/ToriesThe Loyalists were also known as Tories and they represented about 20% of the American people. Loyalists felt it necessary to remain loyal to the English king as this fidelity to the crown had been practiced for generations. Conservative Americans, older Americans, the king's officers, and the Anglican clergy were all members of the Loyalist party. New York City, Charleston, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey were all highly populated with Tories while New England generally did not support this party. After the Declaration of Independence was developed, a clearer split between parties formed and the Loyalists were often abused, imprisoned, or killed. One defining mistake of the British was not using the Loyalists to their full advantage.
220424946Patriots/WhigsThe Patriots, or Whigs, were a sect of American people who wished for independence from Britain. Patriots were most numerous in New England but gained support in the wake of the British. As soon as the British marched on, the Patriots would enter towns and educate the citizens on the political issues they were fighting for. They were extremely successful in promoting Revolutionary ideas. The Patriots were harsh to their opponents, the Loyalists, and imprisoned them, killed, or else took their property. The Patriots were the force behind the Revolution.
220424947First Continental CongressIn 1774, the First Continental Congress met in response to the recently passed "Intolerable Acts." Representatives from 12 of the 13 colonies traveled to Philadelphia for the meeting and the group consisted of 55 respected men including John Adams, George Washington, Patrick Henry, and Samuel Adams. At the congress, the men created The Association which called for the boycott of all British goods until their demands to repeal the oppressive legislation and taxes were appeased. This congress helped establish unity within the colonies and when its demands were not met, serious action was taken by the colonies.
220424948YorktownIn September and October of 1781, the last major battle of the Revolutionary War took place in Yorktown, Virginia. A combined French and American force took over the British and forced British General Lord Charles Cornwallis to surrender more than 8,000 troops. Although the battle did not end the war, it resulted in the resignation of Britain's prime minister and peace talks began with the new leadership.
220424949Second Continental CongressOn May 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia. All 13 colonies were represented but there was still a conservative population and no real desire for independence just a desire for the king to recognize the colonists' grievances. At the Congress, George Washington was selected to head the army besieging Boston. Also on July 4, 1776, the congress approved the Declaration of Independence. The Congress established unity and an independent spirit of American character.
220424950Social ContractThe Social Contract written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau called for a form of democracy or representative government. Rousseau argued that citizens have natural rights that they must claim. The text was significant in representing the ideas of the American Revolutionaries and put forth the ideas of Democracy.
220424951George WashingtonGeorge Washington was a distinguished Virginian who was an excellent leader and held many important qualities including patience, courage, and discipline. Although he was not a particularly strong military general, he was a symbol of the revolutionary cause and a rallying point. Washington was capable of inspiring others to act in the Revolution's favor.
220424952Patrick HenryPatrick Henry was an orator, lawyer, and statesmen who is famous for declaring "Give me liberty or give me death!" His powerful speeches moved people to action and he became a leader of the Revolutionary cause.
220424953Lexington-ConcordIn April 1775, British troops moved to Lexington and Concord to take colonial gunpowder and arrest the rebels Samuel Adams and John Hancock. While in Lexington, the colonials known as "Minute Men" did not back off and gunfire broke out. Eight Americans were killed and several more injured. However when the British arrived in Concord, the Americans were stationed and ready to fight causing the British to retreat but not without the loss of 70 soldiers and the injury of 300. With the battles of Lexington and Concord, the war for independence had begun.
220424954Sugar ActThe Sugar Act of 1764 was the first act passed by British parliament to raise taxes in the colonies for the British crown. Through this act the duty on imported sugar from the West Indies was increased which sparked protests from the colonials. In response to the protests, the duties were lowered and peace was for the most part restored.
220424955Boston MassacreThe Boston Massacre occurred on March 5, 1770 when over 60 colonials attacked 10 stationed British soldiers. Eleven colonials were killed or wounded in the dispute including Crispus Attucks. John Adams served as the defense attorney for the British soldiers during the trial held after the incident and only 2 soldiers were found guilty.
220424956Intolerable ActsThe "Intolerable Acts" passed in 1774, took away many of the colonists' most cherished rights. These included imposing restrictions on town meetings and sending officials who had killed colonists to England for trial. In the colonists' eye, the Quebec Act of 1774 was also "intolerable" as it took the trans-Allegheny area from them and created a large Catholic region. The passing of these intolerable acts, sparked outrage and the creation of the Continental Congress.
220424957Continental ArmyThe Continental army was the official army of the colonies. It was created during the second continental congress and led by George Washington.
220424958Salutary NeglectSalutary Neglect was the policy taken by the British in regard to their American colonies. In this policy the British saw the colonies as a source of raw materical rather than a part of their empire and as so ignored the colonies until they could be ignored no longer. It was in part because of this policy that Britian didn't realize the outrage of the colonists and the nation they were developing.
220424959Committees of CorrespondenceThe first committee of correspondence was established by Samuel Adams in 1772. They were designed to spread propaganda and share information, maintaining British opposition. The committees were successful in promoting British resistance.
220424960Thomas PaineThomas Paine was a radical who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense. He argued that the small island of England should not be governing the huge expanse of America, that the king was nothing but "the royal Brute of Great Britain" and that action must be taken.
220424961Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson was the author of the Declaration of Independence. He spoke of "natural rights" in addition to British rights. He acted as the prosecuting attorney and thus his approach was one-sided. Perhaps most significant was his statement "all mean are created equal." Jefferson's work had international consequences as it spoke of democracy, equality, and a new nation.
220424962Benedict ArnoldBenedict Arnold was a greedy traitor who plotted with the British to sell West Point on the Hudson River. However the Americans luckily detected the plot. Arnold was forced to flee to the British. This was significant as it called into question whom could be trusted.
220424963John JayJohn Jay was the first chief justice of the United States under the U.S. constitution. He was known for being fair and just even in the face of unpopular issues.
220424964Crispus AtticusCrispus Attucks was a runaway "mulatto" and the supposed leader of the mob that attacked the British soldiers during the Boston Massacre. Attucks died in the dispute.
220424965Stamp ActIn 1765, Prime Minister George Grenville created the Stamp Act. This tax was designed to raise the funds necessary to support the new military force. The act required all papers to be stamped showing the payment of tax. These papers included commercial and legal documents, newspapers, and marriage licenses. Although the English had held a stamp tax much heavier than the one imposed in the colonies, the colonists were outraged at the Stamp Act they saw to be stealing their funds and liberties. The Stamp Act was at last repealed in 1766.
220424966Declaratory ActThe Declaratory Act passed in 1766, declared that the British Parliament could bind the colonies "in all cases whatsoever." This came however, after the colonies had bent Parliament to concede to its wishes with the repealing of the Stamp Act and it proved a feeble victory.
220424967Tea ActThe Tea Act was a law passed by the British parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its tea directly to the colonies which devastated colonial tea merchants leading to the Boston Tea Party.
220424968Common SenseCommon Sense was a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that argued that the small island of England should not be ruling the vast colonies. Within a few months, the pamphlet had sold 120,000 copies. It was significant in creating revolutionary spirit and calling for independence.
220424969Natural RightsNatural rights were considered the rights to life, liberty, and property. These were established in the Declaration of Independence in conjugtion with the rights Englishmen had held for centuries. Thus the American colonies achieved a greater level of freedom than any nation had experienced.
220424970MercenariesMercenaries were hired soldiers used during the Revolutionary War. The English promised American slaves their independence in return for British service which made the African Americans British mercenaries.
220424971Marquis de LafayetteMarquis de Lafayette was a French nobleman who became a general in the colonial army. He was a prominent player as he was able to procure aid from France later in the war.
220424972John AdamsJohn Adams was a signer of the Declaration of Independence and an advocate for American freedom. He was a powerful orator who was able to sway people to his thought which proved imperative during the Revolution.
220424973John LockeJohn Locke was an English philosopher who argued that all human beings are entitled to the natural rights of life, liberty, and the ownership of property. Locke's writings were influential in creating the Declaration of Independence.
220424974Samuel AdamsSamuel Adams was the cousin of John Adams. He was a successful propagandist and rebel who believed in the common people whom he called his "trained mob." Adams was known as the "penman of the Revolution." He was responsible for setting up the first local committee of correspondence in Massachusetts.
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The American Pageant Chapter 7 Flashcards

Chapter 7 of the American Pageant for AP US History

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889322704RepublicanismDefined a just society as one in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private, selfish self interests to the common good
889322705MercantilismFollowers believed that wealth was power and that a country's economic wealth could be measured by the amount of gold and silver in its treasury
889322706Navigation Law of 1650Law passed by Parliament to regulate the mercantilist system; aimed at rival Dutch shippers. Said that all commerce flowing to and from the colonies could only be transported in British/colonial vessels
889322707George GrenvilleFirst aroused the resentment of the colonists in 1763 by ordering the British navy to begin strictly enforcing the Navigation Laws
889322708Sugar Act of 1764First law ever passed by Parliament for raising tax revenue in the colonies for the crown; among various provisions, it increased the duty on foreign sugar
889322709Quartering Act of 1765Required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops
889322710Stamp Act of 1765Mandated the use of stamped paper/the affixing of stamps
889322711Stamp Act Congress of 1765Assemblage in New York City which brought together 27 delegates who drew up a statement of their rights and grievances and beseeched the king and Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act
889322712Declaratory Act of 1766Reaffirmed Parliament's right "to bind" the colonies "in all cases whatsover". It defined absolute and unqualified sovereignty over its North American colonies
889322713Charley TownshendMan who took control of the British ministry and introduced the Townshend Acts
889322714Townshend Acts of 1767Imposed a light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea; was an indirect customs duty payable at American ports
889322715Boston Massacre of 1770When British troops opened fire into a jeering crowd, killing/wounding eleven people
889322716Crispus AttucksOne of the first to die in the Boston Massacre
889322717King George IIIRuler of Britain attempting to assert the power of the British monarchy
889322718Samuel AdamsMaster propagandist and engineer of rebellion; organized the local committees of correspondence in Massachusetts
889322719House of BurgessesStanding committee created in 1773 in Virginia
889322720Thomas HutchinsonMassachusetts governor that refused to be cowed by colonists and ordered tea ships not to clear Boston harbor until they'd emptied their loads
889322721Boston Tea PartyDecember 16, 1773 - About 100 Bostonians disguised as Indians smashed open 342 chests of tea and dumped them into Boston Harbor
889322722Boston Port ActClosed Boston Harbor until damages were paid and order could be ensured
889322723Quebec Act of 1774Guaranteed French subjects their Catholic religion and permitted them to retain many of their old customs and institutions
889322724First Continental CongressFifty-five delegates who met in Philadelphia to consider ways of redressing colonial grievances
889322725John AdamsSwayed his colleagues at the First Continental Congress to a revolutionary course
889322726The AssociationCalled for a complete boycott of British goods
889322727Battle at LexingtonBattle in which the British sent a detachment of troops to seize stores of colonial gunpowder
889322728Marquis de Lafayette19-yr-old French nobleman who was made a major general in the colonial army
889322729Baron von SteubenDrillmaster who whipped his colonial soldiers into line
889322730Lord DunmoreRoyal governor of Virginia who issued a proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British army
889322731Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment300 slaves who'd escaped to join the British army
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WordMasters Grade 4 Gold Nov/Dec 2012 Flashcards

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504290442spireNoun 1.a tall, acutely pointed pyramidal roof or rooflike construction upon a tower, roof, etc. 2.the highest point or summit of something: the spire of a hill; the spire of one's profession. 3.a sprout or shoot of a plant, as an acrospire of grain or a blade or spear of grass. Verb 1.to shoot or rise into spirelike form; rise or extend to a height in the manner of a spire.
504290443grateNoun 1.a frame of metal bars for holding fuel when burning, as in a fireplace, furnace, or stove. 2.a framework of parallel or crossed bars, used as a partition, guard, cover, or the like; grating. 3.a fireplace. 4.a harsh rasping sound Verb 1.to furnish with a grate or grates. 2. to reduce to small shreds by rubbing against a rough or sharp perforated surface: to grate carrots 3.to scrape (an object) against something or (objects) together, producing a harsh rasping sound, or (of objects) to scrape with such a sound 4. to annoy
504311763drollNoun 1.a droll person; jester; wag. Adjective 1.amusing in an odd way; whimsically humorous; waggish.
504311764melodyNoun, plural mel·o·dies. 1.musical sounds in agreeable succession or arrangement. 2.Music - a.the succession of single tones in musical compositions, as distinguished from harmony and rhythm. b.the principal part in a harmonic composition; the air. c.a rhythmical succession of single tones producing a distinct musical phrase or idea. 3.a poem suitable for singing. 4.intonation, as of a segment of connected speech.
504311765extinguishVerb 1.to put out (a fire, light, etc.); put out the flame of (something burning or lighted): to extinguish a candle. 2.to put an end to or bring to an end; wipe out of existence; annihilate: to extinguish hope. 3.to obscure or eclipse, as by superior brilliance. 4.Law - to discharge (a debt), as by payment.
504311766shrewdAdjective, shrewd·er, shrewd·est. 1.astute or sharp in practical matters: a shrewd politician. 2.keen; piercing. 3.artful. 4.Archaic - malicious. 5.Obsolete - bad.
504311767hearthNoun 1.the floor of a fireplace, usually of stone, brick, etc., often extending a short distance into a room. 2.home; fireside: the joys of family and hearth. 3.Metallurgy - a.the lower part of a blast furnace, cupola, etc., in which the molten metal collects and from which it is tapped out. b.the part of an open hearth upon which the charge is placed and melted down or refined. 4.chafing dish for burning charcoal.
504311768kindleVerb (used with object) 1.to start (a fire); cause (a flame, blaze, etc.) to begin burning. 2.to set fire to or ignite (fuel or any combustible matter). 3.to excite; stir up or set going; animate; rouse; inflame: He kindled their hopes of victory. 4.to light up, illuminate, or make bright: Happiness kindled her eyes. Verb, kin·dled, kin·dling (used with object) 1.(of animals, especially rabbits) to bear (young); produce (offspring). Verb (used without object) 2.(of animals, especially rabbits) to give birth, as to a litter. Noun 1.a litter of kittens, rabbits, etc.
504311769rancidAdjective 1.having a rank, unpleasant, stale smell or taste, as through decomposition, especially of fats or oils: rancid butter. 2.(of an odor or taste) rank, unpleasant, and stale: a rancid smell. 3.offensive or nasty; disagreeable.
504311770nookNoun 1.a corner, as in a room. 2.any secluded or obscure corner. 3.any small recess: a breakfast nook. 4.any remote or sheltered spot: a shady nook that was ideal for a picnic.
504311771reekNoun 1.a strong, unpleasant smell. 2.vapor or steam. Verb (used without object) 1.to smell strongly and unpleasantly. 2.to be strongly pervaded with something unpleasant or offensive. 3.to give off steam, smoke, etc. 4.to be wet with sweat, blood, etc.
504311772miniatureNoun 1.a representation or image of something on a small or reduced scale. 2.a greatly reduced or abridged form or copy. 3.a very small painting, especially a portrait, on ivory, vellum, or the like. 4.the art of executing such a painting. 5.an illumination in an illuminated manuscript or book. Adjective 1.being, on, or represented on a small scale; reduced.
504311773gorgeNoun 1.a narrow cleft with steep, rocky walls, especially one through which a stream runs. 2.a small canyon. 3.a gluttonous meal. 4.something that is swallowed; contents of the stomach. 5.an obstructing mass: an ice gorge. Verb, gorged, gorg·ing. 1.to stuff with food (usually used reflexively or passively): He gorged himself. They were gorged. 2.to swallow, especially greedily. 3.to choke up (usually used passively).
504311774reelNoun 1.a cylinder, frame, or other device that turns on an axis and is used to wind up or pay out something. 2.a rotatory device attached to a fishing rod at the butt, for winding up or letting out the line. 3.Photography - a.a spool on which film, especially motion-picture film, is wound. b.a roll of motion-picture film. c.a holder for roll film in a developing tank. 4.a quantity of something wound on a reel. Verb (used with object) 1.to wind on a reel, as thread, yarn, etc. 2.to unwind (silk filaments) from a cocoon. 3.to pull or draw by winding a line on a reel: to reel a fish in.
504311775deftAdjective- deft·er, deft·est. dexterous; nimble; skillful; clever: deft hands; a deft mechanic.
504311776coveNoun 1.a small indentation or recess in the shoreline of a sea, lake, or river. 2.a sheltered nook. 3.a hollow or recess in a mountain; cave; cavern. Verb (used with object), verb (used without object) 4.to make or become a cove.
504311777staggerVerb 1.to walk, move, or stand unsteadily. 2.to falter or begin to give way, as in an argument or fight. 3.to waver or begin to doubt, as in purpose or opinion; hesitate: After staggering momentarily, he recognized that he had to make a decision. 4.to shock; render helpless with amazement or the like; astonish: The vastness of outer space staggers the mind. 5.to arrange in a zigzag order or manner on either side of a center: The captain staggered the troops along the road. Noun 1.the act of staggering; a reeling or tottering movement or motion. 2.a staggered order or arrangement.
504311778colossalAdjective 1.extraordinarily great in size, extent, or degree; gigantic; huge. 2.of or resembling a colossus. 3.( initial capital letter ) Architecture . noting or pertaining to a classical order whose columns or pilasters span two or more stories of a building.
504311779aromaNoun 1.an odor arising from spices, plants, cooking, etc., especially an agreeable odor; fragrance.
504311780seepVerb (used without object) 1.to pass, flow, or ooze gradually through a porous substance: Water seeps through cracks in the wall. 2.(of ideas, methods, etc.) to enter or be introduced at a slow pace: The new ideas finally seeped down to the lower echelons. 3.to become diffused; permeate: Fog seeped through the trees, obliterating everything. Noun 1.moisture that seeps out; seepage. 2.a small spring, pool, or other place where liquid from the ground has oozed to the surface of the earth.
504311781lethalAdjective 1.of, pertaining to, or causing death; deadly; fatal: a lethal weapon; a lethal dose. 2.made to cause death: a lethal chamber; a lethal attack. 3.causing great harm or destruction: The disclosures were lethal to his candidacy.
504311782cinderNoun 1.a partially or mostly burned piece of coal, wood, etc. 2.cinders- a.any residue of combustion; ashes. b.Geology . coarse scoriae erupted by volcanoes. 3.a live, flameless coal; ember. Verb (used with object) 1.to spread cinders on: The highway department salted and cindered the icy roads.
504311783spoutVerb (used with object) 1.to emit or discharge forcibly (a liquid, granulated substance, etc.) in a stream or jet. 2.Informal . to state or declaim volubly or in an oratorical manner: He spouted his theories on foreign policy for the better part of the night. Noun 1.a pipe, tube, or liplike projection through or by which a liquid is discharged, poured, or conveyed. 2.a trough or shoot for discharging or conveying grain, flour, etc. 3.a waterspout. 4.a continuous stream of liquid, granulated substance, etc., discharged from or as if from a pipe, tube, shoot, etc. 5.a spring of water.
504311784mustyAdjective, mus·ti·er, mus·ti·est. 1.having an odor or flavor suggestive of mold, as old buildings, long-closed rooms, or stale food. 2.obsolete; outdated; antiquated: musty laws. 3.dull; apathetic.
504311785summitNoun 1.the highest point or part, as of a hill, a line of travel, or any object; top; apex. 2.the highest level of diplomatic or other governmental officials: a meeting at the summit. Adjective 1.of or pertaining to a summit meeting: summit talks.
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The Scarlet Letter Flashcards

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96443339ChillingworthWho is believed to be the black man?0
96443340Mistress HibbinsWho practices witchcraft?1
96443341PearlWho tosses burrs at the letter "A"?2
96443342Gov. BellinghamWho commissions a pair of gloves?3
96443343DimmesdaleWho lives with the physical and spirituall anguish of hidden guilt?4
96443344Hesterappoints herself a sister of mercy5
96443345Rev. WilsonWho prevails upon Dimmesdale to speak with Hester?6
96443346TrueT or F - Dimmesdale feels that vengefulness is worse than cowardice.7
96443347TrueT or F - The penalty for Adultery in Puritan Boston is death.8
96443348FalseT or F - Hester is overcome with guilt whenever she removes the scarlet letter.9
96443349Pearl's natureChillingworth believes he could identify Pearl's father by studying...10
96443350will suffer in shameChillingworth wants Hester to live so that she...11
96443351leaving with DimmesdaleHester believes that she can undo the past by...12
96443352mocking her motherPearl often amuses herself by...13
96443353breaking her promise to DimmesdaleAfter seeing Dimmesdale on the scaffold Hester decides to help him by...14
96443354to ask that Pearl not be taken awayWhy does Hester visit Gov. Bellingham?15
96443355to stop Dimmesdale's confessionWhy does Chillingworth climb on to the scaffold?16
96443356FalseT or F - Only Pearl knows why Dimmesdale holds his hand over his heart.17
96443357FalseT or F - Hester removes the scarlet letter whenever she is alone.18
96443358TrueT or F - Mistress Hibbins suspects Dimmesdale's guilt.19
96443359Essay question - Write a full page with specific details supporting your answerExplain where the responsibility lies for Dimmesdale's long suffering.20
96443360Essay question - Write a full page with specific details supporting your answerDiscuss the four different meanings attached to the letter "A" throughout the novel.21
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Psychology -Themes and Variations (2) Flashcards

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576578206The Scientific Approachevents are governed by laws
576578210Operational DefinitionDescribes the action or operation used to measure or control a variable
576578214Participants/SubjectsPersons or Animals whose behavior is observed in a study
576578218Data Collection TechniquesProcedures for Making Empirical Observation and Measurements (ie. Direct Observation, Questionnaire, Interview, Psychological Test, Physiological Recording, or Examination of Archival Records)
576578223JournalPeriodical that publishes scholarly material, in a narrow field
576578228ExperimentResearch Method where a variable is manipulated and changes to the second variable is observed
576578234Independent VariableVariable that is controlled by the Experimenter to see its impact on the other Variable
576578237Dependent VariableVariable that is affected by the Independent (Controlled) Variable
576578241Experimental GroupSubjects who receive special treatment in regard to the Independent Variable
576578243Control GroupSimilar Subjects who do not receive special treatment given to experimental group
576578246Extraneous VariablesAny variables other than the Independent variable that seems likely to influence the Dependent variable in a study
576578248Confounding of Variablesi. When two Variables are linked together in a way that makes it harder to sort their specific effects ii. Causes great harm to Experiments
576578251Random AssignmentOccurs when all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group in the study
576578253InteractionEffect of one variable depends on the Effect of another
576578256Descriptive/Correlational Researchi. Used when Psychologists cannot control the variables they want to study ii. only describes patterns of behavior and discovers links or associations
576578259Naturalistic ObservationA researcher engages in careful Observation of behavior without directly intervening with the subjects
576578263Case StudyIn-Depth investigation of an individual Subject
576578265SurveyResearchers use Questionnaires or Interviews to gather information about specific aspects of participant's background and behavior
576578268StatisticsUse of Math to interpret, organizes, and summarizes numerical data
576578270Descriptive StatisticsUsed to Organize and Summarize Data
576578273Standard Deviationindex of amount of Variability in a set of data
576578277Correlationi. between -1.00 and 1.00, closer to either end equals stronger correlation ii. positive means they co-vary in the same direction, negative means they co-vary in opposite directions iii. correlation is NOT causation
576578280Inferential Statisticsi. Makes Conclusions ii. Statistical Significance exists when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low (Less than 5%)
576578282SampleCollection of subjects selected for observation
576578285PopulationMuch larger collection of Animals or People from where Sample is drawn
576578287Sampling Biasa sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn
576578289Placebo EffectWhen participant's expectations lead them to experience some changes even though they receive not actual treatment
576578291Social Desirability BiasThe tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself
576578293Response SetTendency to respond to questions in a particular way that is unrelated to the content of the questions
576578295Experimenter BiasWhen a Researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained
576578297Double-Blind Procedurei. Research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control group ii. combats Experimenter Bias
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Psychology -Themes and Variations (1) Flashcards

Chapter 1

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741637268PsychologyThe Scientific Study of Behavior and Mental Processes
741637269Wilhelm Wundti. Established first Psychology Laboratory in 1879 at the University of Leipzig ii. Wilhelm Wundt is the founder of Psychology iii. Wundt Considered the Consciousness the primary focus of Psychology
741637270Stanley HallImportant to growth of Psychology in America
741637271Structuralismanalyzing consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related
741637272IntrospectionThe careful, systematic self-observation of one's own conscious experience
741637273Functionalismi. Psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure ii. William James, James Cattell and John Dewey
741637274Principles of Psychology (1890)i. became standard reading for generations of psychologists and most influential text in history of psychology ii. William James
741637275William Jamesi. Functionalist ii. Principles of Psychology iii. Stream of Consciousness
741637276Sigmund Freudi. Unconscious ii. Psychoanalysis
741637277Behaviorismi. Theoretical Orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior ii. behavior is any Observable response or activity by an organism iii. John B. Watson
741637278B. F. Skinneri. Behaviorist ii. Beyond Freedom and Dignity
741637279Humanismi. a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, and their freedom and potential for personal growth ii. Carl Rodgers and Abraham Maslow
741637280Applied Psychologyi. Everyday, practical Problems ii. Four areas: Clinical, Counseling, Educational and Industrial
741637281Clinical PsychologyConcerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders
741637282Cognitive Psychologyi. interested in the acquisition of knowledge ii. Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky and Herbert Simon
741637283Ethnocentrismthe tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways
741637284Evolutionary PsychologyBehavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations
741637285PsychiatryA branch of medicine which deals with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders
741637286Clinical PsychologyTakes a non-Medical approach to treatment of psychological problems and disorders
741637287Empiricismi. Conclusions are based upon direct observations ii. Skepticism
741637288TheoryA system of inter-related ideas used to explain a set of observations
741637289Multifactorial Causation of BehaviorIdea that Behavior is governed by a complex network of interacting factors
741637290CultureThe widely shared Customs, Beliefs, Values, Norms, Institutions, and other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations
741637291Nature VS NurtureThe debate over which if you're Heredity or your Environment is responsible for your Behavior
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AP Biology Ch. 54 (Campbell) Flashcards

Terms for the quiz.

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87990541aposematic colorationthe bright coloration of animals with effective physical or chemical defenses that acts as a warning to predators.
87990542Batesian mimicrya type of mimicry in which a harmless species looks like a species that is poisonous or otherwise harmful to predators.
87990543biogeographythe study of the past and present distribution of species.
87990544biomassthe total mass of organic matter comprising a group of organisms in a particular habit.
87990545commensalisma symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is neither helped nor harmed.
87990546communityall the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of population of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.
87990547community ecologythe study of how interactions between species affect community structure and organization
87990548competitive exclusionthe concept that when populations of two similar species compete for the same limited resources, one population will use the resources more efficiently.
87990549cryptic coloration (CT)camouflage that makes a potential prey difficult to spot against its background.
87990550disturbancea natural or human-caused event that changes a biological community and usually removes organisms from it. Disturbances, such as fires and storms, play a pivotal role in structuring many communities.
87990551dominant speciesa species with substantially higher abundance or biomass that other species in a community. dominant species exert a powerful control over the occurrence and distribution of other species.
87990552ecological nichethe sum of species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment.
87990553ecological successiontransition in the species composition of a community following a disturbance; the establishment of a community an area virtually barren of life.
87990554ectoparasitea parasite that feeds on the external surface of a host.
87990555endoparasitea parasite that lives within a host.
87990556evapotranspirationthe total evaporation of water from an ecosystem, including evaporation from soil and the outside of plants, as well as the transpiration of water from within plants through stomata.
87990557food chainthe pathway along which food energy is transferred from trophic level to trophic level, beginning with producers.
87990558food webthe interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem.
87990559herbivoryan interaction in which an organism eats parts of a plant or alga.
87990560hostthe larger participant in a symbiotic relationship, serving as home and food source for the smaller symbiont. interspecific competition: competition for resources between individuals of two or more species when resources are in short supply.
87990561invasive speciesa species, often introduced by humans, that takes hold outside of its native range.
87990562keystone speciesa species that is not necessarily abundant in a community yet exerts strong control on community structure by the nature of its ecological role or niche.
87990563Müllerian mimicrya mutual mimicry by two unpalatable species.
87990564parasitean organism that feeds on the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of another species (the host) while in or on the host organism. Parasites harm but usually do not kill their host.
87990565parasitisma symbiotic relationship in which one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of another, the host, by living either within or on the host.
87990566pathogenan organism or virus the causes disease.
87990567predationan interaction between species in which one species, the predator, eats the other, the prey.
87990568primary successiona type of ecological succession that occurs in an area where there were originally no organisms present and where soil has not yet formed.
87990569resource partitioningthe division of environmental resources by coexisting species such that the niche of each species differs by one or more significant factors from the niches of all coexisting species.
87990570secondary successiona type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil or substrate intact.
87990571species diversitythe number and relative abundance of species in a biological community
87990572species richnessthe number of species in a biological community.
87990573symbiosisan ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact.
87990574trophic structurethe different feeding relationships in an ecosystem, which determine the route of energy flow and the pattern of chemical cycling.
87990575vectoran organism that transmits pathogens from one host to another
87990576zoonotic pathogena disease-causing agent that is transmitted to humans from other animals.
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AP Bio Unit 1 Flashcards

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871941949evolutiondescent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different than present day ones; the change in genetic composition of a population from generation to generation
871941950biologythe scientific study of life
871941951emergent propertiesnew properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases
871941952reductionismthe reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are manageable in biology
871941953speciesa population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring
871941954systems biologyan approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems
871941955eukaryotic cella type of cell with a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles
871941956prokaryotic cella type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles
871941957DNAa double stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and nitrogenous bases: A, T, G, and C; capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins
871941958genesdiscrete units of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA
871941959bioinformaticsthe use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets
871941960negative feedbacka primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the original change
871941961positive feedbacka physiological control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that amplify that change
871941962inquirythe search for information and explanation, often focused by specific questions
871941963discovery sciencethe process of scientific inquiry that focuses on describing nature
871941964hypothesis-based sciencethe process of scientific inquiry that focuses on explaining nature
871941965datarecorded observations
871941966inductive reasoninga type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations
871941967hypothesisa tentative answer to a well-framed question, narrower in scope than a theory and subject to testing
871941968deductive reasoninga type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise
871941969controlled experimentan experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested
871941970theoryan explanation that is broad in scope, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence
871941971modelsrepresentations of a theory or process
871941972technologythe application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, often involving industry or commerce but also including uses in basic research
871956154matteranything that takes up space and has mass
871956155elementany substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by chemical reactions
871956156compounda substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio
871956157trace elementsan element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts
871956158atomthe smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element
871956159atomic nucleusan atom's dense central core, containing protons and neutrons
871956160daltona measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles
871956161atomic numberthe number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
871956162mass numberthe sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus
871956163atomic massthe total mass of an atom, which is the mass in grams of 1 mole of the atom
871956164isotopesone of the several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons
871956165radioactive isotopesan isotope that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy
871956166energythe capacity to cause change, especially to do work
871956167potential energythe energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement
871956168electron shellsan energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom
871956169valance electronan electron in the outermost electron shell
871956170valance shellthe outermost energy shell of an atom, containing valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom
871956171orbitalthe 3D space where an electron is found 90% of the time
871956172chemical bondan attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms
871956173covalent bonda type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons
871956174moleculetwo or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
871956175single bondthe sharing of a pair of valence electrons
871956176structural formulaa type of molecular notation in which constituent atoms are joined by lines representing covalent bonds
871956177molecular formulaa type of molecular notation representing the quantity of constituent atoms, but not the nature of the bonds that join them
871956178double bondthe sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms
871956179valencethe bonding capacity of a given atom
871956180electronegativitythe attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond
871956181nonpolar covalent bonda type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity
871956182polar covalent bonda covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity; one side is slightly negatively charged and the other is slightly positive
871956183ionan atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge
871956184aniona negatively charged ion
871956185ionic bonda chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions
871956186ionic compounda compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond also called a salt
871956187hydrogen bonda type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of another molecule
871956188Van der Waals interactionsweak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from localized charge fluctuations
871956189chemical reactionsthe making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in composition of matter
871956190reactanta starting material in a chemical reaction
871956191producta material resulting from a chemical reaction
871956192chemical equalibriumIn a chemical reaction, the state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, so that the relative concentrations of the reactants and products do not change with time
871956193cohesionthe bonding together of molecules; often by hydrogen bonds
871956194adhesionthe attraction between different kinds of molecules
871956195surface tensiona measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of the liquid
871956196kinetic energythe energy associated with the relative motion of objects
871956197heatthe total amount of kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms or molecules in a body of matter
871956198temperaturea measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of molecules
871956199caloriethe amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree C
871956200kilocaloriethe amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree C
871956201joulea unit of energy
871956202specific heatthe amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree C
871956203heat of vaporizationthe quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to gaseous state
871956204evaporative coolingthe process by which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation
871956205solutiona liquid that is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances
871956206solventthe dissolving agent of a solution
871956207solutea substance that is dissolved in a solution
871956208aqueous solutiona solution in which water is the solvent
871956209hydration shellthe sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion
871956210hydrophilichaving a affinity for water
871956211hydrophobichaving an aversion to water
871956212colloida mixture made up of liquids and particles that remain suspended rather than dissolved in that liquid
871956213molecular massthe sum of masses of all the atoms in a molecule
871956214molethe number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro's number of molecules
871956215molaritya common measure of solute concentration; number of moles of solute per solution
871956216hydrogen iona single proton with the charge of 1+
871956217hydroxide iona water molecule that has lost a proton; OH-
871956218hydronium iona water molecule that has an extra hydrogen ion bound to it; H3O
871956219acida substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
871956220basea substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
871956221buffersa substance that contains of acid and base forms in a solution and minimizes change in pH
871956222acid rainrain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.2
871956223organic chemistrythe study of carbon compounds
871956224hydrocarbonsan organic molecule only consisting of carbon and hydrogen
871956225isomersone of several compounds with the same molecular formulas but different structures and therefore different properties
871956226structural isomerone of several compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms
871956227geometric isomerone of several compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements due to inflexibility of covalent bonds
871956228enantiomerone of two compounds that are mirror images of eachother
871956229functional groupa specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons in organic molecules
871956230ATPadenosine triphosphate; an adenine- containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.
871956231macromoleculesA giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction. Polysaccharides , proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules.
871956232polymerA long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together
871956233monomersThe subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.
871956234dehydration reactionA chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule
871956235enzymesMacromolecules serving as catalysts, chemical agents that change the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
871956236hydrolysisA chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the functioning in disassembly of polymers to monomers
871956237carbohydratesA sugar(monosaccharide) or one of its dimers(disaccharides) or polymers(polysaccharides)
871956238monosaccharidesThe simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O
871956239disaccharideA double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed during dehydration synthesis
871956240glycosidic linkageA covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
871956241polysaccharidesA polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions
871956242starchA strorage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by alpha glycosidic linkages
871956243glycogenAn extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch
871956244celluloseA structured polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by beta glycosidic linkages
871956245chitinA structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods
871956246lipidsOne of a group of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water
871956247fatA lipid consisting of three fatty acids liked together to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride
871956248fatty acidA long carbon chain usually 16 to 18 carbons in length with a carboxylic acid at one end
871956249triacylglycerolthree fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule
871956250saturated fatty acidA fatty acid where there are no double bonds between carbon atoms composing the chain and as many hydrogens are bonded to the carbon skeleton as possible
871956251unsaturated fatty acidA fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such binding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.
871956252trans fatsAn unsaturated fat containing one or more trans double bonds
871956253phospholipidsA lipid made up of glycerol joined by two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head.
871956254steroidsA type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various chemical groups attached
871956255cholesterolA steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis if other biologically important steroids, such as hormones
871956256enzymesMacromolecules serving as catalysts, chemical agents that change the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
871956257catalystsA chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
871956258polypeptidesA polymer(chain) of many amino acids liked together by peptide bonds
871956259proteinA functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three dimensional structure
871956260peptide bondThe covalent bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino acid on another, formed by a dehydration reaction
871956261denaturationA process where a protein unravels and loses its native shape which becomes biologically inactive or DNA separates into two strands.
871956262chaperoninsA protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins
871956263hydrophobic reactionA type of weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water
871956264disulfide bridgesA strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer
871956265x-ray crystallographyA technique that depends on the diffraction of an X- ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule to study the 3D structure of the molecule
871956266nucleic acidA polymer(polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities.
871956267RNAribonucleic acid; nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil; single stranded; functions in protein synthesis; gene regulation; genome of some viruses
871956268nucleotidesbuilding block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a 5 carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group
871956269pyrimidineone of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides , characterized by a 6 membered ring. Ex. Cytosine, thymine, and uracil
871956270purineone of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides characterized by a 6 membered ring fused to a five membered ring. Ex. Adenine and Guanine
871956271ribosesugar component of RNA nucleotides
871956272deoxyribosesugar component of DNA molecules having one fewer sugar than ribose, the sugar component of RNA molecules
871956273double helixform of native DNA; referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape
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APUSH: American Pageant 13th Edition: Chapter 4 Flashcards

Chapter 4 Study Questions using the American Pageant 13th Edition textbook. For eleventh grade Advanced Placement United States History. Vidalia High School.

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883978686What types of social problems existed in Virginia in the 17th century and why did they exist?Low life expectancy, lack of women, weak family ties. They existed because diseases had caused there to be a high death rate. (Pg: 66)
883978687Even though conditions were so bad in early Virginia, many immigrants flooded into the colony. Why/Because it was a very good place for tobacco cultivation. (Pg: 67)
883978688How did the Virginians handle the need for extra labor to grow tobacco?By implementing an 'indentured servitude' program where people worked for their transatlantic passage and 'freedom dues'. (Pg: 67)
883978689What led to Bacon's Rebellion? What problems did it reveal?It was led up to by an increasing amount of single young men who were not able to find land or women to marry. They were disfranchised by the Virginia Assembly in 1670. This angered them. Bacon's Rebellion revealed that more less-troublesome workers were needed, which soon meant slaves. (Pg: 68)
883978690Why did Virginia turn from indentured servants to slaves as a source of labor?because slaves were more stable being as they didn't usually receive their freedom after seven year. They were less susceptible to diseases esp. malaria. They were not as troublesome and could be captured easier because they would stand out in a crowd. (Pg: 68)
883978691How successful were slave rebellions?Not very successful at all. (Pg: 73)
883978692How did slave culture incorporate both African and American factors?into their unique language, Gullah, which led to new words and new things. (Pg:72)
883978693What were FFVs?First Families of Virginia (Pg: 73)
883978694How do the merchant-planters of the 17th century differ from legend?because in real life, they were busy, hardworking, laboring people whereas legend presents them as rich, lazy, and snobby. (Pg: 73)
883978695Describe the social levels in the Southern Colonies?At the top of the social levels of the southern colonies were the small but powerful planters. Under the planters were the farmers. Under the farmers were the landless whites. Under the landless whites were the indentured servants. Under the indentured servants were the African slaves. (Pg: 73)
883978696Contrast family life in the Chesapeake region from that in New England.In Chesapeake, there was a higher premarital birth rate than in NE. NE families were raised strictly and closely with extended family whereas that was practically nonexistent in the Chesapeake region. (Pg: 76-77)
883978697How did New England protect the rights of women?If a woman was widowed, she would be assigned a man to care for her. They made sure that women always had a caretaker. (Pg: 77)`
883978698Why did democracy develop more in the NE than it did in the Chesapeake?Because the Puritans in NE ran their own churches with a sort of democracy in the congregational church which led to the idea of political democracy. (Pg: 79)
883978699What was the Half-Way Covenant and why was it instituted?It was a new arrangement that allowed the children of the elect to become partial church members. It was instituted because as the first generation Puritans died out, their families were becoming less and less interested in religion and this allowed them to become members w/o being part of them elect. (Pg: 79)
883978700How does the witch hysteria of Salem in the 1690s reflect economic conditions in NE?because most of the accused 'witches' were from higher class families and most of the 'witch accusers' were from lower class farming families. (Pg: 80)
883978701How did the geography of NE account for its economic development?because since there was not much fertile farming land, NEs had to find other ways to make an economy. This led to the many industries that would develop the economy. (Pg 80)
883978702What two ideas did NE give to America as national traits?1. Yankee Ingenuity - self reliance 2. New England conscience - hard working, 'we can do it'
883978703What is meant by the phrase 'Dukes don't emigrate'?if people enjoy their life, wealth, and security then they will not leave for the wilderness. (Pg: 82)
883978704Why did democracy and equality find fertile soil in the American wilderness?because it was a fresh start away from the old customs of England. They could do what they wanted to and everyone had to start at the bottom and build their way to the top because everyone came out there with nothing. (pg: 82)
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