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Psychology (Test 1) Flashcards

Test 1: Terms and people to know, Approaches to psychology, Research in psychology

716719589	Psychology	The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
716719590	Theory	A well established principal that arises from repeated testing/observation and has withstood peer review.
716719591	Hypothesis	A specific, testable prediction.
716719592	Empiricism	The belief that all knowledge is obtained through observation and experience (nurture).
716719593	Introspection	Looking inside oneself and describing what's going on.
716719594	Wilhelm Wundt	(Nature) The psychologist who: -Created the first psychology lab -Emphasized choice/purpose -Focused attention on a particular aspect of a situation
716719595	Biological Approach	-A person's physiological makeup determines development. -Genetics, Nervous System, Chemicals
716719596	Behavioral Approach	-Learning can be shaped through the development of one's actions. -Rewards, Punishment
716719597	Psychodynamic Approach	-The development of self is determined by the outcome of internal struggles. -Dreams, Unconscious Forces/Struggles
716719598	Sociocultural Approach	-One's environment impacts development and lifestyle. -Peer Groups, Friends
716719599	Cognitive Approach	-Thoughts and other mental processes drive one's behavior. -Thinking, Memory, Understanding
716719600	Humanistic Approach	-People have the ability to develop themselves and are essential good. -Growth Potential
716719601	Descriptive Research	Attempts to analyze past research or propose a new theory.
716719602	Relational Research	Attempts to identify a relationship between variables.
716719603	Experimental Research	Attempts to identify the effects of variables and their relationships.
716719604	The Scientific Method	1.)Identify Problem/Question 2.)Formulate Hypothesis 3.)Collect Data 4.)Experiment 5.)Analyze Data 6.)Test Again if Needed
716719605	Selecting Participants	Participants should be selected as randomly as possible within the applicable group.
716719606	Independent Variable	The variable that causes change.
716719607	Dependent Variable	The variable that changes.
716719608	Control Group	The group that is not exposed to the independent variable.
716719609	Experimental Group	The group that is exposed to the independent variable.
716719610	Participant Bias	The result of a participant that is aware that they are taking part in an experiment- they may behave abnormally, behave as they think they should, etc.
716719611	Experimenter Bias	Bias that may influence the way the results are perceived or recorded- ex. bias on sex, race, class, etc.
716719612	Self Reporting Observation Methods	Methods which depend on the participant to volunteer giving data. Ex. Surveys or Interviews.
716719613	Behavioral Observation Methods	Methods which depend on the experimenter to observe behavior based on the environment. Ex. Naturalistic Observation, Laboratory Experiment, Field Studies
716719614	Survey	Participants answer questions about the variable being tested. These ask yes-no, ranking, or open ended questions.
716719615	Interview	Researches ask questions about the variable being tested to participants, face-to-face.
716719616	Naturalistic Observation	Researchers observe an unaware subject in their natural environment.
716719617	Laboratory Experiment	Researchers bring subject into a setting in which they can control variables to conduct the experiment.
716719618	Field Study	The subject is aware and observed in a setting more natural to it.
716719619	Correlation	The degree of relationship between two variables.
716719620	Causation	The relationship between variables that shows cause and effect.
716719621	Correlation Coefficient	Measures the extent to which 2 factors vary together and how well either factor predicts the other. (Values -1 and +1 strength).
716719622	Positive Correlation	Variable 1:+ Variable 2:+
716719623	Negative Correlation	Variable 1:+ Variable 2:-
716719624	Zero Correlation	Value 0: No Correlation.
716719625	Placebo	A substance given instead of an active agent. This is typically given to the control group.
716719626	Risk/Benefit Assessment	Does the value of increased knowledge outweigh the value of protecting individual rights?
716719627	Moral/Ethical Responsibility	Fair and Humane treatment of participants.
716719628	Harm Avoidance	Physical or Psychological. People must be made aware of potential risks and give informed consent. They must have the freedom to withdraw at any time.
716719629	Fairness and Deception	Participants must be treated equally. In blind studies, participants should be debriefed if necessary.
716719630	Confidentiality	If results are published, researchers should take care to disguise the identity of participants. Names should be removed from records.

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AP Psychology Chapter One Flashcards

Psychology's History and Approaches. All credit to Myer's Psychology for AP

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748030599	Empiricism	The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experience.
748030602	Structuralism	Emphasizes the study of the human mind, alone. An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind.
748030604	Functionalism	A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function- and how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.
748030606	Experimental Psychology	The study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method.
748030608	Behaviorism	The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies only behaviors without reference to mental processes. Many modern scientists believe that this is valid as long as the second half is removed from the school.
748030610	Humanistic Psychology	A historically-significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for growth.
748030611	Cognitive Neuroscience	The interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with cognition (including thinking, memory, and language).
748030613	Psychology	The science of behavior and mental processes.
748030615	Nature vs. Nurture	The longstanding argument over the relative contributions that genes and experience make toward the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees development as a phenomenon rising from the combination of nature and nurture.
748030617	Natural Selection	The theory that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival are the most likely to be passed on.
748030619	Levels of Analysis	The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomena.
748030621	Biopsychosocial Approach	An integrated approach that incorporates biological, social-cutural, and psychological levels of analysis.
748030622	Biological Psychology	A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior.
748030624	Evolutionary Psychology	The study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the theory of natural selection
748030625	Psychodynamic Perspective	A branch of psychology that studies how internal conflicts and unconscious drives influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.
748030626	Behavioral Psychology	The scientific study of observable behavior and its explanation by the principles of learning.
748030627	Cognitive Psychology	The scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
748030628	Social-Cultural Psychology	The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.
748030629	Psychometrics	The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.
748030630	Basic Research	Pure knowledge that seeks to increase the scientific knowledge base.
748030631	Developmental Psychology	A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout a lifetime.
748030632	Educational Psychology	The study of how psychological processes can affect and enhance teaching and learning.
748030633	Personality Psychology	The study of an individual's unique pattern of thinking, acting, and feeling.
748030634	Social Psychology	The study of how we think about, relate to, and influence one another .
748030635	Applied Research	Research that aims to solve practical problems.
748030636	Industrial-Organizational Psychology	The application of psychological concepts to optimize human behavior in the workplace.
748030637	Human Factors Psychology	A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use.
748030638	Counseling Psychology	A branch of psychology that focuses on helping those experiencing life problems and in achieving greater wellbeing
748608743	Clinical Psychology	A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
748608744	Psychiatry	A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders: practiced by physicians who often give medical treatments as well as psychological therapy.
748608745	SQ3R	A study method incorporating five steps Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review
748624412	Hermann von Helmholtz	This man demonstrated through research that our mental processes could be studied with the same scientific methods used in other areas of science.

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APUSH: American Pageant 13th Edition: Chapter 4 Flashcards

Chapter 4 Study Questions using the American Pageant 13th Edition textbook. For eleventh grade Advanced Placement United States History. Vidalia High School.

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879121017	What types of social problems existed in Virginia in the 17th century and why did they exist?	Low life expectancy, lack of women, weak family ties. They existed because diseases had caused there to be a high death rate. (Pg: 66)	1
879121018	Even though conditions were so bad in early Virginia, many immigrants flooded into the colony. Why/	Because it was a very good place for tobacco cultivation. (Pg: 67)	2
879121019	How did the Virginians handle the need for extra labor to grow tobacco?	By implementing an 'indentured servitude' program where people worked for their transatlantic passage and 'freedom dues'. (Pg: 67)	3
879121020	What led to Bacon's Rebellion? What problems did it reveal?	It was led up to by an increasing amount of single young men who were not able to find land or women to marry. They were disfranchised by the Virginia Assembly in 1670. This angered them. Bacon's Rebellion revealed that more less-troublesome workers were needed, which soon meant slaves. (Pg: 68)	4
879121021	Why did Virginia turn from indentured servants to slaves as a source of labor?	because slaves were more stable being as they didn't usually receive their freedom after seven year. They were less susceptible to diseases esp. malaria. They were not as troublesome and could be captured easier because they would stand out in a crowd. (Pg: 68)	5
879121022	How successful were slave rebellions?	Not very successful at all. (Pg: 73)	6
879121023	How did slave culture incorporate both African and American factors?	into their unique language, Gullah, which led to new words and new things. (Pg:72)	7
879121024	What were FFVs?	First Families of Virginia (Pg: 73)	8
879121025	How do the merchant-planters of the 17th century differ from legend?	because in real life, they were busy, hardworking, laboring people whereas legend presents them as rich, lazy, and snobby. (Pg: 73)	9
879121026	Describe the social levels in the Southern Colonies?	At the top of the social levels of the southern colonies were the small but powerful planters. Under the planters were the farmers. Under the farmers were the landless whites. Under the landless whites were the indentured servants. Under the indentured servants were the African slaves. (Pg: 73)	10
879121027	Contrast family life in the Chesapeake region from that in New England.	In Chesapeake, there was a higher premarital birth rate than in NE. NE families were raised strictly and closely with extended family whereas that was practically nonexistent in the Chesapeake region. (Pg: 76-77)	11
879121028	How did New England protect the rights of women?	If a woman was widowed, she would be assigned a man to care for her. They made sure that women always had a caretaker. (Pg: 77)`	12
879121029	Why did democracy develop more in the NE than it did in the Chesapeake?	Because the Puritans in NE ran their own churches with a sort of democracy in the congregational church which led to the idea of political democracy. (Pg: 79)	13
879121030	What was the Half-Way Covenant and why was it instituted?	It was a new arrangement that allowed the children of the elect to become partial church members. It was instituted because as the first generation Puritans died out, their families were becoming less and less interested in religion and this allowed them to become members w/o being part of them elect. (Pg: 79)	14
879121031	How does the witch hysteria of Salem in the 1690s reflect economic conditions in NE?	because most of the accused 'witches' were from higher class families and most of the 'witch accusers' were from lower class farming families. (Pg: 80)	15
879121032	How did the geography of NE account for its economic development?	because since there was not much fertile farming land, NEs had to find other ways to make an economy. This led to the many industries that would develop the economy. (Pg 80)	16
879121033	What two ideas did NE give to America as national traits?	1. Yankee Ingenuity - self reliance 2. New England conscience - hard working, 'we can do it'	17
879121034	What is meant by the phrase 'Dukes don't emigrate'?	if people enjoy their life, wealth, and security then they will not leave for the wilderness. (Pg: 82)	18
879121035	Why did democracy and equality find fertile soil in the American wilderness?	because it was a fresh start away from the old customs of England. They could do what they wanted to and everyone had to start at the bottom and build their way to the top because everyone came out there with nothing. (pg: 82)	19

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APUSH: American Pageant 13th Edition: Chapter 6 Flashcards

Chapter 6 Study Questions using the American Pageant 13th Edition textbook. For eleventh grade Advanced Placement United States History. Vidalia High School.

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879172758	Why was France a latecomer to colonial settlement?	because of its foreign and domestic issues and wars.
879172759	Who is the 'father of New France' and why is he called this?	Samuel de Champlain. He was the leading figure in settling Quebec.
879172760	Why did New France grow so slowly?	Because of the issues france had with the native americans. landowners didnt have enough economic motive to come. protestant Huguenots were not allowed. and france favored its carribean colonies over its canadian ones
879172761	Who were coureurs be bois and voyageurs and what did they do?	french fur trappers. they traveled around america in search of furs (mainly beavers) to sell
879172762	What was the purpose of the French settlements in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys?	was to stop and further competition from developing any further empire and to keep and eye on their enemies
879172763	How were the early wars with France fought?	with a type of primitive guerillia warfare
879172764	Why were the colonist upset after king george's war?	because the people in the new world had given louisbourg back to the french even though the NEs had won the war
879172765	How did the French and Indian war begin?	because of a dispute over the ohio river valley
879172766	Why was Franklin's plan for colonial union presented at the Albany Congress (Albany Plan of Union) not accepted by the colonial legislature?	because the colonists though that is didnt offer enough independence and british officials thought it offered too much
879172767	Why is Braddock's defeat important?	because it left the indians an easy victory against the british since it left the whole frontier from Pennsylvania to N Carolina practically naked
879172768	How did William Pitt change the course of the war?	because he led british to their first victory of 1758 which built them back up emotionally. Then he chose a young officer James Wolfe to lead in a battle against the french which resulted in a british victory
879172769	How did the French and INdian war end?	the french were not reinforcing like they should have and their army was thinning and thinning and then a series of british attacks won the british the war
879172770	What were the effects of the french and indian war on colonial ideas and beliefs?	colonial self esteem boosted but ruined the idea of british invincibility
879172771	What were the terms of the treaty of paris in 1763?	spanish got land west of mississippi and new orleans and british got quebec and ohio river valley
879172772	How did the french and indian war create a situation that would eventually lead to the American Revolution?	by eliminating the colonists enemies (meaning the french) so they colonists were able to expand and spread some from the british. it also put britian in a huge debt so they began taxing the heck out of the colonists and they got angry

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APUSH: American Pageant 13th Edition: Chapter 5 Flashcards

Chapter 5 Study Questions using the American Pageant 13th Edition textbook. For eleventh grade Advanced Placement United States History. Vidalia High School.

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879147893	How did population growth in the American colonies affect their relationship with England?	because the ration between English and American was narrowing, which set the stage for a power shift from England to the Colonies. England hated this.	0
879147894	Explain why colonial America can rightly be described as a melting pot.	it was a huge mix of different types of people and cultures because there were so many nationalities (such as africans. germans, swiss, dutch, french, english, welsh, swedes, scots, irish) living there.	1
879147895	Describe the structure of colonial society.	the structure of colonial society was highlighted by equality and opportunity. There wasn't a nobility class that dominated, and most people were modest,small farmers. There were a few skilled artisans. Most remarkable was the mobility of the social ladder.	2
879147896	Which profession was honored in the colonies? Lease honored?	Most- christian ministry. Least- physicians.	3
879147897	Why were lawyers not favorably regarded?	because they were referred to a 'noisy windbags or troublemaking rouges'.	4
879147898	What were the most important economic activities in the colonies? (describe four)	agriculture (tobacco, wheat, it involved about 90% of the people), manufacturing (not too important but there were many small enterprises), and lumbering (most important manufacturing activity), ship building.	5
879147899	How and why were taverns cradles of democracy?	because many people gathered there and would discuss political issues, which is a major part of democracy.	6
879147900	What were the major denominations in the colonies?	Anglican and the Congregational	7
879147901	What was the Great Awakening and why did it occur?	it was a religious revival. It occurred because people had grown away from the church and the suddenly more ideas about religion began popping up and people got interested	8
879147902	How did Johnathan Edwards and George Whitefield influence the Great Awakening?	by being that spark that was needed to set it off. They used their passions to spread their religious views. They brought new ideas and passion	9
879147903	What distinguished the Old Lights from the New Lights?	because unlike the new light the old lights were skeptical of the emotionalism and theatrics of the Great Awakening.	10
879147904	Why did the NE colonies lead the way in public education?	because of the old deluder law	11
879147905	What was the main purpose of establishing colleges and universities in the colonies? what was the first?	to prepare men for the ministry. Harvard.	12
879147906	How did the colonies compare to England in the areas of art, literature, and science?	they had still not caught up to England. The colonies took European things and changed them.	13
879147907	Who was John Peter Zenger? Why was the Zenger case so important?	a newspaper printer whose newspaper was assailed the corrupt royal governor. its important because it opened the door to freedom of the press and health of democracy.	14
879147908	How were most colonial governments organized?	with a two house legislative body and governors that were appointed by the king	15
879147909	Although not completely democratic, the colonies were more democratic than england. Explain.	they were 'giving freer reign to the democratic ideals of tolerance, educational advantages,equality of economic opportunity, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and representative gov't.	16
879147910	How did the colonists amuse themselves?	militia 'musters'. frontier lesuires like quilting bes, funerals and weddings, winter sports in the north, hunting, dancing, lotteries, plays and holidays.	17
879147911	How were the 13 British colonies similar?	in the fact that they all spoke English, had english customs, were Christian,had some type of religious toleration or freedom, social mobility, and self gov't	18

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APUSH: American Pageant 13th Edition: Chapter 3 Flashcards

Chapter 3 Study Questions using the American Pageant 13th Edition textbook. For eleventh grade Advanced Placement United States History. Vidalia High School.

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879038027	What factors united the English colonies?	A common language and an allegiance to their home country, England. (Pg: 43)	1
879038028	Briefly describe Calvin's belief in predestination. (Use correct terminology)	God chose the people that would go to heaven (the elect) and those who would go to hell. Nothing could change this. (Pg: 43)	2
879038029	What was conversion?	The receipt of God's free gift of saving grace. (Pg:44)	3
879038030	Why was the king of England so worried about Separatists' beliefs?	Because he thought that if they would go against him being their spiritual leader, they may also defy him being their political leader. (Pg: 44)	4
879038031	How did the Pilgrims end up in Plymouth Bay?	By having preliminary surveys of where they would land. (Pg: 44)	5
879038032	Why did the Pilgrims feel the need to write the Mayflower Compact? Why is this document so important to American history?	Because they wanted a written agreement to form a sort of government. It was a step towards self-government (a vital attribute of liberty) which is why it is so important to American history. (Pg: 44)	6
879038033	Why did Puritans bring their charter with them to the Massachusetts Bay colony?	Because they were a small unimportant group and they needed larger support. (Pg: 45)	7
879038034	What was the 'Great Migration'?	It was during the 1630s. It was when about 70,000 refugees left England and came to Massachusetts and the West Indies. (Pg: 46)	8
879038035	What did the Puritans mean by 'We shall be as a city upon a hill'?	They meant that (they believed) they had a covenant with God and that they would build a holy city as a model for the rest of mankind. (Pg: 46)	9
879038036	How was the government of Massachusetts liberal for its time and yet not democratic?	Because they had elections, but not everyone could vote, only adult males who were church members. They had a type of provincial government, but since it wasn't completely free (with non-church members still having to pay taxes to the Church and not everyone being able to take part in the government) it wasn't a democracy yet. (Pg: 46-47)	10
879038037	Why is Massachusetts Bay referred to as the "Bible Commonwealth"?	Because of the tremendous influence that the religious leaders had there. (Pg: 47)	11
879038038	Why didn;t clergymen serve as governors of Massachusetts Bay?	Because the people didn't want there to be a strong union between church and state since it had caused problems in England. (Pg: 47)	12
879038039	What activities did Puritans participate in that most people today are unaware of?	The Puritans 'ate plentifully, drank heartily, sang songs occasionally, and made love monogamously'. (Pg: 47)	13
879038040	How did the ideas of Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams threaten the Puritan leaders of Massachusetts Bay?	They went against what the traditional views of the Puritans church were and did not coincide with what they were trying to instill. They caused some unrest and uproar and were seen as 'heresy'. (Pg: 47-48)	14
879038041	Explain the statement that Rhode Island is 'the traditional home of the otherwise minded'.	People who didn't necessarily agree with the views of the majority of society lived in Rhode Island. Since they had different views than most people, Rhode Island became known as 'the traditional home of the otherwise minded'. (Pg: 48)	15
879038042	Although the ends were similar, how was the Pequot War different from King Philip's War?	In the Pequot War, Puritans attacked Indian villages and in King Philip's War, Indians attacked Puritans villages. (Pg: 52)	16
879038043	What was the purpose and the significance of the New England Confederation?	The purpose of the New England Confederation was for protection against enemies and potential enemies (esp. Indians, French, and Dutch). The significance was that it was part of the beginning steps towards the unity of the colonies. (Pg: 52)	17
879038044	How did Charles II take an active role in colonial affairs?	He gave Connecticut a sea-to-sea charter that would legalize the squatter settlements. He also gave a charter to Rhode Island and took away Bay Colony's charter in 1654. (Pg: 53)	18
879038045	What was the Dominion of New England and what was its purpose?	It was a dominion created by the royal authority of England. Its purpose was the promote the need for efficiency in the English Navigation Law's administration. (Pg: 53)	19
879038046	Why were the colonists outraged at Edmund Andros?	Because he was openly affiliated with the Church of England and he had noisy and terrible soldiers. (Pg: 54)	20
879038047	How did the Glorious Revolution in England affect the colonies?	During it, the Dominion of New England collapsed. It caused a crazy revolution of sorts. (Pg: 54)	21
879038048	For what purpose did the Dutch settle New Netherlands?	To gain riches and by the Dutch- West India Company for its fur trade. (Pg: 56)	22
879038049	How did New Netherlands become New York?	Charles II granted the land to his brother, the Duke of York. (Pg:57)	23
879038050	For what purpose was Pennsylvania settled?	For religious toleration for Quakers. (Pg: 59)	24
879038051	How did Penn try to create an experiment in liberal government in Pennsylvania?	He advertised a lot. He also welcomed many good citizens and hard-working people. Also, he implemented a liberal land policy which encouraged substantial holdings. (pg: 59)	25
879038052	What are the common characteristics of the Middle Colonies?	They had fertile soil, expansive land, rivers that were vital, and a surprising amount of industry. (Pg: 62)	26
879038053	Why did Pennsylvania not succeed in its benevolent treatment of Indians?	Because the more people that moved in, the more people opposed this treatment. (Pg: 60)	27
879038054	Why are the Middle Colonies considered the 'most American part of America'?	Because they were more ethnically diverse than other colonies, had religious toleration, democratic control, and land was easier to obtain. (Pg: 62)	28

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APUSH Chapter 3 People Flashcards

Mr. Keal's AP US History class. Book: 13th edition of The American Pageant

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208941911	William Bradford	Elected 30 times as governor of the Pilgrims in the annual elections; a self-taught scholar who read Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, and Dutch; Pilgrim leader
208941912	John Winthrop	the Bay Colony's first governor - served for 19 years
208941913	John Cotton	A very devoted Puritan
208941914	Michael Wigglesworth	Wrote the poem, "The Day of Doom," in 1662
208941915	Anne Hutchinson	An intelligent woman who challenged the Puritan orthodoxy; was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony because of her challenges to the Church
208984780	Roger Williams	Popular Salem minister who also challenged the Church; an extreme Separatist; was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony
208984781	Sir Edmund Andros	The leader of the Dominion of New England. established headquarters in Puritanical Boston; an able English military man; He stopped the town meetings; laid heavy restrictions on the courts, the press, and schools; and revoked all land titles
208984782	New England Confederation	In 1643, 4 colonies banded together to form the New England Confederation. It was made to defend against foes or potential foes. The confederation consisted of only Puritan colonies - two Massachusetts colonies (the Bay Colony and small Plymouth) and two Connecticut colonies (New Haven and the scattered valley settlements).
208984783	Henry Hudson	Hired by the Dutch East India Company to seek great riches. He sailed into the Delaware Bay and New York Bay in 1609 and then ascended the Hudson River. He filed a Dutch claim to a wooded and watered area.
208984784	Peter Stuyvesant	Resenting the Swedish intrusion, the Dutch dispatched a small military expedition in 1655. It was led by the able of the directors-general, Peter Stuyvesant, who had lost a leg while soldiering in the West Indies and was dubbed "Father Wooden Leg" by the Indians. The main fort fell after a bloodless siege, whereupon Swedish rule came to an abrupt end.
208984785	What happened to New Netherland in 1664?	In 1664, the Dutch were forced to surrender their territory (New Netherland) to the English when a strong English squadron appeared off the coast of New Amsterdam. New Amsterdam was named New York, after the Duke of York.
208984786	William Penn	Quaker
208984787	Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret	In 1664, New Netherland, a territory along the Hudson River, was taken by the English and granted to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. This grant that was given to Carteret and Berkeley divided the region into East and West New Jersey, respectively.
208984788	New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania	The middle colonies were known as the "bread colonies" because of their heavy exports of grain. These colonies were more ethnically mixed than any of the other colonies. The people were given more religious tolerance than in any other colonies.
208984789	Benjamin Franklin	Born in Boston, Massachusetts in 1706. He moved to Philadelphia at the age of 17.

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A&P 1 - Skeletal System Flashcards

A&P 1

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412459133	Skeletal System	Bones, Ligaments, Cartlage 1. Supports 2. Protects 3. movement 4. Mineral Storage (Ca+, others) 5. White / RBC production
412459134	Cartilage and Ligaments	Connective Tissue made of 3 Main Things 1. Specialized Cells 2. ExtraCellular Protein fibers 3. Ground Substance
412459135	Specialized Cells	1.Hyan Cartilage consists of specialized cells that produce a matrix surrounding the cells. 2. Chondrocyte
412459136	Chondrocyte	"Chondro" meaning Cartilage "Cyte" meaning cell Main cell in bone and cartilage
412459137	Extracellular Protein Fibers	Composed of: 1. Collagen 2. Elastic Fibers 3. Reticular Fibers
412459138	Collagen	Most Common Relatively Straight *Tremendous Tensile Strength
412459139	Collagen Elastic Fibers	When bent, will rebound to original position
412459140	Collagen Reticular Fibers	Branched/interwoven resist forces in many different directions Help hold blood vessels and organs in place
412459141	Collagen Ground Substance	fills in the spaces between the cells and fibers 1. Matrix: extracellular protein fibers + Ground Substance 2. Chondrocytes: 3. Lacunae: space w/in matrix that houses Chondrocytes 4. Perichondrium: Fibrous membrane that surrounds cartilage
412459142	Types of Cartilage	1. Hyaline 2. Elastic 3. Fibrocartilage
412459143	Hyaline Cartilage	most common type of cartilage 1. 40% of mass composed of collagen fibers 2. stiff, yet slightly flexible 3. reduces friction @ bones ends 4. Shock absorber 5. Find @ joint surfaces, trachael rings, costal cartilage.
412459144	Elastic Cartilage	Contains elastic Fibers 1. Stiff, yet more flexible 2. Rebounds to original position 3. Found in Ear
412459145	Fibrocartilage	1.very little ground substance 2.tremendous amount of collagen fiber 3.Extremely tough, yet durable 4.Important for shock absorption 5. Found in Intervertebral Discs
412459146	Bone	Similar to cartilage in make-up 1. Matrix 2. Ground Substance 3. Fibers 4. Specialized Cells: Ostoblasts/ Osteocytes/ Osteoclasts/ Osteoprogenitors
412459147	Bone Matrix	1. Ground substance 2. Fibers
412459148	Bone Ground Substances	Ca3(PO4)2 (Calcium Phosphate) + CaOH (Calcium Hydroxide) -> Hydroxyapatite 1. Allows for us to withstand compressive forces
412459149	Bone Fibers	Predominantly collagen fibers make up about 1/3 the weight of the bone. 1. withstand tremendous impact forces 2. provide flexibility to bone, can bend some
412459150	Bone Specialized Cells	1. Osteoblasts 2. Osteocyte 3. Osteoclasts 4. Osteoprogenitor
412459151	Osteoblasts	Immature Bone cell *secretes bony matrix
412459152	Osteocyte	mature bone cell *surrounded by bony matrix
412459153	Osteoclasts	multinucleated immunocompetent cell Releases Ca+ into bood
412459154	Osteoprogenitor	makes osteoblasts
412467870	Compact Bone (Diaphysis)	Very Dense, forming outer layer of bone. 1. Osteons 2. Interstitial Lamellae 3. Canal of Volkmann 4. Periosteum
412467871	Osteons	Functional unit of the compact bone, Cylindrical shaped. 1. Haversian System. Has central system (haversian canal) 2. blood vessels 3. Lamellae 4. Osteocytes between lamellae 5. Canaliculi
412467872	Interstitial Lamellae	Lie between osteons and have no blood supply
412467873	Canal of Volkmann	How Haversian canals communicate with outside veins and canals. Always run transverse
412467874	Periosteum	Outer layer of bone 1.Outer layer is fibrous(collagen). Protects bone / separates it from other tissues 2. Inner Layer is a cellular layer. Involved in regeneration/remodeling.
412467875	Spongy Bone (Epiphysis)	Forms a network of struts and plates within central region. 1. No Osteons located here 2. Interstitial lamellae are called Trabeculae. 3. Help reduce weight of skeleton 4. Protect and house red/yellow marrow
412467876	Long Bone Structure	1.Diaphysis - compact bone 2. Epiphysis - spongy bone 3. Epiphyseal Plate - Hyaline Cartilage growth plates 4. Medullary Cavity - filled w/yellow marrow 5. Red marrow -> blood Yellow Marrow -> Adipose
412467877	Bone Ossification	1. Enchondral Ossification (Cartilage to Bone) 2. Intramembranous Ossification (Connective Tissue to Bone)
412467878	Enchondral Ossification (Cartilage to Bone)	Begins w/cartilage formation as an embryo, how long bones develop. 1. Chondrocytes enlarge and their lacunae enlarge with them, reducing the matrix to small struts(trabeculae) that begin to calcify 2. blood vessels encircle diaphysis and cartilage cells are converted to osteoblasts which cause calcification of the diaphysis. 3. blood vessels pierce diaphysis growing into the medulla, allowing fibroblasts to migrate into medulla where they are converted to osteoblasts. 4. Capillaries and osteoblasts move to the perimeter to replace cartilage tissue
412467879	Intramembranous Ossification (Connective Tissue to Bone)	1. Osteoblasts cluster in deep layers of the dermis, secrete a matrix that mineralizes through crystalization of calcium salts. 2. Bone grows outward from center in structs called spicules 3. Spaces between struts fill in with calcium

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A&P 1 - Body Cavities Flashcards

A&P 1

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408216937	Dorsal (Posterior) Cavities are composed of...	Cranial and Spinal Cavities
408216938	Cranial Cavity	brain fills this cavity
408216939	Spinal Cavity	Spinal cord is in this cavity
408216940	Ventral (Anterior) Cavities are composed of...	filled with all of your viscera (guts) Thoracic, Abdominopelvic, Pelvic
408216941	Thoracic Cavity	Has two sub-cavities Pleural Cavity Mediastinum Cavity
408216942	Pleural Cavity	Houses Lungs, 2 of them located contralaterally, distal to the Mediastinum.
408216943	Mediastinum Cavity	Cavity located medially between the Pleural Cavities; it contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, great blood vessels, thoracic duct, thymus, and other structures.
408216944	Abdominopelvic Cavity	inferior to the diaphragm, has two sub-cavities. Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity
408216945	Abdominal Cavity	Digestive Viscera, Pancrease, Liver, Kidneys, Appendix, Stomach, gall bladder
408216946	Pelvic Cavity	Surrounded by pelvic bones - top of sacrum to top of pubic bone. Houses end of intestines, reproductive organs, bladder.

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A&P 1 - Anatomical Position Flashcards

A&P 1

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408183675	Anatomical Position	Allows for a common ground of visualization; person standing up, facing us, palms facing forward.
408183676	Supine	Person in anatomical position lying on table and on back, palms upward
408183677	Prone	Person in anatomical position lying on table on belly, palms downward.
408183678	Lateral	Away from midline
408183679	Medial	Towards midline
408183680	Proximal	Closer to point of origin
408183681	Distal	Further away from point of origin
408183682	Anterior (ventral)	front side
408183683	Posterior (dorsal)	back side
408183684	Superior	structure that is above (can be exchanged w/cranial in humans)
408183685	Inferior	Structure that is below
408183686	Cranial	Structure towards the head
408183687	Caudal	Structure towards the tail
408183688	Superficial (External)	More external structure
408183689	Deep (Internal)	more internal structure
408183690	Palmar	Palm side of hand
408183691	Plantar	Sole side of foot
408183692	Ipsalateral	Same side of body
408183693	Contralateral	Opposite side of the body
408183694	Bilateral	Both sides of the body
408183695	Sagittal Plane	Cut into left and right portions
408183696	Midsagittal Plane	Divides body into equal left and right portions
408183697	Parasagittal Plane	Divides body into unequal right and left sides
408183698	Transverse Plane	Divides body into superior/inferior portions
408183699	Frontal Plane	Divides body into anterior and posterior portions

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