AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!
The confederations of FIFA.
| 76852464 | AFC | Asia | |
| 76852465 | CAF | Africa | |
| 76852466 | CONCACAF | North, Central America, and Caribbean | |
| 76852467 | CONMEBOL | South America | |
| 76852468 | OFC | Oceania | |
| 76852469 | UEFA | Europe |
AP US History: Out of Many
| 262596846 | Benjamin Franklin's Plan of Union | Plan put forward in 1754 calling for an intercolonial union to manage defense and Indian affairs. The plan was rejected by participants at the Albany Congress. | |
| 262596847 | French and Indian War | The last of the Anglo- French colonial wars (1754- 1763) and the first in which fighting began in North America. The war ended with France's defeat. | |
| 262596848 | Treaty of Paris | The formal end to British hostilities against France and Spain in February 1763 | |
| 262596849 | Royal Proclamation of 1763 | Royal proclamation setting the boundary known as the Proclamation Line. | |
| 262596850 | Whigs | The name used by advocates of colonial resistance to British measures during the 1760s and 1770s. | |
| 262596851 | Republicanism | A complex, changing body of ideas, values and assumptions, closely related to country ideology, that influenced American political behavior during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. | |
| 262596852 | Sugar Act | Law passed in 1764 to raise revenue in the American colonies. It lowered the duty from 6 pence to 3 pence per gallon on foreign molasses imported into the colonies and increased the restrictions on colonial commerce. | |
| 262596853 | Stamp Act | Law passed by Parliament in 1765 to raise revenue in America by requiring taxed, stamped paper for legal documents, publications and playing cards | |
| 262596854 | Virtual representation | The notion that parliamentary members represented the interests of the nation as a whole, no those of the particular district that elected them. | |
| 262596855 | Actual representation | The practice whereby elected representatives normally reside in their districts and are directly responsive to local interests. | |
| 262596856 | Nonimportation movement | A tactical menas of putting economic pressure on Britain by refusing to buy its exports to the colonies | |
| 262596857 | Declaratory Act | Law passed in 1776 to accompany repeal of the Stamp Act that stated that Parliament had the authority to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever." | |
| 262596858 | Townshend Revenue Acts | Acts of Parliament, passed in 1767, imposing duties on colonial tea, lead, paint, paper and glass | |
| 262596859 | Sons of Liberty | Secret organizations in the colonies formed to oppose the Stamp Act | |
| 262596860 | Tea Act of 1773 | Act of Parliament that permitted the East India Company to sell through agents in America without paying the duty customarily collected in Britain, thus reducing the retail price. | |
| 262596861 | Boston Tea Party | Incident that occurred on Dec. 16th, 1773, in which Bostonians, disguised as Indians, destroyed 10,000 pounds (money) worth of tea belonging to the British East India Company in order to prevent payment of the duty on it. | |
| 262596862 | Coercive Acts | Legislation passed by Parliament in 1774; included the Boston Port Act, the Massachusetts Government Act, the Administration of Justice Act and the Quartering Act of 1774 | |
| 262596863 | Quartering Act | Acts of Parliament requiring colonial legislatures to provide supplies and quarters for the troops stationed in America. | |
| 262596864 | Quebec Act | Law passed by Parliament in 1774 that provided an appointed government for Canada, enlarged the boundaries of Quebec, and confirmed the privileges of the Catholic Church | |
| 262596865 | Committees of Correspondence | Committees formed in Massachusetts and other colonies in the pre- Revolutionary period to keep Americans informed about British measures that would affect the colonies. | |
| 262596866 | First Continental Congress | Meeting of delegates from most of the colonies held in 1774 in response to the Coercive Acts | |
| 262596867 | Committee of Safety | Any of the extralegal committees that directed the revolutionary movement and carried on the functions of government at the local level. | |
| 262596868 | Minutemen | Special companies of militia formed in Massachusetts and elsewhere beginning in late 1744 | |
| 262596869 | Declaration of Independence | The document by which the Second Continental Congress announced and justified its decision to renounce the colonies' allegiance to the British government |
| 233875063 | Corn or Maize | Staple crop that formed the economic foundation of Indian civilizations. | |
| 233875064 | Portugal | First European nation to send explorers around the west coast of Africa. | |
| 233875065 | Horse | Animal introduced by Europeans that changed Indian way of life on the Great Plains | |
| 233875066 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Treaty that secured Spanish title to lands in Americas by dividing them with Portugal. | |
| 233875067 | Mestizos | Person of mixed European and Indian ancestry. | |
| 233875068 | St. Augustine | Founded in 1565, it's the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in US territory | |
| 233875069 | Black Legend | Belief that the Spanish only killed, tortured, and stole in the Americas while doing nothing good | |
| 233875070 | Roanoke Island, NC | Colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh that mysteriously disappeared in the 1580's. | |
| 233875071 | Joint-stock | Forerunner of the modern corporation that enabled investors to pool financial capital for colonial ventures. | |
| 233875072 | Charter | Royal document granting a specified group the right to form a colony and guaranteeing settlers their rights as English citizens. | |
| 233875073 | Indentured Servants | Penniless people obligated to forced labor for a fixed number of years, often in exchange for passage to the New World. | |
| 233875074 | Act of Toleration | Maryland statute of 1649 that granted religious freedom to all Christians, but not Jews and atheists. | |
| 233875075 | Squatters | Poor farmers in North Carolina and elsewhere who occupied land and raised crops without gaining legal title to the soil | |
| 233875076 | House of Burgesses | First representative government in New World. | |
| 233875077 | Ferdinand and Isabella | Financiers and beneficiaries of Columbus's voyages of discovery. | |
| 233875078 | Cortes | Conqueror of the Aztecs. | |
| 233875079 | Pizarro | Conqueror of the Incas. | |
| 233875080 | Dias and DaGama | Portuguese navigators who led early voyages of discovery. | |
| 233875081 | Columbus | Italian-born explorer who believed he arrived off the coast of Asia rather than on an unknown continent. | |
| 233875082 | Montezuma | Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors | |
| 233875083 | Elizabeth I | Unmarried English ruler who led England to national glory. | |
| 233875084 | Hiawatha | Legendary founder of the powerful Iroquois Confederation | |
| 233875085 | John Cabot | Italian-born explorer sent by the English to explore the coast of North America in 1498 | |
| 233875086 | Georgia | Founded as a refuge for debtors by philanthropists. | |
| 233875087 | North Carolina | Colony that was called "a vale of humility between two mountains of conceit". | |
| 233875088 | Smith and Rolfe | leaders who rescued Jamestown from the "starving time". | |
| 233875089 | Maryland | Founded as a haven for Roman Catholics. | |
| 233875090 | Lord Baltimore | Catholic aristocrat who sought to build a sanctuary for his fellow believers. | |
| 233875091 | South Carolina | Colony that turned to disease-resistant African-American slaves for labor in its extensive rice plantations. | |
| 233875092 | Raleigh and Gilbert | Elizabethan courtiers who failed in their attempts to found New World colonies. | |
| 233875093 | Jamestown | Riverbank site where Virginia Company settlers planted the first permanent English colony. | |
| 233875094 | Cause: The Great Ice Age | Effect: Exposure of a "land bridge" between Asia and North America. | |
| 233875095 | Cause: Cultivation of Maize (corn) | Effect: Formation of large, sophisticated civilizations in Mexico and South America | |
| 233875096 | Cause: New sailing technology and desire for spices | Effect: European voyages around Africa and across the Atlantic attempting to reach Asia. | |
| 233875097 | Cause: Portugal's creation of sugar plantations on Atlantic coastal islands | Effect: Rapid expansion of the African slave trade | |
| 233875098 | Cause: Columbus's first encounter with the New World | Effect: A global exchange of animals, plants, and diseases. | |
| 233875099 | Cause: Native Americans' lack of immunity to various diseases | Effect: Decline of 90% in the New World Indian population | |
| 233875100 | Cause: Spanish conquest of larger quantities of New World gold and silver | Effect: Rapid expansion of global economic commerce and manufacturing. | |
| 233875101 | Cause: Aztec legends of a returning god, Quetzalcoatl | Effect: Cortes' relatively easy conquest of the Aztecs. | |
| 233875102 | Cause: Spanish need to protect Mexico against French and English encroachment | Effect: Establishment of Spanish settlements in Florida and New Mexico | |
| 233875103 | Cause: Franciscan friars' desire to convert Pacific coast Indians to Catholicism | Effect: Formation of a chain of mission settlements in California. | |
| 233875104 | Cause: The English victory over the Spanish Armada | Effect: Enabled England to gain control of the North Atlantic sea-lanes. | |
| 233875105 | Cause: The English law of primogeniture | Effect: Led many younger sons of the gentry to seek their fortunes in exploration and colonization. | |
| 233875106 | Cause: The enclosing of English pastures and crop land | Effect: Forced numerous laborers off the land and sent them looking for opportunities elsewhere. | |
| 233875107 | Cause: Lord DeLa Warr's use of brutal "Irish tactics" in Virginia | Effect: led to the two Anglo-Powhatan wars that virtually exterminated Virginia's Indian population. | |
| 233875108 | Cause: The English government's persecution of Roman Catholics | Effect: Led Lord Baltimore to establish Maryland. | |
| 233875109 | Cause: The slave codes of England's Barbados colony | Effect: Became the legal basis for slavery in North America. | |
| 233875110 | Cause: The introduction of tobacco | Effect: created the economic foundation for most of England's southern colonies. | |
| 233875111 | Cause: The flight of poor farmers and religious dissenters from planter run Virginia | Effect: Led to the founding of independent minded North Carolina. | |
| 233875112 | Cause: John Smith's stern leadership in Virginia | Effect: Whipped gold-hungry, nonworking colonists into line. | |
| 233875113 | Cause: Gorgia's unhealthy climate, restrictions on slavery, and vulnerability to Spanish attacks | Effect: Kept the buffer colony poor and largely unpopulated for a long time. |
| 282784214 | Capital Companies | 1) Relies on money 2) Divided into shares; available for public subscription or on the stock exchange | |
| 282784215 | Characteristics of Capital Companies | - Partners are only heled liable for the company's debts to the extent of the shares they bought. -If the partner died or disappeared or anything happened to him, it will not affect the continuity or survival of the company | |
| 282784216 | Type of partners in companies that combine JSC and partnerships | - Joint Liability Partners - Shareholders | |
| 282784217 | Definition of Joint Stock Companies | A company whose the capital is divided into shares of equal values and may be exchanged | |
| 282784218 | Naming and Capital of JSC | - Name: Must reflect the object and purpose of establishment and NO names of partners in it -Capital: Raises capital through nominal shares of equal values | |
| 282784219 | Bearer Shares | - Not a share who is coming from a formal authority & can be transfered via the physical document - LIMIT in JSC: doesn't exceed 25% of the total shares of all issues - Doesn't have the right to vote in GA - Must be fully paid in cash | |
| 282784220 | Nominal Shares | - May not be less than 5 EGP and not more than 1000 EGP - A way to raise capital | |
| 282784221 | Issued vs Authorized Capital | ... | |
| 282784222 | Establishment of JSC | - At least 3 partners and no maximum -Anyone who signs the preliminary contract (deed) and applies for a license to establish it is considered a founder -Anyone who takes a part in the establishment of a company on behalf of the the others should NOT be considered a founder. - Commercial JSC is governed by the rules of commercial obligations and must abide to the establishing rules of commercial company and mush have the legal capacity for that | |
| 282784223 | Procedures of establishing a JSC | - The contract which is considered the constitution governing the existence of JSC -The company must follow the rules the legislator has set for the establishment of JSC - Founders cannot amend, overlook or replace the rules said by the legislator - The only role of the subscriber is to express the desire to join the company | |
| 282784224 | Why only a contract is not sufficient for establishing JSC? | Because of the principle of contractual freedom necessitates in personal companies that make parties sign in the contract d deal with the consequentes | |
| 282927055 | Preliminary Contract | - Contract between the founders only - Used to set down the commitment between founders - Outlines the founders' relationships - Founders must sign it | |
| 282927056 | Statute of the JSC | - To guarantee the rights of public subscribers - Spells out the establishment of company - Defines its purpose - Founding rules of the company - Name - Term - HQ - Capital and shares and their types - How to transfer the shares - Rules for increasing the capital - GA rules to authorize Bonds - Appointment of BOD - How members of GA are invited - Members to call extraordinary GA - Rules related to fiscal year - Budget and reserves | |
| 282927057 | In-Kind Contributions | Non-cash contributions which includes real estate property, trading shop, building or any other assets | |
| 282927058 | Why does the legislator worried about from the in-Kind contributions? | Because founders might overvalue their contribution and have better profits than other shareholders | |
| 282927059 | How the legislator guarantees that the founders don't overvalue their in-kind contribution? | 1) In the contract and statute must include info. on every non-monetary contribution and all terms connected to it 2) Founders must ask the competent administrative body to set up a committee headed by the chief justice to verify the value of the contributions 3) The value of the contributions should be final only if the numerical majority of the subscribers holding @ least two thirds of the cash shares agreed. N.B. Shareholders who have contributions in kind are not allowed to vote | |
| 282927060 | Subscription to the Capital | - It is a wish to a join the company - Subscriber defines the number of shares he want to buy - Bound to pay their value as required - The sale of shares must be affected through a bank | |
| 282927061 | Types of Stocks | 1) Shares 2) Founders' Shares 3) Bonds 4) Preferential Shares 5) Dividends | |
| 282927062 | Shares | A share is represented in a certificate given to the shareholder- in which it proves his rights and includes the most important provisions of the statute of the company, its nominal value, the name of the company, the name of its holder and its objective | |
| 282927063 | Types of Shares | 1) Nominal - Bears the name of its holder - Transferring the ownership can be done 2) Bearer - Doesn't bear the name of its holder - Must be paid in full in cash - Presented to the company on a date to receive the annual share | |
| 282927064 | Characteristics of the Shares | - A share is indivisible: in the case of death, the successors of the shareholders can not exercise their rights on the shares unless they appoint one of them to represent them in dealing with the shares. They can divide the shares between them and change the names on each certificate or one of the successors may buy all the shares - A share must have a definite nominal value and no share may be issued for less than its nominal value. Also may not be issued for more than its nominal value except in certain special cases. | |
| 282954798 | Founders' Shares | - documents that do not have a nominal value. They are neither considered part of the capital nor do they contribute to its formation. - This type of shares only grants their holders the right to get a share of the profit of the company. | |
| 282954799 | Characteristics of Founders' Shares | - they are only issued in return for services rendered to the company and by the founders of the company. - They may not be given in return for cash or in-kind contribution. - only restricted to receiving a share of the profit - Are transferable in the stock market - Its value is calculated on the basis of the annual percentage of profit that they receive. - holders are not allowed to interfere in the management and not allowed to vote in the general assembly, but they may be allowed to attend its meetings. - annual profit for these shares may not exceed 10% of the net profit of the company after setting aside the reserves and at least 5% as profit for the capital of the company. | |
| 282954800 | Cancellation of Founders' Shares | it may be cancelled by a resolution of the general assembly after the laps of one third of the term of the company or the laps of a maximum of ten fiscal years from the date of granting such shares. This cancellation would be in return of an equitable compensation. | |
| 282954801 | Bonds | represents loans given to the company, therefore a bondholder is a creditor to the company who has the right to receive a fixed profit regardless of the profit or loss achieved by the company. -must not exceed the net value of the assets of the company as determined by the auditor in accordance of the last budget approved by the G.A. - If the company wants to put such bonds for public subscription then it must obtain the approval of the Capital Market General Authority | |
| 282954802 | Why issue bonds? | when the company needs to increase its capital without wanting to allow for more shareholders to join the company | |
| 282954803 | Presiquites of issuing bonds | only upon the approval of the general assembly and after the capital has been paid up. | |
| 282954804 | Rights of bondholder | - may claim the value of his loan at the end of the term of the company. - he/she may not interfere in the management of the company - upon liquidation of the company, a shareholder may not take any of its assets before the bondholders receive their dues in full. -He may not examine the books of the company nor give advice to the BOD. | |
| 282954805 | Preferential shares | These are shares that grant their owner either of the following: 1) Priority in receiving a certain percentage of the profit during the term of the company. 2) Priority in sharing the assets of the company upon its liquidation. 3)More votes in the deliberations of the GA. 4)Holders of such shares have the same rights of normal shares | |
| 285018461 | Dividend Shares | - Rights less than the ordinary and preferential shares - Not allowed to be issued if there is no redemption guaranteed by the statute in activities where it is limited for some time. - They get the least priority in receiving profits and liquidation of the assets - They are allowed to attend and vote in the GAs | |
| 285018462 | General Rights of a shareholder | - Profits - Part of the liquidation of the assets -Liability is limited - Don't share in the losses | |
| 285018463 | Assigning the shares | - Shares are exchanged via the stock exchange - Stocks are exchanged in accordance with the rules - Method of transferring or assigning shares differs depending on the share type - Statute of the company may provide for certain rules and organization when exchanging rules - Exchanges happens outside the stock exchange are considered null or void | |
| 285018464 | Rights of the shareholder in the GA | - Voting, which enables the shareholder to participate in the management of the company and express their ideas and POVs - The right has two points; to attend and to vote - Voting doesn't require attending, the shareholder may give a power of attorney to another shareholder to represent him and should be written to be valid - They have the right to discuss the report of the BOD - The BOD are committed to answer the all queries of the shareholders | |
| 285048610 | Properties of the BOD | - They are elected by the GA - Founders appoint the 1st BOD - The term of 1st BOD is 5 YEARS - The law requires the term of BOD to be 3 YEARS - Not less than 3 members - Must be from within the shareholders - To guarantee the performance of the board - Shares must be deposited in an accredited bank - Within 1 month from date of the member hiring date - Shared can't be transfered until the end of his term - Decisions are passed by the majority of the votes - Chairman shall cast the deciding vote in case of a tie - Statute may provide the hire of non-shareholders - Non-shareholders must have experience in the field | |
| 285048611 | Roles of the BOD | - Chairman, who preside over their meetings and represent the company in the courts and call for a meeting whenever - Managing Director, --who manage the affairs of the company, maybe someone else than the chairman who doesn't have the time or capacity to handle day-to-day operations... -- BOD decide on the mandate and remuneration | |
| 285048612 | Privileges of the BODs | 1) Administrative Privileges 2) Financial Privileges | |
| 285048613 | Administrative Privileges of BODs | - Appointing the appropriate persons to assist the managing director to manage the affairs of the company and reach its objective - This person is Chief Executive Officer or The General Director - They can also appoint the technical manager to be in charge of different depts. | |
| 285048614 | Financial Privileges of BODs | - Prepares reports of the company activities and financial position and statements at the end of the fiscal year. - Must be prepared on time to allow for the holding of the GA within three months of the end of the year | |
| 285048615 | How much power the BODs have? | - The law doesn't specify the powers the BODs should have. - However, the statute of the company usually provide the scope of powers for the management with exception with the powers given to the GA - If not stated in the statute, then it has full powers in the management with exception of donations - They can't engage in any activity beyond the purpose of the company - The statute of the company may restrict the BODs to take any loans beyond a certain figure without the approval of the GA | |
| 285048616 | The Liability of the BODs | The members of the BODs are liable for damages resulting from their faults in the management and the harms affecting 3rd parties If they commit a crime penalized according to the Penal Law, they should be criminally responsible. | |
| 285048617 | Civil Liability of the BODs | - Not liable for any contracts or commitments on the behalf of the company - Liable for any act of error or negligence in his management of the company - Liable for violating the law or statue of the company that affect the company in most cases | |
| 285048618 | Liability Legal Action | ... |
| 691030978 | Americans with Disabilities Act | federal law designed to end discrimination against people with disabilities and eliminate barriers to their full participation in American society | |
| 691030979 | government | institution with authority to set policy for society | |
| 691030980 | politics | the process to determine who occupies the roles of leadership in gov't and how the power of gov't shall be exercised | |
| 691030981 | public policy | what gov't officials choose to do or not to do about public problems. EX: ADA | |
| 691030982 | policymaking process | logical sequence of activities affecting the development of public policies | |
| 691030983 | agenda setting | the process through which problems become matters of public concern and gov't action. Ex: recognizing discrimination against certain ppl | |
| 691030984 | policy formulation | development of strategies for dealing with problems on the official agenda. Ex: Congress and advocate groups negotiating | |
| 691030985 | policy adoption | official decision of a gov't body to accept a particular policy and put it into effect. Ex: ADA through the legislative process | |
| 691030986 | policy legitimation | the actions taken to ensure that most citizens regard a policy as a legal/appropriate gov't response to a problem. Ex: most people accept it | |
| 691030987 | policy implementation | the stage in which policies are carried out. Ex: everyone participates in carrying out the bill | |
| 691030988 | policy evaluation | the assessment of policy. Ex: studies, is it working? | |
| 691030989 | policy change | the modification of policy goals in light of new info. Ex: tweaking an unsuccessful policy |
| 233862621 | Marco Polo | (11) Italian explorer who returned to Europe in 1295 after a 17 year sojourn in China | |
| 233862622 | Francisco Pizarro | (17) A Spanish conquistador; In 1532, he destroyed Incan civilization | |
| 233862623 | Juan Ponce de Leon | (16) A Spanish conquistador; In 1513 and 1521, he explored Florida | |
| 233862624 | Hernando de Soto | (17) He accidentally discovered the Mississippi river while looking for gold. His soldiers disposed of his remains in the same river | |
| 233862625 | Montezuma | (20) Aztec Emperor; thought Hernan Cortes to be the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl | |
| 233862626 | Christopher Columbus | (13) Portuguese explorer employed by the Spanish to find new route to India; instead accidentally stumbles on America. | |
| 233862627 | Hernan Cortes | (20) Spanish conquistador who destroyed the Aztec civilization and conquered Mexico. | |
| 233862628 | Francisco Coronado | (16) Was trying to find fabled golden cities in Arizona and New Mexico but instead discovered the Grand Canyon and enormous herds of bison | |
| 233862629 | Robert de La Salle | (22) French explorer sent down Mississippi River in the 1680's by France | |
| 233862630 | Jacques Cartier | (21) journeyed up the St. Laurence River in 1534 | |
| 233862631 | Giovanni da Verrazano | (21) An Italian mariner sent by the French to explore the eastern seaboard in 1524 | |
| 233862632 | Giovanni Caboto | (21) Also known as John Cabot, this Italian mariner was sent by the English to explore the northeastern coast of North America in 1497 & 1498 | |
| 233862633 | Vasco Nunez Balboa | (16) Claimed to be the discoverer of the Pacific Ocean, this Spanish explorer claimed that all land touched by the Pacific was under Spanish jurisdiction | |
| 233862634 | Ferdinand of Aragon | (13) The king of Spain and husband of Isabella of Castille, he was partially responsible for uniting Spain. | |
| 233862635 | Isabella of Castille | (13) The queen of Spain and wife of Ferdinand of Aragon, she was responsible for granting Columbus the means to try to find a new route to India and was partially responsible (along with Ferdinand) for uniting Spain as one country | |
| 233862636 | Quetzalcoatl | (20) The Aztec god that Montezuma believed Hernan Cortes to be. | |
| 233862637 | Bartholomeu Dias | (13) A Porteguese explorer, he rounded the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488 | |
| 233862638 | Hiawatha | (10) A legendary leader of the Iriquois that inspired them to create a nation-like state called the Iroquois Confederacy | |
| 233862639 | Bartolome de Las Casas | (17) A Spanish missionary that disagreed with the "encomienda" system; went so far as to call it, "a moral pestilence invented by Satan." | |
| 233862640 | Ferdinand Magellan | (16) A Spanish explorer that began his search for an alternate route to the Indies in Spain in 1519 with 5 tiny ships and ended with only one upon the fleet's return in 1522; he himself lost his life in an encounter with inhabitants of the Philippines. The lone ship's return marked the first circumnavigation of the world. A strait on the southern tip of South America still bears his name | |
| 233862641 | Vasco da Gama | (13) A Portuguese explorer that reached India in 1498, 10 years after the attempt of Bartholomeu Dias. | |
| 233862642 | Lord De La Warr | (30) Born Thomas West, he was a British General who arrived at the last minute to salvage the Jamestown settlement in the spring of 1610. He became its governor the same year | |
| 233862643 | Pocahontas | (29) the daughter of chieftain Powhatan, she was used as an intermediary between the Indians and the English settlers of Jamestown. She would end up marrying John Rolfe in 1614 as part of the peace treaty in the first Anglo-Pohwatan War. | |
| 233862644 | Pohwatan | (29) Indian chieftain and the father of Pocahantas | |
| 233862645 | Handsome Lake | (41) An Iriquois prophet that warned his people of the increased decline in morality that threathened to destroy the tribe from the inside out. | |
| 233862646 | John Rolfe | (30) The husband of Pocahontas; the marriage marked the end of the First Anglo-Pohwatan War and the first interracial marriage in Virginia. | |
| 233862647 | Lord Baltimore | (33) The founder of Maryland | |
| 233862648 | Walter Raleigh | (26) An English explorer and the half-brother of the deceased English explorer Sir Humphrey Gilbert, he followed in his brother's footsteps and lead an expedition to Newfoundland which ended in 1585 when the expedition landed on Roanokee Island, off the coast of Virginia. | |
| 233862649 | James Oglethorpe | (39) One of the founders of Georgia. He was keen on prison reform and was able to repel Spanish attackers from Florida | |
| 233862650 | Humphrey Gilbert | (26) An English explorer and the half-brother of Walter Raleigh, he spearheaded England's efforts to colonize Newfoundland. Sadly, before he could accomplish this, he lost his life while at sea in 1583 | |
| 233862651 | Oliver Cromwell | (36) The Puritan soldier that headed up the effort to overthrow (and consequentially behead) King Charles I in 1649. He ruled England for the next decade until the deceased king's son, Charles II, was restored to the throne in 1660. | |
| 233862652 | John Smith | (29) Saved Virginia from collapsing at the start; was Virginia's governor | |
| 233862653 | John Wesley | (39) A missionary who came to Savannah, Georgia to spread the word of Christ among debtors and Indians but when he returned to England, went on to found the Methodist Church | |
| 233862654 | Francis Drake | (26) An English "sea dog" who worked in secret for Queen Elizabeth against the Spanish, he stole so much money from Spanish treasure ships that he netted his financial backers a profit of 4,600 percent. Queen Elizabeth went on to knight him | |
| 233862655 | George Percy | (29) He accompanied John Smith on his expedition to Virginia in 1606-1607 | |
| 233862656 | William Penn | (37) The founder of the Quakers; the Pennsylvania colony was named after him | |
| 233862657 | RIchard Hakluyt | (28) An English writer that tried to convince the English in England to relocate to the American colonies | |
| 233862658 | King Henry VIII | (25) The king of England that broke from the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530's and launched the English Protestant Reformation | |
| 233862659 | Queen Elizabeth I | (25) Following in her predecessor King Henry VIII's footsteps, (being a protestant herself) she was a proponent of the Protestant Reformation. She is also known as the "Virgin Queen" because she never married | |
| 233862660 | King Philip II | (26) The king of Spain and Queen Elizabeth I's contemporary, he was firmly against the Protestant Reformation. He went so far as to build an "Invisible Armada" of 130 ships to invade England in 1588 | |
| 233862661 | King James I | (28) The king of England and Queen Elizabeth I's successor, he granted the Virginia Company a charter to travel to the New World to find gold and a second path to the Indies | |
| 233862662 | King Charles I | (36) The king of England and King James I's successor, he caused a civil war in England that would ultimately claim his own life; it was caused by his dismissal of the English Parliament in 1629 | |
| 233862663 | King Charles II | (36) The king of England and Oliver Cromwell's successor, he formally created Carolina in 1670; the colony itself is named after him | |
| 233862664 | Deganawidah and Hiawatha | (40) Founders of the "League of the Iriquois"/Iriquois Confederacy | |
| 233862665 | King George II | (39) The king for whom the colony Georgia was named after | |
| 233862666 | Nation-state | (page number unknown) A country | |
| 233862667 | Joint-stock company | (28) A company that is funded by multiple people/groups with the intention of liquidating it once they are all able to turn a sufficient stock profit from it | |
| 233862668 | Slavery | (33) The ownership of human beings for the purpose of using them as a free labor force | |
| 233862669 | Enclosure | (page number unknown) A closed off space | |
| 233862670 | House of Burgesses | (33) An assembly (modeled in the image of the English Parliament) made up of the Virginia settlers that was made to allow them to self-govern | |
| 233862671 | Royal charter | (28) A written grant that gives a person or group the ability to do something with the backing of the King/Queen | |
| 233862672 | Slave codes | (35) A law that defined a slave's legal status, often designed to strip slaves of the most basic of rights. The Barbados slave code of 1661 is the most notorious example | |
| 233862673 | Yeoman | (page number unknown) An independent farmer | |
| 233862674 | Proprietor | (page number unknown) Land-owner | |
| 233862675 | Longhouse | (40) An Iriquois construct stretching from 200-800 ft. long and about 25 ft. wide, it contained between 3-5 fireplaces around which gathered two nuclear families; everybody who lived in the same longhouse was related by blood | |
| 233862676 | Squatter | (38) A person who illegally occupies land that does not belong to them | |
| 233862677 | Law of Primogeniture | (28) A law that decreed that only the eldest sons were eligible to inherit land | |
| 233862678 | Indentured servitude | (34) A system that guaranteed an indentured servant their own plot of land as compensation for working for their master for a specified number of years | |
| 233862679 | Starving Time | (30) The winter of 1609-1610 where of the 400 settlers that had settled in Virginia, only sixty survived | |
| 233862680 | Sea dogs | (26) English pirates who specifically targeted Spanish treasure ships | |
| 233862681 | Surplus population | (27) A section of the population that cannot be adequately covered for by its government due to the rest of the general population consuming all of the available resources; the population that made up the majority of the indentured servants that came from England to the New World | |
| 233862682 | First Anglo-Pohwatan War | (30) The English (Lord De La Warr and the Virginia Company) declared war on the Pohwatan in 1610. De La Warr used "Irish Tactics" on the Pohwatan until a peace treaty was reached in 1614, sealed by the marriage of John Rolfe and Pocahontas | |
| 233862683 | Second Anglo-Pohwatan War | (30-31) In 1644, the Pohwatans attempted to get rid of the Virginians as revenge but failed; a peace treaty was reached in 1646. However, this peace treaty essentially banished the Pohwatan from their own land | |
| 233862684 | Maryland Act of Toleration | (34) Passed in 1649, this statute guaranteed all Christians and (to a lesser extent) Catholics religious freedom, but it also guaranteed the death penalty to anybody - Jews and atheists included - who did not believe that Jesus was divine | |
| 233862685 | Barbados slave code | (36) This slave code declared that if any black person - slave or not - should commit an act of violence against a Christian, they are to be severely punished, and increasingly so with each offense. Blacks also did not have the right to a trial, and on top of that, if during a punishment, their master or such other enforcer "accidentally" killed them, they had not committed a single offense | |
| 233862686 | Virginia Company | (28) A joint-stock company founded in London | |
| 233862687 | Restoration | (36) In 1660, King Charles II was returned to the throne after civil war had broken out in ENgland and his father was usurped by Puritan soldier Oliver Cromwell. In the years after Charles II's reinstitution, England resumed its empire-building in America with greater intensity than ever before | |
| 233862688 | Act of Toleration | (page number unknown) Ratified into English law in 1689, this act granted freedom to the noncomformists who had taken the oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy and formally rejected transubstantiation. However, while the Baptists nd congregationalists were granted religious freedom, the Catholics were deliberately excluded. Also, the existing social and political crutches still applied to all of them | |
| 233862689 | Savannah Indians | (37) A coastal tribe of Indians who aided the Carolina settlers in finding suitable Native American slaves. However, in 1707, the Savannah tribe ended the alliance and attempted to migrate to Pennsylvania where they were promised more equality. However, the Carolinians decided to wipe out the Savannahs before they could migrate and had virtually succeeded by 1710 | |
| 233862690 | Ireland | (25-26) One of England's territories; predominantly Roman Catholic; was the subject of a religious war in the 1570's and 1580's started by Protestant Queen Elizabeth | |
| 233862691 | Santa Fe | (21, 25) The capital of New Mexico, founded in 1610 by the Spanish | |
| 233862692 | Quebec | (25) North American colony created by the French in 1608 | |
| 233862693 | Jamestown | (25) North American settlement created by the English (or more specifically the Virginia Company) in 1607 | |
| 233862694 | Charles Town | (38) A city named for King Charles II in (what was then called) the Carolina colony; at the time, it was the busiest seaport in the South. It was a proponent of religious toleration | |
| 233862695 | Protestant Reformation | (25) King Henry VIII broke from the religious jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Church and made England a Protestant state in the 1530's, thus launching the Protestant Reformation | |
| 233862696 | Pohwatan's Confederacy | (30) The couple dozen of small tribes in the James River area over which chieftain Pohwatan ruled | |
| 233862697 | Chesapeake | (34) A bay located in Maryland along which Maryland itself was founded | |
| 233862698 | English Civil War | (36) Sparked by the dismissal of Parliament in England in 1629 by King Charles I, the war began in 1640 and ended in 1649 with the decapitation of King Charles I. The rebellion was spearheaded by the Puritan soldier Oliver Cromwell | |
| 233862699 | Quakers | (37) Group of religious pacifists lead by William Penn | |
| 233862700 | Renaissance | (13) Beginning in the 14th century, the Renaissance was a period of enlightenment that was ongoing in all of Europe. It nurtured an ambitious spirit of optimism and adventure | |
| 233862701 | Mestizos | (21) People of mixed Indian and European heritage | |
| 233862702 | Treaty of Tordesillas | (16) A treaty in 1494 in which Spain and Portugal agreed to divide Central and South America up amongst themselves. Spain, however, got the lion's share of the territory; Portugal only got Brazil and a couple territories in Africa and Asia | |
| 233862703 | "Three Sister" farming | (10) A technique that allowed the Indians in North America to grow corn, beans and squash on the same field. This technique produced some of the highest population densities on the continent | |
| 233862704 | Great Ice Age | (5-6) Beginning about 2 million years ago and ending about 10,000 years ago, the Ice Age was not only responsible for reshaping the North American landscape into almost exactly what we know it to be today, but it was also responsible for North America's human history; when the sea-level dropped about 35,000 years ago due to the oceans congealing into ice glaciers, the Bering Strait - a land bridge connecting Asia and North America - was uncovered. Asian nomads chased game across the bridge into the Americas until the sea rose above the land bridge again when the ice melted about 10,000 years ago | |
| 233862705 | Canadian Shield | (5) (Purportedly) the first part of the North American landmass to emerge above sea level | |
| 233862706 | Mound Builders | (8) A group of Indians based in the Ohio River valley | |
| 233862707 | Spanish Armada | (26) Also known as the "Invinsible Armada, this fleet of 130 ships was commissioned by King Philip II of Spain in the 1580's to invade England because England had broken from the Roman Catholic Church to become Protestant. The fleet launched an attack on England in 1588 but ultimately met its demise at the hands of English sea dogs and the "Protestant Wind", a vicious storm that scattered the fleet. The defeat of the Spanish Armada marked the beginning of the end of the Spanish Empire | |
| 233862708 | Black Legend | (23) The Legend of the terrors the Spanish inflicted on the American Indians | |
| 233862709 | Conquistadores | (16) The Spanish explorers - namely Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro - who conquered Central and South America and the native civilizations that occupied them | |
| 233862710 | Aztecs | (19-21) Original occupiers of Mexico | |
| 233862711 | Pope's Rebellion | (22) Sparked by the Spanish Catholic missionaries' efforts to suppress native religious customs, in 1680, Pueblo rebels destroyed every Catholic Church in New Mexico and killed hundreds of priests and settlers. The Pueblo Indians built a Kiva (a ceremonial religious chamber) on top of the ruins of the Spanish Plaza in Santa Fe. It took the Spaniards almost half a century to reclaim New Mexico | |
| 233862712 | Pueblo Indians | (21) Original occupiers of New Mexico | |
| 233862713 | Iriquois Confederacy | (40-41) Started by Deganawidah and Hiawatha, this league of 5 Indian nations - The Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas began in the New York area in the late 1500's. The Iriquois Confederacy was the strongest Indian alliance in North America until it fell apart as a result of the British defeat in the American Revolution. What was left of the Confederacy either relocated to British Canada or the reservations in western New York | |
| 233862714 | Cartography | (page number unknown) The creation of maps based on the layout of an area's geography | |
| 233862715 | Native Americans | (page number unknown) The people who first occupied the Americas | |
| 233862716 | Vinland | (10) An area in Newfoundland that was said to abound in wild grapes when Scandinavian explorers - Norsemen - chanced upon it around 1000 AD | |
| 233862717 | St. Augustine, Florida | (21) Founded in 1565 by the Spanish, it was used as a fortress to block the French from setting up shop in North America | |
| 233862718 | Kiva | (22) A ceremonial religious chamber built by the Pueblo Indians on the ruins of the Spanish Plaza in Santa Fe, New Mexico | |
| 233862719 | Spice Islands | (10) Indonesia | |
| 233862720 | Moors | (13, 18) The North African Muslim population that occupied Granada in southern Spain until Isabelle and Ferdinand kicked them out to unite Spain as one country | |
| 233862721 | Ecosystem | (page number unknown) a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment | |
| 233862722 | Encomienda | (17) A Spanish system first implemented in the West Indies that gave the government the right to "give" Indians to Spanish colonists as long as the colonists promised to try to Christianize them | |
| 233862723 | Malinchista | (21) A traitor. The word is taken from the name of the Indian wife of one of Hernan Cortes's soldiers, Malinche; she was Cortes's translator and ultimately made it possible for Hernan to conquer the Aztecs | |
| 233862724 | Dia de La Raza | (21) Columbus Day (October 12th, 1492); the day which Mexicans celebrate as the day the mestizo race was created |
Terms from chapter 4 of the American Pageant 15th edition AP US History textbook
| 572350511 | Indentured servants | Poor, displaced workers sponsored to come to America and in return for their sponsorship work for a set number of years for the person who had paid their passage | |
| 572350512 | Headright system | If a colonist sponsored the passage of an indentured servant, under Virginia and Maryland law they were entitled to fifty free acres of land | |
| 572350513 | Bacon's Rebellion | Rebellion in Virginia by landless former indentured servants who had been denied their promised land after serving their time and "paying" for their passage | |
| 572350514 | Royal African Company | 1698 loses its monopoly on slave transport, leading enterprising Americans to join in on the lucrative slave trade industry | |
| 572350515 | Middle Passage | The most deadly portion of sailing between Africa and the Americas to be endured by slaves in transport- mortality rates were often high | |
| 572350516 | "Slave codes" | Beginning in Virginia, these codes made blacks and their children property of their white masters for life | |
| 572350517 | New York slave revolt | 1712- nine whites killed, 21 blacks executed brutally after the fact | |
| 572350518 | South Carolina slave revolt | 1739- more than 50 blacks along the Stono River tried to march to Spanish Florida where they would be free- stopped by local militia, killed | |
| 572350519 | Congregational Church | Puritan churches with strict internal governmental structures | |
| 572350520 | Jeremiad | Sermons by Puritan ministers that scolded their congregations for their waning piety | |
| 572350521 | Half-Way Covenant | Document that allowed grandchildren or children of church members into the church, regardless of if they'd had a TCE or not- lead to downfall of Puritanism | |
| 572350522 | Leisler's Rebellion | Uprising in New York wherein German Jacob Leisler took control of the colony's south for two years, reflecting colonial resentment with regards to the policies of King James II |
Scientific Method Vocabulary Words for the International Academy Network
| 540221988 | Conclusion | The final answer to an experiment | |
| 540221989 | Dependent Variable | What you observe of measure in an experiment | |
| 540221990 | Experimental Group | The group that changes | |
| 540221991 | Control Group | The normal group that you do not change in an experiment | |
| 540221992 | Independent Variable | The thing that the scientist changes or tests | |
| 540221993 | Hypothesis | A hypothesis is a prediction that can be tested with an experiment | |
| 540221994 | Data | Results of an experiment; a list of observations. | |
| 540221995 | Constant | Something the scientists keep the same | |
| 567113013 | Observation | Something you can see, feel, taste, smell, or hear | |
| 567113014 | Question | Something scientists ask to learn more and better understand an issue | |
| 567113015 | Procedure | The directions scientists use during an experiment |
environmental science ch. 3
| 17506504 | geosphere | the solid part of the earth that consists of all rock as well as the soils and loose rocks on the earths surface | |
| 17506505 | crust | earths thin outer layer | |
| 17506506 | mantle | the layer beneath the crust | |
| 17506507 | core | earths innermost layer | |
| 17506508 | lithosphere | earths outer layer | |
| 17506509 | asthenosphere | the layer beneath the lithosphere; plastic, solid layer of the mantle made of rock that flows very slowly and allows tectonic plates to move on top of it | |
| 17506510 | tectonic plates | pieces that make up the lithosphere | |
| 17506511 | atmosphere | a mixture of gases that surround the earth | |
| 17506512 | ozone | a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms;makes up the ozone layer | |
| 17506513 | convection | the transfer of heat by air currents | |
| 17506514 | greenhouse effect | the process in which gases trap hear near the earth | |
| 17506515 | water cycle | the continuous movement of water into the air,onto land, and then back to water sources | |
| 17506516 | evaporation | the process by which liquid water is heated by the sun and then rises into the atmosphere as water vapor | |
| 17506517 | condensation | the process in which water vapor forms water droplets on dust particles | |
| 17506518 | precipitation | process in which large droplets of water fall from clouds in forms of rain, snow, sleet, and hail | |
| 17506519 | biosphere | narrow layer around earths surface in which life can exist |
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