| CourseNotes

Unit 2 European Expansion and Absolutism Flashcards

470974756	What are the conditions that favored Iberian expansion?	) -Muslims lacked unity and naval power + China abandoning their navy = sea route for Spain/Portugal to defeat Muslims though battle at sea -technology (compass, astrolabe for latitude, portolan map, triangular lateen sails fought wind and sped up ship, strong ships with powerful brass canons) ^allowed Portuguese to travel past "Green Sea of Darkness" which they thought was a place of no return -religious motivation, wanted to convert/destroy non-Christians ^teamed up with Ethiopia their kings increasing to launched christian crusade ^made them want sea route to Ethiopian king to attack from both sides -great population increase in both S and P
470974757	How did the Spanish political system and the Portuguese political system work in different ways towards a similar imperial goal?	) Spain- Spanish nobles, especially Castilians, used conquest and plunder as a source of income Portugal- Avis dynasty ignored nobles and looked for wealth in working middle class.
470974758	What did Portugal accomplish with the aid of Prince Henry "the navigator"	) -At Prince Henry's observatory mariners and mapmakers planned over sea voyages -1415 conquest of Ceuta (Muslim port in Morroco), navigated W African coast trying to take gold trade from Muslim rule, 1418 claimed Madeira Islands, 1421 claimed Azores islands
470974759	How did Spain react to Portugal's expansion with help of Prince Henry?	) -fought over Canary Islands of which some were occupied by Castilians in 1344 and rest by Portugal after 1440''s -issue settles with 1479 Treaty of Alcacovas saying Spain has rights to Canary Islands but banned from Madeiras, the Azores, the Cape Verdes, and West Africa ^overall loss for Spain
470974760	How did Spain prosper during the year 1492?	) -took Granada, last Muslim state of Iberia -expelled all Jews from country for not converting to Christianity -sponsored Christopher Columbus ^sailed from Spain > West Indies, Caribbean, Hondorus, the Isthmus of Panama, and Venezuela thinking he was in Asia ^did not reach Asia but claimed new world for Spain*
470974761	How did Portugal react to Spain's claim of the new world?	) -felt threatened -Pope issued "bull of demarcation" saying that all land beyond N/S line 300 mils S of Azores = spanish claims -Portuguese complains lead to 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, moving line 500 miles to the west -final agreement gave spain most of land leaving eastern Brazil to Portugal
471056307	How did Portugal develop in the first half of the 16th century?	) -1497 Vasco da Gama (d. 1524) raided East Africa and crossed Indian Ocean to Calicut, India, returning in 1499 with cargo of pepper and cinnamon (?) -Pedro Cabral (d. 1520) traveled passed India to neglected Brazil were very small settlement was made -1509-1515 Alfonso de Albuquerque conquered Swahili city-states and established trading posts in Mozambique and Zanzibar -1510 took Goa, India = base for aid of Hindus against Indian Muslims + conducted trade with Gujerat, producer of cloth. -1511 took Malacca, Muslim stronghold in Malaya which controlled trade with China and the Spice Islands ^wanted to spread Christianity but did opposite by founding new Muslim states
471056308	What did the Portuguese change about trade through the Indian Ocean?	) -closed off trade to competitors, especially Muslims -put taxes on ships trading on Portugal territory in ocean -all ships need cartaz, license allowing non-Portuguese to trade on Portugal territory
471056309	How did Portugal impact land based empires?	) -very little effect -issues with Chinese, banishing them from Chinese ports, smuggled Indian an American goods into China instead
471056310	What was Portugal's relationship with Japan?	) -1542 Portuguese traders accidentally crash in Japan where diamyo (fuedal overlords) were fighting for power -traded Chinese silk for Japanese gold -diamyo Nobunaga briefly used Catholic Portuguese as ally against Buddhist components. -late 1630's Japanese gov eventually expelled all Europeans
471056311	What caused the decline of the Portuguese Empire?	) -did not have skills needed for a global empire -relied too much on bankers and spice brokers of N europe for financing -great decrease in population ^few remaining men overseas mated with local women who were mostly concubines, prostitutes, and slaves -overall weakening of morale, economic deficiency, and military power -lost ground to omani arabs, spain, and dutch
477231266	What was the Portuguese's original goal when they came to Africa?	) -to get direct access to the gold fields of West Africa without going through the middle man, Muslim Kingdoms of the Sudan who dominated trade there.
477231267	What did the Portuguese want from the Kingdom of Mali? How did they try to accomplish that? How did the King of Mali respond?	) -wanted to be involved in direct trade of gold with mali -sent representatives with Muslim Dyula traders to Mali -rejected by King
477231268	What did Portugal do after being rejected by mali?	) -1482, tried to form relationship with Akan kingdom by exchanging firearm, copper and brass objects, textiles, slaves, and later cowrieshells for gold in return for 20,000 ounces of gold each year as long as they stay honost
477231269	What is the Gold Coast?	) -present day Ghana -place of major gold trading business (?) -Potrugal arrived there looking for gold in 1471
477231270	What is the Kingdom of Benin and its relationship with Portugal?	) -kingdom of sw Nigeria, call their kings obas, strong gov and army, unimaginable art -1486, Portuguese entered oba Ozuola's court and received Maltese-type cross as gift = hope to convert them to Christianity, did a little and traded a little but never fully trusted by Benin, kept at a distance -traded their stuff for pepper, ivory, cloth, beads, and slaves then traded slaves with Akan states for gold
477231271	What is the Kongo Kingdom and how did it react to Portugal?	) -vast kingdom largely influenced by queen mother -first thought of P as earth/water spirits but King Nzinga Nkuwu looked to them as a major ally against neighboring African states inviting them to send teachers, technicians, missionaries, and soldiers -His son Nzinga Knuwu (d. 1543) converted himself and the state to Catholicism and official language to Portuguese, encouraging European traditions and changing name to Don Afonso
477231272	What happened to the Kongo-Portuguese relationship?	) -Portugal upset with cloth products from Kongo went crazy kidnapping people as slaves and weakening Kongo -Afonso begged King Manuel to help but was shot by slavers -started war -1571, Portugal established colony on boarder of Kongo, meant to be white colony but nothing really happened there, became Afro-Portuguese
477231274	Why where the Swahili city-states tempting targets for the Portuguese? How did they conquer them?	) -they were located in a good place for trade with Asia -they were rarely engaged in war or had large military forces so they were easy to conquer with P naval force -invaded and burnt most states, made alliance with Malinda
477231275	What did Portugal do after conquering the Swahili city-states?	) -tried to keep internal trade going -built fort in Mombasa to intimidate other cities and support naval operations against Turks and Arabs in Red Sea -trade stayed normal but local industries disappeared -1698, Omani Arabs expel P, Swahili happy
477231276	Why were the P drawn to the Zimbabwe Plateau? What did they do there?	++++++ -needed their gold mines (really only rumer) -needed gold to get spices from Indian Ocean -1506, seized Sofala taking over Muslim's gold trade -established relationship with Mutapa but ended when M king ordered death of Jesuit Missionary in 1560 -trading settlement in Zambazi went bad anyways because no gold there -later Mutapa needed help from P in war, signing treaty in 1607 -eventually M got powerful and kicked P out
477231277	Prestor John	+++++ -tale of mythical Ethiopian christian monarch holding Muslims at bay
477231278	Eleni	)+++++ -Duaghter of muslim king who married ethiopian emperor Baeda Maryam -wrote treaty to Portugal for alliance against Turks
477231279	Summary of Portugal	+++++++
477231280	Hispaniola	+++ -where most of spanish conquering occured
477231281	aztecs	+++ -S had issues with this powerful tribe in the gulf coast
477231282	Hornando cortez	+++ -sent to beat Aztecs, made allies, surprised them with weapons -Moctezuma = aztec emperor, heald off cortez until cortez's lutienant attached unarmed nobles causing religious war -cortez lost at first but with help from indians and smallpox epidemic, won, took over aztects land and made new Spain
477231283	Ferdinand Magellan	++++ -encouaged by Vasco de Balboa -1520 took 99 day voyage to phillipines, got involved in their conflicts and disease killed most of his men, only one baot returned
477231284	Atagualpa	++ -took throne of inca state, issues with succession weakened imperial unity and allowed spanish to take over
477231285	Francisco Pizzaro	+++ - along with Almagro conquered Cuzco -took over Peru -Almagro murdered Pizzaro= civil war
477231286	Summary of Spain	+++++
477445773	How did Spain govern Mexico and Peru?	) -all land technically owned by king -established two viceroyalties polpulated by 200,000 Spanish and mestizos by 1600 -Council of the Indies, directed the vicroys and gave advice about colonial policies -System of councils ( audiencias) made up of Spanish aristocratic lawyers = regional legislative and judicial tribunals -Local governors assisted town councils (cabildos) under viceroys -indian nobles= local rulers to maintain order and collect taxes and tribute for Spain -spaniards and mestizos = very little voice
477445774	viceroyalties	) -Provinces ruled by viceroys, direct representatives of the monarch.
477445775	mestizo	) -a person of Spanish and Indian decent
477445776	How did Portugal govern Brazil?	) -much bigger than Portugal -at first controlled by 15 aristocratic "captains" w/ hereditary rights to tax, dispose land, make laws, and administer justice -1540, P appoint royal governor-general in reaction to French threat on their power, not as powerful as viceroys in M + P
477445777	How did Spain make money from mining overseas?	) -everything underground belonged to king -king gave permits to companies in exchange for 10 to 20 percent of metals found -at first gold = most valuable, later silver in M + P but needed more man work to find
477445778	How was trade organized between Spain and new world?	) -metals sent on warships from Havana to Seville -often stolen by pirates, Portuguese, French, and English -grain, wine, olive oil, textiles, and Asian porcelains and silk sent from seville to new world -on land goods transported on wagon or animal (mules + llamas) = jobs as carters
477445779	Besides mining, what were the main economic pursuits of the Spaniards?	) -agriculture and ranching -Spanish officials let all indians keep land as long as they occupied or cultivated it -disease killed most Indians and land taken over and given to Spanish officials and military.
477445780	How did Spanish settlers change Indian agriculture?	) -introduction of new animals and crops caused more farming of land, upsetting ecological balance -tried to introduce plantations (large estates for farming) but difficult due to need of man power
477445781	what in an encomienda? how was this system stopped?	) -a system of control over land and Indian labor granted to an often abusive Spanish colonist -similar to feudalism -introduced in Mexico by Cortez -slowly abandoned after 1550's thanks to Bartolome de Las Casas, a dominican friar who said that indians are Christians and should be given same right as other Christians, did not aply to Africans -convinced Charles V to make New Laws of 1542-1543, ending encomiendas at encmenderos' death, ending Indian slavery, and putting slaves under protection of spanish law -not enforced because needed encomenderos o administer new laws -encomiendors gradually went away but indians now put on reservations under control of local officials
477445782	How did the Spanish deal with labor issues in Mexico and Peru?	) -put tax on indigenous people forcing them to work in order to pay tax -disease killed most of indigenous people under hard working conditions -imported many African slaves which costed more but: 1.) Africans = more immune to European disease so could work harder 2.) there was a slave trade system already established 3.) Africans away from families had a harder time escaping
477445783	What labor did the Africans do in for both Spain and Portugal?	) -worked gold mines and on cattle ranches in the capital, Lima -later replaced by Indians and moved on to work in growing sugar plantations.
477445784	Why was Sao Tome a good place for sugar plantations for Portugal?	) -uninhabited before Portuguese got there -good weather for sugar production -near Angola, source of slaves -Sao Tome, Cape Verde, and Madeira (the Atlantic islands) = models for plantation system in Brazil around 1550 -Islands + Brazil = world's largest sugar producer and importer of unfree labor from Africa (?)
477445785	How did spain morally justify their colonization in the New World	) -through the idea of the "spiritual conquest" of the indigenous people by Christianity
477445786	What effects did the Spanish crown have on the Catholic Church during the conquering of the New World?	) -established churches, convents, and hospitals, appointed and paid priests and bishops, established dioceses (territories of a bishop), and collected gifts, tithes, and fees for marriage and burials. -church gained great wealth through land and mortgages -1569, church introduced tribunals of the inquisition who at first made sure Protestantism didn't spread and later disciplined Indian converts who still practiced old rituals -priesthood divided into secular and regular clergy ^secular raised own money and were directly under bishop ^regular clergy take a vow of poverty and and follow monastic orders such as the Franciscans, Dominicans, and Jesuits, in charge of converting indigenous people.
477445787	What were the regular clergy's responsibilities in the New World? How did they effect the New World?	) -convert indigenous to Christianity -learn languages, Nahuatl of Aztecs and Quechua of Incas ^spread these languages until dominant in Mexico and Peru -found colleges to train future priests ^ 1520 Franciscans start college in Mexico City to train son of Indian nobility but failed because I nobles not allowed to ordain -mostly caught attention of Creoles who later became rivals of Spanish-born priests for leadership of church -not only converted Indians but also made them inherit European culture (change name, monogamy, nuclear families, work habits, christian calendar...) -suppressed indigenous religion, persecuting Indian priests, built Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe over Aztec shrine after Virgin of Guadalupe appeared before Indian in 1531.
478762180	Who made up the social hierarcy in the Spanish colonies? Who was on top?	) -Included Europeans, indians, Africans, multiracial and multiethnic -Spanish on top -settlers
478762181	How were the Spanish settlers divided in the colonies?	) -divided into two groups: 1.) peninsulares, born in spain 2.) Creoles, of European descent but born in Americas -often intermarried with each other and daughters of Indian nobility due to lack of women settlers
478762182	What are mestizos?	) -Because there were few women settlers, Europeans often married daughters of Indian nobility. Their children would be called mestizos and could inherit their fathers property and were excepted by Spanish societies.
478762183	What was the condition of Spanish women in the Spanish colonies?	) -only about 10% of settlers were women -had few tasks = male superiority -had no contact with males through childhood -learned to be house wives and married in early teens -Spanish women were however given certain legal rights over men (money, separation) -widows usually operated businesses, some very powerful -some went to protection of convents as nuns
479045843	What is the castas?	) -a social category of free men and women of mixed ancestries -divided into mestizos (euro/Indian) and mulattoes (euro/African)
479045844	What are the zambos?	) -Social class of men and women who are both Indian and African -often occurred either in societies were the two races interacted or in situations where African slaves escape plantations and find homes among indians -often stayed away from Spanish settlements
479045845	How were the Indian's effected by the Spanish settlers	) -treated poorly -had to adapt to new colonial order, and Spanish culture -some had to leave homes to work in mines, farms, or haciendas, estates or plantations belonging to elite families -some kept nobility and became Spanish allies
479045846	How were Africans treated by the Spanish	) -bottom of social hierarchy, some exceptions ^some formed second class society in Spain ^some joined in conquest of Mexico and Peru and were rewarded with encomiendas or watched watched over Indian laborers, an intermediate between Indian and Spanish, often granted freedom at end of service -Africans who are not exceptions were slaves ^treated worse in areas where their are more plantations ^in places were plantations were carce, often worked as apprentices as shoemakers, tailors... ^in Lima given time off for an extra job to by freedom
481622593	What conditions offered opportunities for the northern European States?	) -Spain and Spanish empire and the Portuguese empire which was unified by a Hapsburg king began to decline suffered from its own imperial problems
481622594	What new products were being imported into Northern Europe during the Commercial Revolution?	) -foods (potatoes, sweet potatoes, peanuts, maize, tomatoes) -Spices (pepper, cloves, cinnamon) -sugar -coffee, tea, cocoa -clothing, wood, ivory -gold and *silver
481622595	How did the Commercial Revolution effect northern Europeans?	) -most metals imported used to pay for their import= great inflation effecting landlords with a set rent and creditors who are paid cheap money -however increased profits of merchants who are selling = increase in northern European capitalism
481622596	Who dominated the rising Atlantic economy?	)+++ -Italian merchants and moneylenders, especially Florentines, Venetians, Genoese, and German Fugger banking house at Augsburg ^Fugger bank and Genoese suffered of Spanish economic decline under Charles V and Philip II -Antwerp in s Netherkands = center of European economy ^center of English wool trade and a transfer station, financial market ^
482454741	The Dutch Empire	) +++ -most of empire at first neutral and did not look for expansion but the colony Java did ^fought Portuguese and Spanish navy, defeating them in order to create a monopoly of the trade of spices (*pepper) -5 initial Dutch companies made too much competition and less profit, formed Dutch East India Company controlling all trade between Cape of Good Hope, Africa and the Strait of Magellan -established by Jan Pieterszoon (??) -expanded commercially but not territorially -Dutch West Indian Company formed after taking over Spanish and Portuguese holdings in West Africa and Americas, taking over slave trade and concurring Brazil where they learned sugar planting -Henry Hudson explored to Hudson river where he established Dutch claims ^15 years later company founded New Amsterdam, Manhattan Isl and trading posts in Hudson Valley ^tried to start agriculture but mostly fur trade with Iroqois tribe
482454742	The French Empire	) +++ -at first distracted by religious wars, 30 years war, other probs -Giovanni da Verrazzano and Jacques Cartier = first early colonization in N America ^JC (1491-1557), explored St. Lawrence river, tried to establish colony in 1543 but failed due to French issues (war w/ iberians, ...) -First actual settlement 1605, fur-trading center, capitol of St. Lawrence region -1608, Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec under French-chartered company ^brought some settlers before taken by British troops in 1627, taken back 1629 w/ Champlain as governor ^declined due to reliance on fur trade, cold, probs w/ indians -afterwards Montreal founded -even with probs with iberians still was able to expand and took over Caribbean + slaves = largest sugar + coffee producer
482454743	The English Empire	) +++ -at first also had issues (bad gov, civil war) but religious persecution encouraged people to travel -failed search for northern passage to Asia = exploration of N America coast (John Cabot) and discovery of trade route to Russia -1607, Jamestown, VA = first English settlement ^people at first had no food but saved by leader, Captain John Smith (d.1631) who was rescued by Princess Pocahontas -Settlement led to many more, governed by London Company but still had rights as Englishmen ^1619 = first meeting of Virginia House of Burgesses discussing government -1620 Pilgrims founded Plymouth, inspire religious dissenters against Charles I -1629 Puritans create Massachusetts Bay Company near Boston with their own self-government -situation in English colonies = bad with no food, disease, and probs with Indians but settlers looked to future because they brought family to raise in New world, weren't going back -Anglo-American women treated poorly, some stood up ^Anne Hutchinson (d. 1643) banished from MA for heretical views and founded dissenting religious settlement in RI ^Anne Bradstreet expressed men's views through poetry - (+++) English gov did not care for settlers as much as West Indies and Africa, English migrants entered West Indies taking over Bermuda and tobacco planting -(+++)meanwhile English trading posts in west africa flourished and English adventurers started operations in Asia for spices

Powered by Quizlet.com

Ch. 13 AP Euro (European Society in the Age of the Renaissance) Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

327682439	Savonarola	A Dominican friar that predicted the French invasion of Florence. Was the leader of Florence after the Medici were overthrown in 1494 however his criticism of the Medici and Pope Alexander VI led to his excommunication and execution. Famous for his "Bonfire of the Vanities".
438965452	Mirandola	He was an Italian Renaissance philosopher known for his Oration on the "Dignity of Man". In his works, he expressed the opinion that there were no limits to what man could accomplish.
438965451	Pope Julius II	Known as the "Warrior pope." Suppressed the Borgia family and took Romagna from them to be put under papal jurisdiction. Formed 2nd Holy league with Ferdinand, Venice, Max I and Swiss. Commissioned Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel(along with many others).
438986621	Giorgio Vasari	Tuscan writer wrote "Lives of the Artists," a book of biographies of the greatest artists of the Renaissance.
438978158	Individualism	A belief in the importance of the individual and the virtue of self-reliance and personal independence. Became more prevalent during the Renaissance.
439019878	Pope Sylvester II	Was born a peasant as Gerbert of Aurillac. , Influence from the Arabian sundial and Chinese knowledge of mechanical clocks allowed him to build the first mechanical clock in Europe. Holy Roman Emperor declared him Pope in 999.
439025410	Edward IV	First Yorkist King of England, he re-established some stability in England after overthrowing Henry VI.
327682442	Pope Leo X	He was the son of Lorenzo de Medici This Pope sold indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Condemned Luther as an outlaw and a heretic then banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church. Also withdrew from League of Cambrai and employed new Holy Roman Emperor Charles V to get rid of French in Italy which leads to Hapsburg-Valois Wars. Signed Concordat of Bologna with Francis I of France.
327682448	Pope Sixtus IV	Most famous for building the Vatican Library and Sistine Chapel which had been planned by his predecessor. He instituted nepotism and corruption as a way of life in Rome, and ran the Papacy as a family operation. In 1478, under pressure from Ferdinand of Aragon he issued the papal bull that established the Spanish Inquisition. He also supported the Pazzi Conspiracy.
327682444	Francesco Petrarch	Known as the father of Renaissance Humanism. He lived from 1304-1374 as a cleric and committed his life to humanistic pursuits and careful study of the classics. He resisted writing in the Italian vernacular except for his sonnets, which were composed to his "lady love" who spoke no Latin.
438994403	Titian	A student of Giorgione. The best "colorer guy". Famous for the "Venus of Urbino", Greatest Renaissance painter in Venice, used vivid color and movement, which was the opposite of the subtle colors and static figures in Florentine paintings.
327682437	Cosimo de'Medici	Wealthiest Florentine and natural statesman. He internally controlled Florence; behind the scenes. He kept concilors loyal to him in the Signoria. Was head of Office of Public Debt and a patron of the Florentine Platonic Academy. His grandson was Lorenzo il Magnificant.
438898368	Sistine Chapel	A chapel adjoining Saint Peter's Basilica, noted for the frescoes of biblical subjects painted by Michelangelo on its walls and ceilings. The Creation is one of the notable subjects of the ceiling paintings, and the judgment day is depicted on the rear wall of the chapel.
438898369	Fourth Crusade	Initiated by Pope Innocent III after Saladin's death to conquer Jerusalem. Crusaders instead decided to attack and set up their own government which was called the Latin Empire. Byzantine Empire was restored in 1261 but never fully recovered.
438898370	Communes	The most common form of government in the Northern Italian cities. This was a sworn association of seeking political and economic independence from local nobles. Cities included Milan, Florence, Genoa, Siena, and Pisa.
327682438	Francesco Sforza	A ruler who conquered the city of Milan and became its new duke after the last Visconti ruler of Milan died. Worked to buid a strong centralized state. By creating an efficient tax system he generated enormous revenues for the government.
327682432	Renaissance	The cultural achievements of the 14th through 16th century which began in Italy and gradually influenced society in northern Europe. Rested on the economic and political achievements of the previous centuries.
438898371	Papal States	A group of territories in Central Italy ruled by the popes from 754 until 1870. They were originally given to the papacy by Pepin the Short and reached their greatest extent in 1859. The last one - Vatican City —was formally established as a separate state by the Lateran Treaty of 1929.
327682433	Popolo	The disenfranchised and heavily taxed citizens of Italian city-states. Used armed force and violence to take over city governments.
438981806	Boccaccio	Father of Renaissance novels; his "Decameron" illustrate the lost of spiritual direction of Italy during Black Death.
438898367	Sforza	Ruthless family that came to power in Milan in 1450. They were a Condottiere family and they hired mercenaries to control other smaller northern city-states.
438986622	Sandro Botticelli	Florentine painter known for vivid colors and a personal style. Painted both mythological works ("The Birth of Venus"(his most famous as it exemplified the female ideal) & "Primavera" or Springtime) & religious works ("The Adoration of the Magi"). He also painted "Portrait of a Young Man.
438994404	Donatello	Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature. Sculpted "David" in Bronze.
327682434	Signori	Despots of Italian city-states. Emerged when the movement for Republican governments failed in the 13h century and Popolo lost power. Their accession to power was often accomplished peacefully, as most communes were willing to accept repression for a lasting peace.
327682435	Oligarchies	The rule of merchant aristocracies and the new urban nobility that along with Signori's controlled much of Italy by 1300.
327682440	Charles VIII	French king invited by Sforza family to invade Florence, fought over Italy with Ferdinand of Aragon. Wanted to conquer Naples (technically inherited it). He inaugurated a new era in Italian and European power politics. Florentine Piero de Medici's attempt to seek peace lead to the Medici's overthrow and return to republican government. Died by striking his head on a door.
439025411	Richard III	He was the last English king from the House of York, and his defeat at the Battle of Bosworth marked the culmination of the Wars of the Roses.
438994405	Artemisia Gentileschi	Was an early Italian Baroque painter, today considered one of the most accomplished painters in the generation influenced by Caravaggio. In an era when women painters were not easily accepted by the artistic community, she was the first female painter to become a member of the Accademia di Arte del Disegno in Florence Painted "Judith Slaying Holofernes" and "Esther before Ahasuerus".
438994406	Michelangelo	An Italian painter, sculptor, and architect of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Among many achievements in a life of nearly ninety years, Sculpted David and several versions of the "Pietà", painted the ceiling and rear wall of the Sistine Chapel, and served as one of the architects of Saint Peter's Basilica, designing its famous dome. Also sculpted Bound Slave ,"Dying Slave" and "Moses" for Pope Julius II's tomb.
327682441	League of Cambrai	Formed in 1508 by Louis XII with Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian and Pope Leo X to strip Venice of its mainland possessions.
439019879	Erasmus	Dutch Humanist and friend of Sir Thomas More. Was born a poor boy and became an orphan before he was forced to join a monastery. Perhaps the most intellectual man in Europe and widely respected. Believed the problems in the Catholic Church could be fixed; did not suport the idea of a Reformation. Wrote "Praise of Folly". and "The Education of an English Prince".
327682443	Habsburg-Valois Wars	For security reasons, France became embroiled in these conflict that frequently took place in Italy. French King Francis I went to war with Charles V over disputed territories in southern France, the Netherlands, the Rhineland, northern Spain, and Italy. Lasted 23 years and while Charles V was often victorious it prevented him from concentrating on the Lutheran problems in Germany.
327682445	Leon Battista Alberti	An accomplished humanist scholar who was a noted architect and builder in Florence. Famous for "Men can do all things if they will." idea of the universal man. Also wrote "On the Family"
327682446	Benvenuto Cellini	A goldsmith and sculptor who wrote "Autobiography" which is famous for its arrogance and immodest self-praise
327682447	Pope Nicholas V	Collected 9 thousand manuscripts and planned the Vatican library. Ended the schism caused by the rivalry between popes and church councils. Initiated the Peace of Lodi in order to end strife in Italy, and he tried to stamp out simony and other corrupt practices in the church. Issued papal bull that allowed Portuguese to subjugate other human beings.
327682449	Humanism	First defined by Florentine rhetorician Leonardo Bruni. , A philosophy in which interests and values of human beings are of primary importance.
327682450	On The Dignity of Man	Written by Pico Della Mirandola, this essay suggests that man possesses great dignity because he was made as Adam in the image of god before the fall and as Christ after the resurrection.
327682451	On Pleasure	Written by Lorenzo Valla. It praises the pleasures of the senses as the highest good.
438898372	Princely Courts	By the 15th century this became the place or space where despots or oligarchs lived, conducted business, and displayed their wealth and patronage of the arts.
438965453	Lorenzo Valla	Father of Modern historical criticism. Wrote "On Pleasure", and "On the False Donation of Constantine", which challenged the authority of the papacy by showing that the western lands had been claimed by forgery.. Father of modern historical criticism.
438965454	On the False Donation of Constantine	Lorenzo Valla's analysis and critique of an 8th century document that established papal authority over western Europe. Papacies jurisdiction over vast territories in western Europe was a forgery.
438965455	Pazzi Conspiracy	This plot to overthrow the Medici was even supported by Pope Sixtus IV. An assassination attempt was made during High Mass on at the Cathedral of Florence. Lorenzo's brother, Giuliano, was stabbed 19 times and killed by a gang that included a priest! Lorenzo managed to escape. The people of Florence rallied to the Medici and the conspirators were pursued. Led to a 2-year war between Florence and the papacy. It also increased Lorenzo's power.
438965456	Peace of Lodi	Was established in order to balance the alliances between Florence and Milan and the other alliance between Venice and Naples; Led to 40 years of relative peace. Arbitrated by Pope Nicholas V.
438981803	Bonfire of the Vanities	Notorious bonfire in Florence in 1497 in which supporters of Savonarola collected and burned thousands of paintings, books, and other temptations to sin in the Piazza della Signoria.
438981804	Secularism	Attitude that tends to find the ultimate explanation of everything and the final end of human beings in what reason and the senses can discover, rather than in any spiritual or transcendental belief. Rise in Renaissance signified a shift away from the Medieval ideal.
438981805	Decameron	Literary work by Boccaccio which was composed of 100 vulgar tales told by three men and seven women in a country retreat from the plague that ravaged Florence in 1348. A stringing social commentary (sexual/economic misconduct) and a sympathetic look at human behavior
438994407	Gutenberg Bible	A printed version of the Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible that was printed by Johannes Gutenberg, in Mainz, Germany in the fifteenth century.
438986623	High Renaissance	Period beginning in the late 15th century, it produced some of the most well-known religious and secular artwork of the period from such figures as Leonardo, Raphael, and Michelangelo. Rome finally took the lead away from Florence as the center of art in Italy.
438986624	Lorenzo Ghiberti	Won a contest to design bronze doors for the San Giovanni Baptistry in Florence. The doors were nicknamed "The Gates of Paradise" by Michelangelo.
438986625	Primavera	Painted by Botticelli; This painting portrays the birth of spring; it shows Cupid, who is Venus's son, Venus who represents April, and the 3 Graces who are Venus's handmaidens; March is represented by Zephyr, the west wind of Spring; MAY is represented by Mercury, the messenger of the gods who uses his staff to keep clouds out of Venus' garden.
438994408	Giotto	An Renaissance artist who led the way into realism; his treatment of the human body and face replaced the formal stiffness and artificiality that had long characterized the representation of the human body.
438994409	Masaccio	The renaissance artist who led the way in establishing a new style of employing deep space modeling and anatomical correctness in painting. He was the first to use Brunelleschi's linear perspective.
438994410	The Courtier	A treatise on education written by Castiglione that sought to train, discipline, and fashion the young man into the courtly ideal, the gentleman
438994411	Castiglione	Wrote "The Courtier" which was about education and manners and had a great influence. It said that an upper class, educated man should know many academic subjects and should be trained in music, dance, and art.
438994412	The Prince	A short political treatise about political power how the ruler should gain, maintain, and increase it. Machiavelli explores the problems of human nature and concludes that human beings are selfish and out to advance their own interests. "Combine cunning of fox and ferocity of a lion"
439019880	Thomas More	He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote "Utopia", a book that represented a revolutionary view of society. Opposed Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon and was imprisoned and beheaded.
438994413	Printing	Stimulated literacy of laypeople during the Renaissance. It also allowed for propaganda and the rise of group consciousness that competed with localized loyalties.
439019881	Pietro Aretino	Satirist that used the shock of sex in pornography as a vehicle to criticize in his "Sonnetti Lussuriosi" and Ragionamenti.
439019882	Clocks	Were more important in cities during the Renaissance. Led to the idea that the universe could be seen and quantified.
439025412	Henry VII	First Tudor king of England after gaining throne by force after the Battle of Bosworth Field from Richard III. Restored order and crafted strong monarchy. He established the Star Chamber for law & order. Frugality freed him of dependence on Parliament - power of which declined. Used marriage in Foreign Affairs with Scotland & Hapsburgs. National feeling consolidated around Tudors.
439019883	On the Family	Alberti's treatise on the crisis of the Italian families; a high birth rate racked with a high infant mortality rate that plagued 15th century Italy.
439019884	Juan Luis Vives	This Spaniard wrote 'Instruction of the Christian Woman'. Held that a women's sphere should be restrained to the home not the public arena where it would lead to competition with men.
439019885	Sir Thomas Smith	English Statesman who wrote 'The English Commonwealth'. Maintained that women should not meddle with the world of men.
439019886	Office of the Night	A special magistracy set up by the Florentine government to persecute sodomists and combat sodomy. All members were at least 45 years old and were elected annually. Name comes from the fact that most of these sexual activities occured during the night.
439019887	Praise of Folly	Written by Erasmus. Humorous criticism of the most corrupt practices of society at the time. Especially harsh on the abuses within ranks of the clergy. Ridiculed ignorance, superstition, vice among Xians, criticized fasting, religious pilgrimages, and church interpretations of parts of Bible.
439019888	Rabelais	France's most popular Renaissance author. Rejected the Middle Age's focus on the afterlife and believed that people should enjoy life to the fullest. Wrote "Gargantua" and "Pantagruel".
439019889	Rablelaisian	Marked by gross robust humor, extravagance of caricature, or bold naturalism.
439019890	Jan van Eyck	Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting. Painted "The Arlofini Weeding" and the "Ghent Altarpiece".
439019891	New Monarchs	The term applied to Louis XI of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, who strengthened their monarchical authority often by Machiavellian means.
439019892	Justinian Code	The body of Roman law collected by order of the Byzantine emperor, Justinian around A.D. 534 based on Rome's 12 tables. Its maxim of "What pleases the prince has the force of law" was used to advance authority in the renaissance.
439019893	Charles VII	King of France who was asked by Joan of Arc for an army to save the city of Orleans; doubted her. After the "Hundred Year War" he strengthened finances by instituting the gabelle(salt tax) and taille(land tax) which were the chief source of income until 1789. Published the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges.
439019894	gabelle	A salt tax in France. This is an example of one of the ways monarchs could raise money by levying taxes on basic food and clothing.
439019895	Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges	Charles VII's 1438 formal declaration of the independence of the French Church from Rome. Asserted royal control over church appointments and the superiority of a general council over the papacy. Rescinded by the Francis's Concordat of Bologna in 1516
439019896	Louis XI	French king,nicknamed the "Spider King," manipulated the Estates-General to gain a permanent taille and took over part of Burgandy when Charles the Bold died. He promoted new industries(like silk weaving at Lyon and Tours).
439019897	Louis XII	This young french ruler appointed Cardinal Armand Richelieu as his cheif minister to beat back the power of the Huguenots and strengthen the absolute power of the monarch. His marriage with Anne of Brittany also increased his power and he formed the League of Cambrai.
439019898	Concordat of Bologna	Treaty between the papacy(Pope Leo X) and France that repealed the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges. King Francis I agreed to recognize the supremacy of the papacy over a universal council. In return, the French crown gained the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots. This treaty was signed as a way for Francis I to make money also allowed the French to pick their own priests for the churches, as a last resort to save money.
439025413	Henry IV	First Lancastrian king of England.
439025414	War of the Roses	Struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the House of York (white rose) and the House of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII.
439025415	Henry VI	Son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois, he started his reign as the King of France and England. His periods of insanity and his inherent benevolence eventually led to his downfall, the collapse of the House of Lancaster and the rise of the House of York.
439025416	Battle of Bosworth Field	Ultimate battle of the War of the roses. August 22, 1485. Lancastrians led by Henry VII, defeated Richard III.
439025417	Star Chamber	A division of the English Royal Council. Court used Roman legal procedures to curb real or potential threats from the nobility. Was so called of paint on the ceiling of the chamber in which the court sat. Established by Henry VII.
439025418	Royal Council	English King Henry VII's private council which governed at a national level (opposed to Parliament). Held all important power.
439026638	Justices of the Peace	Volunteers who handled work of local governments in England, mostly influential landowners who enforced laws, fixed wages and prices. Tudor Kings relied heavily on them.
439026639	Cortes	An assembly that limited the authority of the monarchy and had to be consulted in order to achieve compliance with royal edicts in Spain.
439026640	Hermandades	Ferdinand and Isabella revived this medieval institution. There were groups in Spanish towns given royal authority to serve as local police forces and as judicial tribunals with the goal of reducing aristocratic violence.
439031056	Pope Alexander VI	This was the pope that granted power to Ferdinand and Isabella to appoint bishops to the Spanish territories and also settled the argument between Spain and Portugal over South America with the Treaty of Tordesillas. A member of the Borgia family, encouraged his son Cesare to carve a state for himself in central Italy out of the territories of the Papal States.
439031057	Treaty of Tordesillas	A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.
439031058	Reconquista	Beginning in the 11th century, The military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler and kingdom of Granada fell and this ended.

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP European History: Chapter 14 Test The Renaissance Flashcards

Everything You Need To Know On Mr.Sheridans Study Guide

Terms : Hide Images

442082586	What is the Hundred Years War?	A war fought between france and England over territory
442082587	What was the impact of the Bubonic Plague (Black Plague)?	> took the lives of roughly 75 million European people >ranks for advancement were opened.
442082588	what is a dowry?	Property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage.
442082589	What is a vernacular?	The language spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.
442082590	How were Ren. Artists different from Mid. Ages Artists?	Middle Ages: - gothic style - completely religious as far as their art goes - stiff (1 dimentional figures) - less emotion - generic faces - used gold to illumintae figures - lack of perspective - patronized mostly by the church Renaissance: - Increased emphasis on worldly things - Greek and Roman ideals - Used oil paints a lot - brighter colors, lots of emotion - real people and settings depicted - Popes patronized their art - free standing statues for the 3D effect
442082591	Describe Middle Ages literature	>Based mostly on religion >Written in Latin >The churches were great patrons of the art and literature >Everything was hand written
442082592	Describe the Renaissance literature	> Humanism and secularism was big >Focused on writings of the early church >Vernacular >Covered a wider variety of subjects >Focused on individualism >Increased use of the printing press
442082593	What are patrons?	People who basically pay for an artists whole life support so they can focus on their art
442082594	What were the major city-states in Italy?	Florence, Milan, Venice, Papal States, Kingdom of Naples
442082595	What is the signori?	Dictators who controlled the communal governments
442082596	What is an oligarchy?	A small group of people having control of a country
442082597	What is the condotierri?	A leader of a troop of mercenaries in Italy.
442082598	What is the Republic of Florence?	A city-state that was centered on the city of Florence
442082599	Who are the Medici Family?	behind-the-scene rulers of Florence, established wealth through banking
442082600	Who is Lorenzo de' Medici?	An Italian statesman and de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance.
442082601	Who is Girolamo Savonarola?	He took control of Florence after the French invaded in 1494 in order to clean up the moral decay in the city. He was burned at the stake in 1498.
442082602	Who is Machiavelli?	He was a political philosopher in during the Renissance Italy and he wrote the book The Prince. He believed power should be earned not inherited.
442082603	What was the Sack of Rome?	An invasion of Rome carried out by Charles V, Holy Roman the Emperor (1527).
442082604	Who is Charles V?	King of Spain whose conquest of Rome in 1527 symbolized the end of the Italian Renaissance.
442082605	What is humanism?	An outlook of thought attaching prime importance to humans rather than divine or supernatural matters.
442082606	Who is Petrarch?	Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization.
442082607	Who is Leonardo Bruni?	historian who was the first to use the term "humanism, " he wrote an extensive history of the city of Florence.
442082608	Who is Lorenzo Valla?	Expert on Latin, wrote "On False Donation of Constantine" which proved document granting the Catholic Church vast areas of land to be a forgery. Father of modern historical criticism.
442082609	Who is Constantine?	The first Christian emperor to the Roman empire.
442082610	Who is Baldassare Castiglione?	Wrote "The Courtier" which was about education and manners. It said that an upper class, educated man should know many academic subjects and should be trained in music, dance, and art.
442082611	What is virtu?	Knowledge of or expertise in the fine arts.
442082612	Who is John Gutenberg?	Inventor of the printing press by using movable type. The mass production of paper and the commercial production of manuscripts spread Renaissance ideas all over Europe.
442082613	What is quattrocento?	The 15th century as a period of Italian art or architecture.
442082614	Who is Giorgio Vasari?	Wrote "Lives of the Artists," a book of biographies of the greatest artists of the Renaissance.
442082615	What is cinquecento?	The 16th century as a period of Italian culture, with a reversion to classical forms.
442082616	What is perspective?	The art of drawing solid objects on a two-dimensional surface so as to give the right impression of their height, width, depth
442082617	What is contrapposto?	Contrapposto is an Italian term that means counterpose. It is used in the visual arts to describe a human figure standing with most of its weight on one foot so that its shoulders and arms twist off-axis from the hips and legs
442082618	Who is Brunelleschi?	Florentine architect who designed Il Duomo, a dome atop the city's cathedral, modeled after ancient Roman ruins
442082619	Who is Donatello?	Sculptor who evoked classical Greek and Roman models. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo.
442082620	Who is Sandro Botticelli?	One of the leading painters of the Florentine renaissance, developed a highly personal style. Painted The Birth of Venus and Springtime.
442082621	What is the "High Renissance"?	High Renaissance, is the period denoting the apogee of the visual arts in the Italian Renaissance.
442082622	Who is Raphael?	Important artist of the High Renaissance, his pudginess and exaggeration of features foreshadowed Mannerism; important work is Schoo of Athens
442082623	Who is Michelangelo?	Painted the Sistine Chapel. Sculpted the statue of David. (the Pieta abd the dome on St. Peters Bisilica)
442082624	Who is El Greco?	El Greco, born Doménikos Theotokópoulos, was a painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance.
442082625	What is the Northern Renaissance?	The Northern Renaissance is the term used to describe the Renaissance in northern Europe, or more broadly in Europe outside Italy.
442082626	What is Christian humanism?	The belief that human freedom and individualism are natural parts of life.
442082627	Who is Erasmus?	A Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian. Erasmus was a classical scholar who wrote in a pure Latin style. he wrote Is Praise of Folly.
442082628	Who is Thomas More?	An English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman, and noted Renaissance humanist. He wrote Utopia.
442082629	Who is Jan Van Eyck?	Flemish painter active in Bruges and is generally considered one of the most significant Northern European painters of the 15th century.
442082630	Who is the Fugger family?	German mercantile and banking dynasty that dominated European business in the 15th16th centuries.
442082631	Who is Christine de Pisan?	Author who challenged misogyny and stereotypes prevalent in the late medieval culture.
442082632	Describe the status of upper-class women in Renaissance.	Upper-class women got what they wanted and didnt have to work for it. They got to enjoy all of the perks of the renaissance including the paintings, bright clothing and new money.
442082633	Describe mairrage during the Renaissance.	People got married for one thing only. MONEY. $$$$$$
442082634	What is the Treaty of Tordesillas?	Divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Crown of Portugal and Crown of Castile along west of the Cape Verde islands.

Powered by Quizlet.com

Absolutism - Enlightenment Era Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

712471842	French revolt over Mazarin's strict rule (taxes)	Fronde
712471843	Regent while Louis XIV was young, strict rule, killed in Fronde	Mazarin
712577798	French national style that reflected ideals of antiquity (order, harmony)	Classicism
712471847	ascetic religion suppressed by Louis XIV, politically active against him	Jansenists
712471849	by Louis XIV to strengthen Catholicism	Revocation of Edict of Nantes 1685
712471850	local rulers picked by Louis XIV	Intendants
712471851	Louis XIV minister who started mercantilism, helped expand New World presence	Colbert
712471852	Louis XIV took Habsburg-controlled Spanish Netherlands but was forced to give it back by triple-alliance (England, Sweden, Dutch Rep) under Treaty of Aix-La-Chappelle	War of Devolution
712471853	ended war of devolution, France lost its gains (Spanish Netherlands)	Treaty of Aix-La-Chappelle
712471854	France and England vs. Dutch Rep and Habsburgs, France wins but experiences anti-tax revolts, Treaty of Nigimejen	Dutch War
712471855	Ends Dutch War, makes France larger and super powerful	Treaty of Nijimegen
712471856	Major European powers ally to curb Louis XIV's power, fight to stalemate	War of League of Augsburg
712471857	Louis XIV returns most conquests	Peace of Rijswijk
712471858	Habsburgs resist idea of French heir to Spanish throne, curb French power	War of Spanish Succession
712471859	Ends French domination in Europe and North America	Peace of Utretch
712690900	French ruler after Louis XIV, gave more power to parliament & nobility	Duke of Orléans
712690901	French ruler after Duke of Orléans, brought financial stability	Cardinal Hercule de Fleury
712539391	Prussian nobility (originally super strong but controlled by Great Elector	Junkers
712539392	Habsburg possessions could never be divided (allowed for female heirs, post-30YW)	Pragmatic Sanction
712539393	Hohenzollern ruler who took absolute power over Junkers after the 30YW	Frederick William "The Great Elector"
712539394	strengthened Prussian army, militarized society, frugal	Frederick William I "Sergeant King"
712539395	enlightened monarch, expanded Prussian power through warfare (war of austrian succession, 7YW, partition of Poland)	Frederick II "The Great"
712539396	King during English civil war, imposed Catholic influences on Anglican church	Charles I
712539397	First parliament under Charles I forced him to agree to consulting them on taxes etc. but he didn't really follow this and stopped calling parliament	Petition of Right
712539398	started civil war	Parliament of 1640
712539399	imposed Catholic rituals on Anglican church (caused Scottish war, angry Puritans)	Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud
712539400	Royalists during civil war	Cavaliers
712539401	parliamentary forces during civil war, mostly Puritan	Roundheads
712539402	calvinists w/ central authority, dominated parliament	Presbytarians
712539403	congregationalists, controlled New Model army	Independents
712539404	independent who headed parliament's New Model Army, became despotic ruler during Interregnum who subjugated Scotland/Ireland	Oliver Cromwell
712539405	period after civil war b/w Charles I & II, Cromwell ruled	Interregnum
712539406	parliamentary forces during English civil war, headed by Cromwell and independents	New Model Army
712539407	suffrage for propertied men	Levellers
712539408	religious sects after english civil war, emphasized personal connection with god	Baptists/Quakers
712539409	under Cromwell Independents drove out Presbyterians, beheaded Charles I	Rump Parliament
712539410	invited back from exile after Cromwell's rule, leaned toward Catholicism (declaration of indulgence)	Charles II
712539411	Charles II extended religious tolerance to Catholics b/c of secret deal with Louis XIV, angered parliament	Declaration of Indulgence
712539412	Parliamentary response to Declaration of Indulgence (anti-Catholic)	Test Act
712539413	Parliament refused to grant throne to Roman Catholic in response to Declaration of Indulgence	Exclusion Crisis
712539414	wanted monarchy and more Catholic Anglican church	Tories
712539415	wanted parliamentary supremacy and Protestanism	Whigs
712539416	after Charles II, forced Catholicism on England & prompted Glorious Revolution	James II
712539417	1688 Protestant William & Mary invited back to depose Catholic James II, constitutionalism (Bill of Right)	Glorious Revolution
712539418	ensured Parliamentary participation in government after Glorious Revolution	Bill of Right
712690902	ruler after William & Mary, from protestant House of Hanover	King George I
712690903	supporters of Catholic king James II & his son	Jacobites
712690904	under George I Scotland joined w/ England out of fear of jacobites	Act of Union 1701
712690905	managed George I's relations with parliament, set trend of prime ministers being from leading party & gaining loyalty through patronage	Robert Walpole
712591991	system of trade involving slavery, spurred consumer culture and interest in New World settlements	Atlantic System
712591992	new farming techniques that brought more, consolidated land under cultivation, began in Britain	Agricultural Revolution
712591993	consolidation of smaller farms into privat property, spurred disappearance of peasantry & move to cities	Enclosure Movement
712638388	painting style featuring and made for new middle class (scenes from every life, decorative quality) sensual	Rococo
712690906	protestant revival movement emphasizing intense bible study, hard work and obedience (influenced Prussia especially)	Pietism
712690907	Catholic revival emphasizing mystical union w/ God	Quietism
712690908	Russian ruler who built absolutist state based on Western model, controlled nobility, expanded Russian territory & influence through warfare	Peter the Great
712690909	Peter the Great won Baltics from Sweden (Battle of Poltava)	Great Northern War
712690910	Russia and Austria forced France to accept Habsburg heir	War of Polish Succession
712690911	Hungarian noble who rebelled against Austrian rule, forced concessions for Hungary	Ferenc Rakoczi
712809747	God set universe in motion but didn't interfere w/ daily life	Deists
712809748	France provided perfect conditions for spread of enlightenment (prosperity but lack of freedoms, gov torn b/w suppressing it and supporting it)	French Enlightenment
712809749	focused on deep inner emotions and on the joys of nature -- pushback against total reliance on reason	Romanticism
712809750	1740s, included Great Awakening, underlined limits of reason	Protestant Revivals
712809751	ascetic, focused on personal relation w/ God, politically conservative	Methodism
712809752	enlightened Russian ruler, gave more power to nobility	Catherine II
712809753	secret society w/ elaborate rituals that encouraged equality (included nobles and middle class)	Masonic lodges/ Freemasons
712809754	local learned societies focused on concrete reforms (essay contests, included nobles & middle class)	Academies
712809755	style from antiquity, emphasized purity & clarity (unlike preceding rococo)	Neoclassicism
712809756	Prussia + France vs. Austria + England fought over female successor, Prussia ultimately won territory	War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
712809757	diplomatic revolution (Prussia + England vs. Austria + France) led to France losing New World territory	Seven Years' War (1756-1763)
712809758	Prussia, Austria and Russia split parts of Poland b/w them	Partition of Poland
712809759	urged grain deregulation, equitable tax, abolishment of guilds	Physiocrats
712809760	tried to implement physiocrat policies but was resisted	Louis XVI

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Scientific Revolution / Enlightenment Flashcards

Incomplete list - I will add more when I can.

Terms : Hide Images

508729527	Maria Theresa	Austrian monarch and HRE who centralized government, reduced the robot, and professionalized and expanded the military.
508729528	Britain	Montesquieu's The Spirit of Laws was inspired by the government here
508729529	Bacon	Scientific revolutionary responsible for inductive reasoning, also known as the Father of the Experimental Method
508729530	Galileo	Confirmed Copernicus using mathematical data and refined and improved the telescope.
508729531	Property right	What John Locke would consider to be the most important of the 3 natural rights.
508729532	Descartes	"I think, therefore I am."
508729533	Wollstonecraft	Female enlightenment author who published the first book to demand that women should have full political rights
508729534	Frederick William I	Prussian monarch who militarized Prussia and had a thing for tall soldiers.
508729535	Mercantilism	Economic philsophy in which the government completely controls the economy, enacting harsh tariffs in order to protect a country's industries.
508729536	Voltaire's influence on European monarchs	Both Catherine the Great and Frederick the Great were greatly influenced by this philosophe.
508729537	Voltaire on the church	"Ecrasez L'infame" ("Crush the thing.")
508729538	Frederick II	Prussian monarch who believed that his most important duty was to enlighten his subjects, cultivating their morals and mananers and making them as happy as individuals as they can be.
508729539	Kant	Disagreed with Locke's tabula rasa, because he said the mind takes an active roel in the formation of humans and is not a passive recipietn fo perception. Believd that reasons coudl not explain the problesm of metaphysics
508729540	metaphysics	the area of philosophy dealing with universal, spiritual and moral questions.
508729541	Essay Concerning Human Understanding	1690 - John Locke said the mind is like this Latin phrase and it soaks up things. Your environment determines what you learn and, therefore, who you are (this has a profound effect on guys like Rousseau, who believe nurture, not nature, influences you more). Guys like Kant disagreed, saying the mind was a more active participant in gaining knowledge.
508729542	Montesquieu	1) the best governments vary by climate and geography and 2) the ideal government should be divided into 3 branches (as it is with England, an executive, legislative, and judicial branch)
508729543	Vesalius' biggest accomplishment	Wrote the first textbook on human anatomy.
508729544	Salon	About the only way women could rise to power in Enlightenment society was to own one of these.
508729545	Great Chain of Being	Medieval idea, disproved by the Scientific Revolution, that the most imporant things were closer to God.
508729546	Voltaire on free speech	Rumored to have said, "I disagree with what you say but will defend to the death your right to say it."
508729547	Rousseau's quote about freedom	"Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains."
508729548	2nd Treatise on Government	Locke's book where he argued that the chief goal of any good government out to be protection of property.
508729549	War of Austrian Succession	Frederick II violates the Pragmatic Sanction and invades Austria, ruled by Maria Theresa. Frederick gets Silesia, but that's about it.
508729550	Charles II (Stuart)	This English monarch established the Royal Society of London, which was supposed to promote scientific research in England.
508729551	Rousseau	Believed people should make decisions based on instinct and emotion, not logic and reason and is therefore considered "counter-enlightenment."
508729552	Frederick II's reforms Prussia	- Abolished serfdom, educated his civil servants, eliminated the use of torture in judical proceedings, abandoned capital punishment, protected religious minorities (except Jews).
508729553	Catherine the Great	Tried through the Legislative Commisson to be enlightened. However, after Pugachev's rebellion, she wound up giving nobles complete control over the serfs.
508729554	Rembrandt	The most famous of all Baroque painters, this Dutchman was a master in the use o flight. He is known for a series of self-portraits that depict the changes in his own appearances with brutal honesty over the course of his life. Hugely successful during the course of his own life.
508729555	Newton's famous quote	"I see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants."
508729556	Physiocrats	Economists who hated mercantilism and wanted the economy to revolve around agriculture. Francis Quesnay was a big one of these.
508729557	Diderot's Encyclopedia	This large compilation of works is the most obvious example of Enlightenment knowledge
508729558	Areopagitica	Published by John Milton in 1644 as an eloquent and desparate cry for freedom of speech
508729559	Locke on learning	Believed you were born with a "blank slate" and that you gradually learn things as you have new experiences and fill up the slate. Therefore we are all formed by our experiences.
508729560	Common Sense	Pamphlet written by Thomas Payne to justify America's break from Britan
508729561	Black Sea	Catherine managed to secure a year round warm-water port here.
508729562	Frederick II's nickname	"First Servant of the State."
508729563	Harvey	English physician who demonstrated the function of the heart and circulation of blood.
508729564	Candide	Voltaire's famous book about a young man who takes a horrifying journey through a harsh world wher ehe his constantly reminded of the cruelties humans can inflict on one anohter. The conclusion with which he is left is that the only way you can achieve satisfaction is by "cultivating one's own garden" or finding solace in one's personal affairs. Presents a rather pessimimistic view of man.
508729565	Brahe	This scientist's biggest contribution to the scientific revolution was that he built a massive astronomy lab and he employed Kepler.
508729566	Vesalius	Despite the traditional belief against dissection, he said it was necessary to dissect dead humans (not animals) and thus began the modern study of anatomy.
508729567	Social Contract	Both Hobbes and Rousseau believed the state is based on this.
508729568	Locke	People in the state of nature agree to give up their natural rights to a government, however if the government refuses to protect those rights (particularly property), the people have the right to rebell.
508729569	Jesuits	Militant order of monks who believed in absolute authority to the church
508729570	Adam Smith	Said the invisible hand of competition would ensure the best use of resources, thus the government should butt out of the economy
508729571	Beccaria	He believed in the better treatment of convicted criminals.
508729572	Joseph II's reforms Austria	put church under his control, aboslihsed serfdom, granted peasants the right to learn skills, and get married, issued the Toleration Patent (gave Lutherans, Greek Orthodox & Calvinists the right to worship), eased oppression of Jews. All of this was undone after he died b/c he didn't get the support of the nobles.
508729573	Madame de Pompadour	Wealthy and influential French woman who ran a popular salon which won the admiration of many philosophes
508729574	Newton	He wrote Principia Mathematica, in which he laid out the basis of calculus and the laws of gravity.
508729575	Hohenzollern	Prussian ruling family
508729576	Rousseau on Society	believed people were corrupted by this. Without society there to corrupt them, people were naturally "noble savages."
508729577	Emile	This was Rousseau's book on education, which stressed that children should be free to wander and do as they pleased to educate themselves.
508729578	Silesia In the War of Austrian Succession	this was the only thing that Frederick II got.
508729579	Kepler	Came up with the laws of planetary motion.
508729580	Battle of Vienna	1683 - Farthest the Turks ever made it into Europe. Jan Sobieski and his Polish Cavalry save the day.
508729581	Emile	Rousseau's book in which he encourage parents to love, nurture, and educate their children (despite the fact he stuck all 5 of his in orphanages).
508729582	Rococo	What type of art came after Baroque and is associated with the reign of French king Louis XV. Wealthy people looking wealthy. Lots of pastels. King hates this.
508729583	David Hume	The extreme skeptic who believed nothing could ever be known for sure (okay, Kant believed this too).
508729584	Joseph II	This was the most "enlightened" of the Enlightened despots. In fact, he was the only Enlightened despot to ease official persecution of Jews. Sadly, he failed to win the support of the nobles, so most of his reforms were undone upon his death.
508729585	Tabula Rasa	According to Locke, this is the "Blank Slate" with which we are born and it is filled by our experiences.
508729586	1492	This is the year that the Reconquista happened, the Inquisition happened, and Columbus sailed for the New World.
508729587	Descartes	Scientific revolutionary responsible for deductive reasoning
508729588	War of Spanish Succession	(1701-1713) This was the war in which the Hapsburgs lost control of Spain.
508729589	Royal Society	Started by Charles II and gave England the edge in the Scientific Revolution.
508729590	Deism	Religion of the philosophes that was based on reason, lead to moral behavior and was deduced from empirical evidence
508729591	Education	This is the field in which Rousseau was most notable.

Powered by Quizlet.com

Enlightenment Era Cultural Figures Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

712828059	began mercantilism	Colbert
712828057	wrote about manipulative court etiquette ("Princesse of Cleves")	Madame de Lafayette
712828058	favored by Louis XIV, secretly mocked pretentions of the aspiring elite class	Moliere
712809800	playwrights who represented Louis XIV's values through their plays (order & self-control)	Corneille & Racine
712543030	absolutist, humans are naturally bad	Hobbes
712543031	constitutionalism, general will, tabula rasa, empiricism	Locke
712551032	Dutch philosopher, God = nature	Spinoza
712560342	"Pascal's wager", skeptical about human ability to forge order out of chaos, defended Jansens	Pascal
712560343	personal liberties -- freedom of press and of religion	Milton
712582241	against slavery	Father du Tertre
712809801	Rococo painters who emphasized sensuality	Boucher & Watteau
712809802	worked for both church and newly receptive public	Bach
712809803	introduced oratorio (drama of opera + majesty of religious music)	Handel
712809804	"Robinson Crusoe" reflected value of entrepreneurial ingenuity	Daniel Defoe
712809805	big and healthy population vital to future of state	William Petty "Political Arithmetik"
712809806	made heliocentrism popular/accessible to public	Fontenelle
712809807	religious skeptic, against intolerance	Bayle
712809808	travel writer critical of French despotism, punishment should fit crime	Montesquieu
712809809	hosted best-known salons	Madame Geoffrin
712809810	originally proposed heliocentrism	Copernicus
712809811	discovered that universe changes (personally rejected heliocentrism)	Brahe
712809812	elliptical orbit	Kepler
712809813	invented telescope, found evidence for heliocentrism & idea that universe was not perfect (saw craters on moon)	Galileo
712809814	confirmed elliptical orbit, inspired deism	Newton
712809815	against religion b/c it encouraged fanaticism, deist, believed in enlightened monarchy	Voltaire
712809816	inductive reasoning (detailed facts to general principles) and empiricism (sensory observations lead to formation of abstract ideas)	Bacon
712809817	deductive reasoning (general to particular/ cause to effect) rationalist (reason is the source of knowledge)	Descartes
712809818	inspired capitalism and free market/ laissez faire (believed individual will benefited community)	Smith
712809819	inspired romanticism and democracy (should subject individual will to general will), anti-women	Rousseau
712809820	religion rested on superstition as opposed to reason	Hume
712809821	b/w empiricism & rationalism, categorical imperative, valued independent/free thought above all	Kant
712809822	Encyclopedia, deductive reasoning, against established religion	Diderot
712809823	British travel-novel writer, conflicting view of natives (pure v. savage)	Cook
712809824	wanted religious toleration for jews and ability to critique gov	Lessing
712809825	tried to bridge German-Jewish cultures (believed Judaism was a rational religion & persecution would end when reason triumphed)	Mendelssohn
712809826	romantic writer ("Sorrows of Young Werther")	Goethe
712809827	founded Hasidism, emphasized mystical aspects of religion as opposed to strict religious study	Israel ben Eliezer
712809828	enlightened ruler of Prussia	Frederick II "The Great"
712809829	enlightened ruler who valued retaining her power over enlightenment ideals	Catherine the Great of Russia
712809830	originally composed for nobility but works were later publicly performed,	Haydn & Mozart
712809831	wrote children's books (popular new form b/c of emphasis on children's education)	Stephanie de Genlis
712809832	innocent until proven guilty, no torture/ death penalty	Beccaria
712809833	Austrian leader tolerant of other religions, broad educational reforms	Joseph II

Powered by Quizlet.com

Ch. 14 AP European History (Reform and Renewal in the Christian Church) Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

449950767	Martin Luther	Was born a miner's son in 1483. Became a theologian and leader of the Reformation. His opposition to the wealth and corruption of the papacy and his belief that salvation would be granted on the basis of faith alone rather than by works caused his excommunication from the Catholic Church. Famous for 95 Theses . Confirmed the Augsburg Confession in 1530, effectively establishing the Lutheran Church.
450009853	John Calvin	Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism. He did not ascribe free will to people. Based in Geneva.
449950768	Ulrich Zwingli	The "People's Priest" in Zurich. Convinced that Christianity should rest on scripture alone. Disagreed with Luther on the Eucharist.
450009854	Ignatius Loyola	Principal founder and first Superior General of the Society of Jesus(Jesuits), a religious order of the Catholic Church professing direct service to the Pope in terms of mission. Members of the order are called Jesuits.He was very active in fighting the Protestant Reformation and promoting the subsequent Counter-Reformation
450009855	Charles V	This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation. Was maddened by the spread of Protestantism but his vast territories made it nearly impossible for him to act effectively.
449950769	Pluralism	The practice of holding many benefices simultaneously but neglecting to visit all of them. Thomas Wosley of King Henry VIII fame was a notable practitioner.
449950770	Antoine du Prat	Louis XII's famous diplomat and Archbishop of Sens. Actions made his name synonyms with abseenteeism; first time he entered the church was in his funeral
449950771	Thomas Wosley	The Cardinal highest ranking church offical and lord chancellor. Dismissed by Henry VIII for not getting the Pope to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Notorious for pluralism.
449950772	England	Only country in Europe where nobility did not occupy the highest church positions.
450009856	King Henry VIII	Given the title "Defender of the Faith" by Leo X after he condemned Luther. Broke away from Catholicism because he wanted an anulment.
450009857	Pope Paul III	Italian pope who excommunicated Henry VIII, instituted the order of the Jesuits, appointed many reform-minded cardinals, and initiated the Council of Trent and established the Holy congregation of the Holy Office. Immediately made his teenage grandson a cardinal. He also established an Inquisition in the papal states.
449950773	Brethren of the Common Life	In Holland a brotherhood of non-clergy (lay people) which schooled children to prepare them for life as monks. Lived in simplicity, feed the hungry, and even taught in local schools. This group educated Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam, who was a renowned Christian humanist and wrote In Praise of Folly.
449950774	The Imitation of Christ	This book was the inspiration of the Brethren of Common Life. The author, Thomas a Kempis, urged Christians to take Christ as their model and seek perfection in a simple way of life.
449950775	Ecumenical council	A worldwide, official assembly of the bishops under the direction of the pope.
449950776	Augsburg Confession	Codification in 1530 of Luther's doctrines as established since time of Diet of Worms and subsequent confinement at Wartburg, 1521-22. Included priesthood of all believers, two sacraments, authority of the bible, justification by faith alone, end to monasticism and celibacy, consubstantiation. Luther's friend, Philip Melancthon, worked on this codification with him.
449950777	consubstantiation	Lutheran doctrine which says the substance of the body and blood of Christ coexist with the substance of the bread and wine of communion. This conflicted with the Church's doctrine.
449950778	Fuggers	Family of prominent bankers and merchants in Augsburg. They gained great status through wealth, and dominance similar to that of the Medicis. They were allies of the Habsburgs, which was profitable for both families. Helped loan money to Albert (archbishop of Magdeburg) which allowed him to be pluralistic.
449950779	Indulgence	The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther's protest against the sale of these is often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation.
449950780	John Tetzel	Famous for saying "As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs!" when trying to market indulgences. He later became the church's scapegoat during the Protestant reformation.
449950781	95 Theses	Martin Luther's list of complaints and reforms that were posted on the door of the Wittenberg Castle(maybe - see pg. 458 last paragraph). He accused Johann Tetzel of wrongdoing in his selling of indulgences and asking people to pay for false promises of exoneration of their sins. Luther's protests spread throughout Europe, igniting the Reformation. Was written in Latin.
449950782	Philip Melanchthon	Friend and follower of Martin Luther, he wrote the Confessions of Augsburg, an attempt to unite Lutheran and Catholic princes that FAILED. The statements made did become the traditional statement of the Lutheran Church.
449950783	Jan Hus	According to Luther the infallibility of a general council was not true. He pointed to the execution of this individual at the Council of Constance as a prime example.
449950784	Diet of Worms	Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw but he was protected by Fredrick of Saxony.
449950785	Colloquy of Marburg	1529 meeting of Protestants to unify the new faith and settle a dispute between Luther and Huldrych Zwingli over the nature of the Eucharist: Luther thought Christ was present in the bread and wine while Zwingli disagreed
449950786	sola scriptura	"Scripture alone." It is the belief that all man needs for salvation is the Bible. This is a tenet for most Protestants.
450009858	Anne Boleyn	Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her.
450009859	John Knox	This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops
449950787	Transubstantiation	The Roman Catholic doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and the wine changes into the substance of the body and blood of Christ when consecrated in the Eucharist
449950788	The Real Presence	The Lutheran belief that Christ is present during the Eucharist but the bread and wine are not transformed. Part of doctrine of consubstantiation.
449963074	Clerical privileges	This angered many city governments in Germany because religious orders held a large part of urban property but payed not taxes and were exempt from clerical responsibilities. Explains why Lutheranism become popular quickly.
449963075	Preacherships	This was necessitated by the poor quality of sermons. Established by rich burghers, they contained preachers who were men of superior educational qualifications and delivered about a hundred sermons a year.
449963076	On Christian Liberty	Treatise by Martin Luther, argues that the Christian man is the most free lord, may have contributed to some early social unrest. The 12 Articles is an example.
449963077	Twelve Articles	1525 declaration written by representatives of the Swabian peasants in a German city. Expressed their grievances and condemned lay and ecclesiastical lords. Actually cited Luther as an inspiration.
449963078	An Admonition to Peace	Luther's tract that blasted the lords for taking advantage of the peasants. Shows his early position of supporting peasants.
449963079	Status Quo	Lutheranism tends to support the _______ _____ in terms of who holds political power.
449963080	Against the Murderous Thieving Hordes	Essay written by Martin Luther that attacked the peasants for uprising in the German Peasants' War from 1524-1526. Advocated killing peasants 'secretly and openly". Contributed to about 75,000 peasants being killed.
449963081	Larger Catechism	Luther's writing that gave brief sermons on the main articles of faith.
449963082	Shorter Catechism	Luther's writing that gave concise explanations of the doctrine in question and answer form.
450009860	Golden Bull of 1356	This was an edict by Charles IV, the Holy Roman Emperor, specifying the process of how Holy Roman Emperors were to be elected by German princes. It took some power from the Pope and codified the process in a definite way. Legalized government by an aristocratic federation.
450009861	Treaty of Arras	One of the many temporary treaties during the long conflicts between the French Bourgandy kings and the Austrian Habsburgs. Signed by HRE Maximilian and King Louis XI of France.
450009862	Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation	Unless the princes destroyed papal power in Germany, Luther argued in this book that reform was impossible. He urged princes to confiscate ecclesiastical wealth and to abolish indulgences, dispensations, pardons, and clerical celibacy. He told them it was their public duty to bring about a moral reform to the church.
450009863	Peace of Augsburg	A 1555 treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany. Princes could not encourage the spread of Protestantism and had to accept the status quo.
450009864	The Institutes of the Christian Religion	John Calvin's publication that was the cornerstone of his theology; provided the belief in the absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of God and the total weakness of humanity.
450009865	Predestination	Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation. Probably dates back to the writings of St. Augustine.
450009866	Genevan Catechism	A set of questions and answers to be used as a guide for daily living in Calvin's Geneva.
450009867	Genevan Consistory	Was a watch dog in Geneva of every man. Made up of 12 men and the Company of Pastors. Calvin was the permenant moderator. They had very strict regulation comperated to government punishing all normal and moral crimes. However, serious crimes were handled by civil authorities who where sometimes undr the approval of the Consistory used torture or death(Michael Servetus for example).
450009868	Michael Servetus	A Spaniard who was among the chief thinkers for the Anti-Trinitarians. He was executed in 1553 in Geneva for "blasphemies against the Holy Trinity." This thinker was among the strongest opponents of Calvinism, especially its belief in original sin and predestination and has a deserved reputation of defending religious tolerance.
450009869	Anabaptists	A member of a radical movement of the 16th-century Reformation that viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer's conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life. Accepted female members and attracted the poor, unemployed, and uneducated.
450009870	Lollards	An English Protestant sect that stressed individual reading and interpretation of the Bible. founded by john Wycliff. By the 15th century they had been driven undergound
450009871	Submission of the Clergy	A law passed by Henry VIII stating that no church law could be written without the king's permission.
450009872	Act in Restraint and Appeals	Act was passed by English parliament under the guidance of Thomas Cromwell. It was one of the acts that made Henry VIII and his government the power once held in England by the Catholic Church. The act states that the "realm of England is an Empire," instead of being plainly subservient to the Holy Roman Empire and the Christian papacy
450009873	Supremacy Act	In 1534, This act made the Anglican church, making king or queen head of that church, making the Archbishop of Canterbury the highest church official and divorcing England completely from Rome. Temporarily rolled back by Mary 1"Bloody Mary".
450009874	John Fisher	He was the bishop of Rochester. Refused to recognize the Act of Supremacy and Act of Succession and as a result he was executed along with humanist/chancellor Thomas More.
450009875	monastic life	Henry VIII ended nine hundred years of ________ _____ in England. Did not help achieve a more equitable distribution of land or wealth but instead most wealth went to the nobility and was used to solidify Tudor dynasty support.
450009876	Pilgrimage of Grace	An Catholic uprising in the North of England in 1536 posed a serious threat to the English crown. Both gentry and peasants were angry over the dissolution of monasteries, and feared that their spiritual needs would no longer be met. Henry VIII was able to suppress this as a result of his political power.
450009877	Edward VI	King Henry VIII's only son. Sickly, and became King at 9 years old. Since he wasn't capable of governing his country the Protestant church was soon brought in through his advisors Cromwell and Cranmer.
450009878	Book of Common Prayer	Written by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, includes the order for all services of the Church of England.
450009879	Thomas Cranmer	Replacement of Thomas Wosley. As Archbishop of Canterbury he declares that Henry's marriage was null and void; rules for Edward VI after Henry VIII's death. Architect of the extreme protestant changes under Edward. Killed for heresy by Mary
450009880	Elizabethan Settlement	Elizabeth and Parliament required conformity to the Church of England but people were, in effect, allowed to worship Protestantism and Catholicism privately. Part of Elizabeth's "middle road" on religious affairs.
450009881	39 Articles	Also known as the Elizabethan Articles, it laid out the rules for Anglicanism. (Laws of the mild Protestant Church she created.)
450009882	Book of Common Order	Written by John Knox, became the liturgical directory for the Presbyterian Church of Scotland.
450009883	Gustavas Vasa	1520 Swede nobleman led revolt against Denmark resulting in independence; became king and took church land and demanded loyalty to Swedish crown, Overthrew Christian II.
450009884	Poland-Lithuania	Large non-unified state joined by two crowns. Comprised of Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, and Bohemia. Was the largest European polity in the 1500s.
450009885	the Deluge	Two decades of war that resulted from Ukrainian Cossack warriors revolting against the king of Poland-Lithuania. Many foreign nations tried to invade and claim parts of Poland.
450009886	Battle of Mohacs	Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent defeated the Hungarians at this battle on April 26,1526 (and killed King Louis II) and lots of men (16,000 +). Different parts of Hungary elected different kings, and Hungarian Empire was divided 3 ways. Helped spread the advance of protestantism.
450009887	Pope Adrian VI	This Dutch Pope sought to launch a Counter-Reformation during the time of the Protestant Reformation. Admitted that there were some problems in Catholic church. Lasted on 13 months.
450009888	Pope Clement VII	A Medici pope who refused to grant Henry VIII an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon; his indecisiveness in choosing alliances led to the Sack of Rome by Charles V and marked the end of the High Renaissance in Italy.
450009889	Battle of Pavia	Charles V dealt a severe blow to Francis I army and captured him. To pay back the deceitful Clement and pay his army he allowed them to sack Rome, capture the Pope and steel his art treasures.
450009890	Council of Trent	Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend. Reform measures included the Tridentin, end to concubines, establishing seminaries, required visits, and suprresed pluralism and simony.
450009891	Tridentine	The name for the Mass that developed after the Council of Trent (1545-1563) and was the standard Mass for the Church until the Second Vatican Council. It was said in Latin.
450009892	Jesuit	Religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola to counter the inroads of the Protestant Reformation were active in politics, education, and missionary work.
450009893	Ursuline	Order of Nuns founded by Angela Merici which provided educational services, religious training and re-Christianize society.
450009894	Angela Merici	She founded the Ursuline Order of Nuns in the 1530s to provide education and religious training, and to combat heresy.
450009895	claustration	The strict enclosure of women and nuns which was advocated by the Council of Trent.
450009896	Spiritual Exercises	During a year of intense prayer, St. Ignatius was inspired to write this guide for spiritual perfection, which is divided into reflections and meditations meant to help the believer emulate Christ.
450009897	Holy Office	It was the sacred congregation of the papal court established by Pope Paul III that deals with protection of faith and morals. Published the "Index of Banned Books"
450009898	Cardinal Caraffa	Head of the Roman Inquisition which was a committee of six cardinals with judicial authority over all Catholics and the power to arrest, imprison, and execute. He vigorously attacked heresy.
450009899	Index of Banned Books	Pretty self explanatory; the Catholic church had a prohibited books list.
450009900	Roman Inquisition	A religious committee of six Roman cardinals that tried heretics and punished the guilty by imprisonment and execution. Had very LITTLE influence outside the Papal states however, the main evidence of this is that Venice was NOT restricted or cut off from European learning.
506491843	Ridolfi Plot	A plot in 1570 to assassinate Queen Elizabeth I of England and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. Hatched and planned by the namesake international banker who was able to travel between Brussels, Rome and Madrid to gather support without attracting too much suspicion.
506491844	War of the Rough Wooing	A conflict between Scotland and England. This war was declared by Henry VIII of England, in an attempt to force the Scots to agree to a marriage between his son Edward and the infant Mary, Queen of Scots. Scotland benefited from French military aid, under the Auld Alliance. It was the last major conflict between Scotland and England before the Union of the Crowns in 1603, excepting perhaps the English intervention at the Siege of Leith in 1560, and was part of the Anglo-Scottish Wars of the 16th century.
506491845	Casket Letters	Love letter between Mary Queen of Scotland and Bothwell; they would later be used to persecute MQS
506492821	Regnans in Excelsis	A papal bull issued on 25 February 1570 by Pope Pius V declaring "Elizabeth, the pretended Queen of England and the servant of crime" to be a heretic and releasing all her subjects from any allegiance to her and excommunicating any that obeyed her orders.

Powered by Quizlet.com

APE Chapter 17 Enlightenment Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

272517011	Immanuel Kant	a German Philosopher during the 18th Century who claimed the Enlightenment was "man's leaving his self-caused immaturity" and said that the motto of the Enlightenment was "Dare to know...have the courage to use your own intelligence."
272517012	reason	a favorite principle of Enlightenment thinkers, who advocated using it, and the scientific method, to understand all parts of the world. They believed that to truly accomplish this system of thought, they needed to renounce the traditions and religion of the old world. Enlightenment thinkers believed this could be used to discover the laws of nature and human behavior.
272517013	Fontenelle's "Plurality of Worlds"	This man was an important link between the ideas of the 17th and 18th centuries, and this major work of his expressed the complicated ideas of Newton, Kepler, and other scientists as a conversation between a noblewoman and her lover. He communicated scientific principles in a clear way that made them desirable and understandable to upper class audiences, making science a part of literature. He was also a skeptic, and portrayed the churches as the enemy of science.
272517014	Pierre Bayle	Protestant writer who critiqued traditional religious attitudes, superstition, religious intolerance, and dogmatism. He thought forcing people to have a certain religion (i.e. Louis XIV) was wrong, because he believed individual conscience should determine religion, and that multiple religions would benefit the state. Also believed that rational textual criticism should be applied to the Bible as well as secular works. Wrote "Historical and Critical Dictionary" which criticized the biblical figures and practices.
272517015	James Cook's "Travels"	An account of this explorer's journey, in which he discovered Tahiti, New Zealand, and Australia, which was a best seller in Europe among the educated elite. These accounts built up an image of a "natural man" or a "noble savage" who was much simpler and happier than Europeans, and led to questioning of European culture.
272517016	Cultural Relativism	The comparing of European cultures to other cultures from travel literatures, especially China (Confucian morals were highly praised). European traditions no longer seemed reasonable, but only matters of custom, and led to questioning of European culture. The discovery of other civilizations with foreign religions and ideas of God, along with cultural relativism, led to religious skepticism.
272517017	John Locke's tabula rasa	He created this idea that every person is born with a blank mind. He thinks that knowledge comes from experiences and reason rather than heredity or faith. This implied that people were molded by their environment, and that by changing that environment and subjecting people to good influences, society could be reformed and improved.
272517018	"Essay Concerning Human Understanding"	Written by John Locke, this work denied Descartes' belief in innate ideas, and promoted the idea of a tabula rasa.
272517019	philosophes	Intellectuals of the Enlightenment. They weren't all philosophers, they were writers, professors, journalists, statesmen, economists, political scientists, and social reformers from the upper and middle classes, mostly. The movement centered in Paris and promoted French culture, but it was a widespread and international movement, including the new world. They believed their goal was to improve society by using reason to criticize everything, including science, philosophy, religion, and politics. Their works were censored by kings and governments, so to get around this, they published books secretly, or under pen names; book burnings often made their books more popular. Though they were all bound together with common intellectual bonds, each generation became more and more radical by building on the ideas of the last generation.
272517020	Montesquieu's "The Spirit of the Laws"	He was an educated French noble and a famous philosophe, who supported much of the principles of the Enlightenment like distrust of traditional religion, religious toleration, denouncing slavery, and using reason to improve society. This was his most famous work. It was a study of governments, and he identified 3 main types (republic for small states, monarchy for medium states, and despotism for large states). He examined the English constitution and arrived at a system of checks and balances through separation of powers (separate judicial, executive, and legislative allowed most freedom and security for a state) mostly because he wanted French nobility to have a say in government. His works were translated to English and read by the founding fathers of America, who incorporated his ideas into the Constitution.
272517021	Voltaire's "Treatise on Toleration"	He was an educated, upper-middle class Frenchman who received a Jesuit education in law, but he began his career as a playwright. He was well known in France, but a private quarrel with a nobleman forced him to flee to England, where he was well received. He was very impressed with the political freedoms and religious tolerance in England, and in "Philosophic Letters" he complimented England and criticized absolutism in France. He returned to France but was forced into seclusion by his reputation, where he wrote many works in support of the philosophes, especially about religious toleration. He defended a French Protestant in the Calas affair and won. His famous work argued that religious toleration was in no way harmful to the stare, and that all men were brothers under God; he wanted to end intolerance and religious fanaticism.
272517022	deism	A religious mindset of the philosophes that was championed by Voltaire. It was based on Newton's world-machine, and said that God, the mechanic, had created the world and its natural laws, but had no direct involvement in the world, and allowed it to run on his own. They thought God didn't answer prayers and Jesus wasn't divine.
272517023	Denis Diderot's "Encyclopedia"	French middle-class freelance writer, who was an important philosophe. He often criticized Christianity for being fanatical and unreasonable, and emphasized a material world. His most famous work was editing this, 28 volumes long with contributions from many philosophes about common concerns. It was a weapon for the philosophes against old French society, by attacking superstition and advocating religious toleration and improvement of politics and society through reason. This work was cheap enough that it was available to many middle class people, helping to spread Enlightenment ideas.
272517024	"science of man"	The social sciences, based on the belief that Newton's principles could be used to discover laws governing human behavior. Many philosophes believed they had discovered natural laws that governed human behavior, but these were based on conditions of that time period.
272517025	David Hume	A Scottish philosopher who strongly believed in the existence of a "science of man". He wrote the "Treatise on Human Nature", was an important social scientist, and argued that careful, systematic observations of human experiences and use of reason could create a science of man.
272517026	Physiocrats	A group of people with similar economic views. They were lead by Francois Quesnay, and they claimed that they could discover the natural laws that governed economics. Rejected mercantilism focus on gold and silver, believed land was the only source of wealth and agriculture was what increased wealth. They also refuted mercantilism's emphasis on a state-managed economy for government's benefit. They believed that supply and demand meant that everyone should be left free to pursue their own economic gain. This meant the government should not interfere with economics (laissez-faire).
272517027	Francois Quesnay	He was a successful French court physician, and the leader of the Physiocrats.
272517028	Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations"	He was a Scottish philosopher who focused on the natural laws of economics. This famous work made a clear support of laissez-faire. He attacked mercantilism with 3 major economic principles. First, he criticized the use of tariffs to protect home industries, because he thought free trade was a crucial economic principle. Second, he believed that labor, not land or gold and silver, was the source of a nation's wealth. Third, he thought that the state shouldn't interfere in economic matters, and that government should exist only to perform 3 basic functions (protect from invasion with army, defend individuals from injustice with police, and provide public works like roads and canals). He believed the state should stay out of the lives of individuals.
272517029	Laissez-faire	literally, "let the people do as they choose." It is an economic policy where the government doesn't interfere at all in economics. It was supported by Adam Smith and the Physiocrats, who believed that society would benefit from free trade based on supply and demand, and economic competition. It emphasized the economic freedom of individuals, and helped bring about an idea known as economic liberalism.
272517030	Condorcet and Baron d'Holbach	Baron d'Holbach- a German nobleman and philosophe that rejected the beliefs of his predecessors and preached a doctrine of atheism and materialism. He stated that God was a figment of human imagination, and that humans should base their actions on pleasing men and escaping punishment in this life rather than being moral to please God and escape divine retribution. His ideas were radical to his fellow philosophes, who preferred deism and feared that atheism would hurt society. Condorcet- A French philosophe who lived during the French Revolution. He believed that humans had progressed through 9 stages of history, and that the spread of reason and science marked the entrance to the 10th stage, the age of human perfection. He believed there was no limit to human perfection.
272517031	Jean Jacques Rousseau "The Social Contract" and the general will	He was born in Switzerland and traveled Europe, he was introduced to the ideas of the philosophes in Paris. He was very critical of his predecessors, and eventually he withdrew into long periods of solitude. He believed humans lived in a happy, harmonious natural state, which had been ruined when someone decided to claim land as their own, and that government had developed around this need to protect one's private property. Government was a necessary evil. This was his most famous work, where he tried to determine how individual rights fit in with government authority. He believed that society should consent to a social contract, where everyone agreed to go along with the general will of society. He believed that the general will of society represented what was necessary to improve society, thus it was best for each individual. True freedom is adherence to laws one has imposed oneself. He believed that a representative government and parliamentary councils took that freedom away from the people.
272517032	"Emile"	A treatise by Rosseau that was written as a novel but was actually about how a "natural man" should be educated. He believed education should foster, not restrict, a child's natural instincts, and find a balance between sentiment and reason. He was a precursor to Romanticism. He also viewed women as naturally different than men, and requiring a softer upbringing.
272517033	Mary Astell's "A Serious Proposal to the Ladies"	Middle-Upper class Englishwoman, she believed that women needed to be better educated, and she argued that men shouldn't be resentful, because she was partial to her gender as they were partial to theirs. She also believed that genders should be equal in marriage. She points out that if absolute sovereignty is unnecessary in government, then it is unnecessary in marriage. "If all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves?"
272517034	Mary Wallstonecraft	English writer who most strongly argued for the rights of women, viewed as the founder of modern feminism, and believed that women should have equal education, economic, and political rights with men.
272517035	"Vindication of the Rights of Women"	A work written by Mary Wollstonecraft that uses two contradictions in the view of women to promote women's rights. First, she stated that since men believed arbitrary power over one's subjects is wrong, like a monarch or slave-holder, then men's power over women is wrong too. Second, if Enlightenment beliefs state that reason is innate in all beings, then women have as much reason as men and are entitled to the same rights men have.
272517036	the salon and the coffeehouse	Rooms in the houses of wealthy city residents where philosophes and educated guests gathered for conversation about the ideas of the philosophes. These meeting rooms often brought artists and writers together with important political figures, which helped the spread of Enlightenment ideas. Women hosted these gatherings, which gave them some say in politics and popular culture, however, the woman's power depended on the affluence of the men who attended the gathering. Famous hosts of these meetings included Madam Geoffrin, whose Parisian home provided a safe place to express ideas unwelcome in the royal court (She assisted in the secret publication of the Encyclopedia.) These other gathering places helped spread Enlightenment ideas.
272517037	Marie-Therese de Geoffrin	Famous hosts of these meetings included Madam Geoffrin, whose Parisian home provided a safe place to express ideas unwelcome in the royal court (She assisted in the secret publication of the Encyclopedia.) She was a famous host of the salons in Paris, and it was an honor to be invited to her home. She had large amount of political influence who
272517038	American Philosophical Society	A gathering of lawyers, doctors, and local officials in Philadelphia, who met to discuss Enlightenment ideas, and constituted one of the learned societies of the time.
272517039	Rococo	A new style of decoration and architecture that began to spread through Europe by the 1730s. It emphasized grace and gentle action, unlike the Baroque, which stressed majesty, power, and movement. This new style rejected strict geometric designs and focused more on curves. It followed natural patterns like seashells and flowers, and was light, graceful, delicate and highly secular. It emphasized the newfound emphasis on pleasure, happiness, and love. It could easily be used with the existing style of Baroque architecture.
272517040	Antoine Watteau	A Rococo painter who expressed the life of the nobles as refind, civilized, and reflective of upper-class pleasure and joy. However, the undertones of his paintings reflect sadness and the idea that pleasure, love, and life are fragile and transitory. Painted "Return from Cythera"
272517041	Balthasar Neumann	A great architect of the eighteenth century, whose work clearly expresses the Baroque-Rococo style. His two greatest works are the pilgrimage church of Vierzehnheiligen in Germany and the Bishop's palace, the residential home of the prince-bishop of Wurzburg. The buildings display a mix of secular and spiritual with lavish decoration, light, bright colors, and elaborate detail.
272517042	Neoclassicism	Emerged as an artistic movement in France in the late 1700s. These artists wanted to return to the simplicity and elegance of the ancient Greek and Roman painters. They were influenced by the recent discoveries of Pompeii and Herculaneum.
272517043	Jacques-Louis David	A Neoclassical artist whose style had moral seriousness and an emphasis on honor and patriotism which made him popular during the French Revolution. He painted "Oath of the Horatii" from Roman history, which supported patriotism.
272517044	Johann Sebastian Bach	A German musician and the director of church music at the Church of Saint Thomas in Leipzig. He composed "Saint Matthew's Passion" and many cantatas and motets. He helped perfect the Baroque style and believed music was a way to honor God.
272517045	George Frederick Handel	A Baroque composer born in Germany who had an international career, and the focus of his music was mainly secular. He studied in Italy then moved to England where he tried to run an opera company. He was patronized by the English royalty, but he wrote music for public audiences that were often huge and unusual, like his "Fireworks Music". He wrote many operas and secular music, but he is most commended for his "Messiah", a religious work.
272517046	Franz Joseph Haydn	a music director for Hungarian royalty, he composed hundreds of symphonies, string quartets, oratorios, Masses, and others. He visited England several times, where he was influenced by the way that the English musicians wrote their works for the public instead of patrons. He dedicated two great oratories, "The Creation" and "The Seasons" to the public.
272517047	Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart	He was a child prodigy who sought a patron, but rejected the demanding archbishop of Salzburg. He moved to Vienna but didn't find a patron, making his life poor and miserable. He continued writing great music, but died at 35 as a pauper. He reached the ultimate of the concerto, symphony, and opera. He wrote 3 super famous operas (The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute, Don Giovanni) and his grace, melody, precision, and emotion have never been surpassed.
272517048	Samuel Richardson's "Pamela"	A writer in England in the 1700s whose first, most famous novel was this. It was about a servant girl who resisted her master's attempts for an affair. He read her letters and realized her virtue, and so married her. "Virtue rewarded." His writings appealed to many because of the new sense of sensibility, the taste for sentimental and emotional things.
272517049	Henry Fielding's "History of Tom Jones, A Foundling"	His literature was meant to combat the deep morals expressed in Richardson's work by describing people who had no morals but survived by wit alone. This, his best work, was a novel about the adventures of a young scoundrel. It describes many levels of English society and emphasizes action over inner feeling; however, he criticizes the moral hypocrisy of his time.
272517050	Edward Gibbon's "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire"	He was a historiographer in the 1700s, and this, his masterpiece, expressed the Philosophes lack of sympathy for the Middle Ages. He thought that Rome fell for many reasons, but he blamed Christianity as one of them.
272517051	Addison and Steele's "Spectator"	Best known British magazine (1711), goal was to mix morality and humor; popularize philosophy.Like the philosophes, it tried both instruct and entertain. It praised morals like family, marriage, and courtesy; this made it appealing to women.
272517052	newspapers and libraries	Began in England, these sources of knowledge were either very cheap or free, so they reached many people. Books recieved a wider circulation through public libraries in cities and private libraries.
272517053	Realschule and Volkschulen	1st- German schools that offered modern language, geography, and bookkeeping to prepare boys for business and give thm practical educations. 2nd-State supported primary schools in Austria, however, only 25% of children attended.
272517054	Cesare Beccaria	Italian philosophe in the 18th century who wrote "On Crimes and Punishment", he argued that punishments should be deterrants, not brutal, and he thought that imprisonments were a better deterent than capital punishment. He opposed capital punishment as barbaric.
272517055	Carnival	One of the largest celebrations of the year, it was celebrated in Spain, Italy, France, Austria, and some German States. It was the period leading up to Lent, so there was much eating, drinking, celebration and indulgence. It was also a time when people could get out their frustration by verbally and physically insulting others, even their superiors.
272517056	gin	This was the poor man's drink in England. It was too unrefined for the upper classes, but the lower classes drank huge quantities of it in the 18th Century. The poor would get drunk all the time because it was so cheap, and limits had to be placed on its sale to control the drinking.
272517057	chapbooks	Short brochures printed on cheap paper that were sold to commoners and contained both religious and secular material, like stories of saints, inspirational or adventure sories, or satires. These aided the transition of popular culture from spoken to written.
272517058	Joseph II's Tolertion Patent	This monarch was very supportive of religious toleration. He passed this in 1781, and it recognized the public practice of Catholicism, allowed private worship for Lutherans, Calvinists, Greek Orthodox, and made his subjects equal in all other ways.
272517059	Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jews	The large Jewish communities in Eastern Europe were known as these. They had few rights, paid extra taxes, and faced public hate (pogroms). Jews that had been expelled from Spain several hundred years earlier were called this. They moved to Turkey or large cities like Amsterdam, Venice, London. They were free to practice banking and business. These were traditional fields for Jews during the Middle Ages Because of this, they became useful to rulers, and those who worked for monarchs were called "Court Jews". Some Enlightenment thinkers wanted toleration for Jews. Philosophes denounced persecution but were hostile towards Jews. Many Europeans favored the assimilation of Jewish people into society by forcing them to convert. Joseph II of Austria gave Jews more rights (no extra tax, can move around, hold jobs), but they still can't own land or worship in public.They were encouraged to learn German and assimilate into society.
272517060	pietism and the Moravian Bretheren	Lack of enthusiasm led to this new religious movement in Germany and England, influenced by deism and rationalism. Begun by German Clerics who wanted personal religion (1600s) Spread by teachings of Count Nikolous von Zinzendorf, to him and the Moravian Brethren, his sect, it is the mystical, personal experiences with God that are true religion, not the new rational ideas of the Lutheran clergy. He thought people shouldn't try to understand God.
272517061	John Wesley and Methodism	Anglican minister (1700s), underwent spiritual crisis and mystical experience. To him, God's grace gave him assurance of salvation, made him become a missionary in England to bring glad tidings of salvation to the people. He was opposed by the Anglican Church who said emotional mysticism was just superstition. He preached to the masses, especially the lower class that had been neglected by the elitist Anglican Church. His preaching caused violent conversions, after which his converts were organized into Methodist societies, where they practiced Wesley's good works as a part of salvation. Showed reason hadn't destroyed religion.

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP European History - Enlightenment Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

791673584	Mary Wollstonecraft	British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women."
791673585	Montesquieu	Philosophe who wrote "Spirit of Laws" in 1748. He described the British model of divided branches of government with checks and balances as the ideal system, later influencing the framing of the U.S. Constitution.
791673586	Voltaire	Philosophe who wrote the "Candide", satirizing prejudice, oppressive government, and bigotry. Championed freedom of religion and thought.
791673587	Philosophes	Body of Enlightenment thinkers. Most famous for writing "Encyclopedia", a handbook for Enlightenment ideas, etided be Denis Diderot. French term for philosophers.
791673588	Age of Enlightenment	Eighteenth-century period of scientific and philosophical innovation in which people investigated human nature and sought to explain reality through rationalism, the notion that truth comes only through rational, logical thinking. This period formed the basis of modern science.
791673589	Laissez-faire	Economic philosophy of a "hands off" approach. Advocates that governments should not in any way interfere with business, as the marketplace provides an "inisible hand" to steer the economy. An early proponent was Adam Smith.
791673590	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	Philosphe who published the "Social Contract." he posited that people are born good but are corrupted e education, laws, and society. He advocated a government based on popular sovereignty and was distrustful of other philosophes' suffocating conformity to "reason."
791673591	atheist	A person who does not believe in the existence of God. This belief became prominent in the West during the Enlightenment of the 18th century, as scientists and philosophers discovered natural explanations for how the universe operated that did not rely on divine intervention.
791673592	Enlightened Despots	European rulers who sought to apply some of the reforms of the 18th century Enlightenment to their governments without giving up their own absolutist authority. These rulers were characterized by legal, administrative, and educational improvements when it suited the state and as a means to enhance its power. Examples of these rulers include Frederick the Great of Prussia (r. 1740-1786), Catherine the Great of Russia (r. 1762-1796), and Joseph II of Austria (r. 1780-1790).
791673593	Freemasons	Members of Masonic lodges, social clubs organized around the elaborate secret rituals of stonemasons' guilds. Membership provided a place outside the traditional channels of socializing where nobles and middle-class professionals and even some artisans mingled and shared their common interest in the Enlightenment and reform. The movement began in Great Britain in the early 18th century and spread eastward across Europe. Although not explicitly political, members encouraged equality among its members
791673594	utilitarianism	A liberal ideology promoted by English philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832). Based on the writings of John Locke (1632-1704), it argues that the best social and political policies are those that produce - in Bentham's words - "the greatest good for the greatest number" and are therefore the most useful, which, to him, meant liberalism. Liberals supported the Enlightenment ideas of increased personal liberty and free trade in economics.
791673595	social contract	The doctrine that all political authority derives not from divine right but from an implicit contract between citizens and their rulers. The idea emerged from the writings of Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) and John Locke (1632-1704) in the second half of the 17th century, although each came to different conclusions. Hobbes argued that his version of the doctrine gave the ruler absolute power, while Locke claimed it implied a constitutional agreement between a ruler and representatives of their subjects. Rousseau expanded on the theory in 1762, arguing that the doctrine existed not between a ruler and his or her subjects, but among all members of society, making it every individual's duty to subject their interests to what Rousseau called the "general will."
791673596	salons	Informal gatherings, usually sponsored by middle-class or aristocratic women, that provided a forum for new ideas and an opportunity to establish new intellectual contacts among supporters of the Enlightenment in the 18th century. These informal gatherings gave intellectual life an anchor outside the royal court and church-dominated universities and afforded an opportunity to test ideas or present unpublished works.
791673597	Deism	The belief, based solely on reason, in a God who created the universe and then abandoned it, assuming no control over life, exerting no influence on natural phenomena, and giving no supernatural revelation.
791673598	Adam Smith	a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneering political economist. He is a major contributor to the modern perception of free market economics.
791673599	Kant	German philosopher whose synthesis of rationalism and empiricism, in which he argued that reason is the means by which the phenomena of experience are translated into understanding, marks the beginning of idealism. His classic works include Critique of Pure Reason (1781) and Critique of Practical Reason (1788), in which he put forward a system of ethics based on the categorical imperative.

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Euro; 9 The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Flashcards

Mid Sixteenth Century-Late Eighteenth Century

A selection of the bolded terms in the 2008 Princeton Review.

Chapter 8- AP Euro; 8 The Age of Expansion and the Rise of Monarchical States

Terms : Hide Images

6674647	Events leading to the scientific revolution	1. Discovery of the New World 2. Invention of the Printing Press 3. Rivalry among Nation-States 4. Reformation 5. Renaissance Humanism	0
6674648	scholasticism	A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.	1
6674649	Copernicus	Developed the first modern theory of a sun-centered universe	2
6674650	Brahe	Amassed nearly 20 years worth of astrological data that eventually led to the disproval of the geocentric theory.	3
6674651	Kepler	German astronomer and mathematician. Considered the founder of modern astronomy, he formulated three laws to describe how the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits.	4
6674652	Principia	Newton's book which established the law of universal gravitation and banished Ptolemy's laws and universe for good.	5
6674653	Issac Newton	British scientist who defined the laws of motion, discovered gravity, experimented with optics, invented differential calculus and wrote "Principia"	6
6674654	Galileo	Florentine scientist that designed telescope, placed under house arrest by pope for revolutionary astronomical theories	7
6674655	Bacon	English statesman and philosopher precursor of British empiricism; advocated inductive reasoning (1561-1626)	8
6674656	Descartes	Wrote Discourse on Method. Believed in Cartesian Dualism where the body can be doubted, but the mind can't so the two must be radically different. Used deductive reasoning (reasoning through previously know facts) to come to conclusions.	9
6674657	Pascal	French mathematician and philosopher and Jansenist invented an adding machine; contributed (with Fermat) to the theory of probability (1623-1662)	10
6674658	Hobbes	English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679), wrote Leviathan	11
6674659	Leviathan	written by English professor Thomas Hobbes, maintained that sovereignity is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contraction.	12
6674660	absolutism	The theory that the monarch is supreme and can exercise full and complete power unilaterally.	13
6674661	Locke	English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)	14
6674662	social contract	an implicit agreement among people that results in the organization of society, individual surrenders liberty in return for protection	15
6674663	Two Treatises on Government	Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. Government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel.	16
6674664	tabula rasa	John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas.	17
6674665	Immanuel Kant	influential German idealist philosopher (1724-1804)	18
6674666	philosophes	Thinkers of the Enlightenment; Wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; were not allowed to openly criticize church or state, so used satire and double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; Salons held by wealthy women also kept philosophes safe; They considered themselves part of an intellectual community, and wrote back and forth to each other to share ideas.	19
6674667	Voltaire	Wrote Candide, Philosophic Letters on the English & Treatise on Toleration. He admired the English freedom of the press, and religous toleration. He criticized France because of its royal absolutism and lack of freedom of thought.	20
6674668	Montesquieu	French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755), wrote spirit of laws	21
6674669	checks and balances	A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power	22
6674670	Diderot	Published work of many philosphes in his Encyclopedia. He hoped it would help people think more rationally and critically.	23
6674671	Rousseau	(1712-1778) process of civilization and enlightenment had corrupted human nature, evil of the world founded upon uneven distribution of property, real purpose of society was to nurture better people, wrote the Social Contract	24
6674672	general will	According to Rousseau the general will is sacred and absolute, reacting the common interests of the people who have displaced the monarch as the holder of ultimate power.	25
6674673	Beccaria	(1738-1794) wrote 'On Crimes and Punishments', wanted laws to conform to rational laws of nature	26
6674674	Hume	Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses (1711-1776)	27
6674675	Adam Smith	Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790), wrote "wealth of Nations"	28
6674676	salons	elegant private drawing rooms-in Paris used for regular social gatherings of great and near-great presided over by a number of talented and rich women-allowed philosophes to exchange witty, uncensored observations of literature, science, philosophy, with great aristocrats, wealthy middle-class financiers, high-ranking officials, and noteworthy foreigners	29
6674677	Wollstonecraft	English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women, wrote "Vindication of the Rights of Women"	30
6674678	Enlightened Absolutist	Absolutist monarchs who incorporated Enlightenment ideas without giving up their control	31
6674679	Junkers	Prussian nobility	32
6674680	Frederick William	the Elector of Brandenburg who rebuilt his domain after its destruction during the Thirty Years' War (1620-1688), placed very strong emphasis on the army	33
6674681	Frederick I	son of Frederick William who in 1701 became the first king of Prussia (1657-1713)	34
6674682	Frederick the Great	Was the ruler of Prussia (a German state) and centralized the government and put it under his control. He was also known for being the royla drill sergent and improving his army.	35
6674683	Maria Theresa	(r. 1740-1780) maintained her throne by giving Hungary Magyars prominence, reorganized army, promoted commerce and agriculture	36
6674684	Joseph II	(r. 1765 - 1790) son of Maria Theresa, granted religious freedom and abolished serfdom	37
6674685	War of the Austrian Succession	Prussian and Austria fought over Silesia and most of the rest of Europe took sides	38
6674686	Pragmatic Sanction	Issued by Charles VI of Austria in 1713 to assure his daughter Maria Theresa gained the throne.	39
6674687	Diplomatic Revolution	the time of changing alliances between the war of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War, France allied with Austria and Russia, while Prussia is allied with Great Britain	40
6674688	Seven Years War	Fought between France/Russia and Prussia- Frederick kept fighting against heavy odds and was saved when Peter III took Russian throne and called off the war.	41
6674689	Ivan the Terrible	first czar of Russia, known for cruelty and being constantly at war	42
6674690	Romanov	the Russian imperial line that ruled from 1613 to 1917	43
6674691	Peter the Great	ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, wanted closer ties to western europe, modernize and strengthen Russia	44
6674692	Catherine the Great	ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations	45
6674693	Walpole	Englishman and Whig statesman who (under George I) was effectively the first British prime minister (1676-1745)	46
6674694	Tories	supported strong monarchy, Anglican church, low taxes for landowners, succeeded by the conservative party	47
6674695	Whigs	supported Geroge I, religious tolerance, commercial interests, but said that Parliament should have the final say	48
6674696	Edmund Burke	A conservative leader who was deeply troubled by the aroused spirit of reform. In 1790, he published Reforms on The Revolution in France, one of the greatest intellectual defenses of European conservatism. He defended inherited priveledges in general and those of the English monarchy and aristocracy. Glorified unrepresentitive Parliament and predicted reform would lead to much chaos/tyranny.	49
6674697	Louis XV	grandson of Louis XIV and king of France from 1715 to 1774 who led France into the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War (1710-1774)	50
6674698	parlements	15 sovereign courts in the french judicial system that checked the king's ability to tax and legislate arbitrarily	51

Class Notes

Social Science

Math

Science

Fine Arts

Test Prep

Textbook Notes

Members Only

Forum

Blogs

Textbook Request

Unit 2 European Expansion and Absolutism Flashcards

Ch. 13 AP Euro (European Society in the Age of the Renaissance) Flashcards

AP European History: Chapter 14 Test The Renaissance Flashcards

Absolutism - Enlightenment Era Terms Flashcards

AP Scientific Revolution / Enlightenment Flashcards

Enlightenment Era Cultural Figures Flashcards

Ch. 14 AP European History (Reform and Renewal in the Christian Church) Flashcards

APE Chapter 17 Enlightenment Flashcards

AP European History - Enlightenment Flashcards

AP Euro; 9 The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Flashcards

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org

You are here

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org