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Econ Unit 1 vocab Flashcards

econ unit 1 vocab from the Prentice Hall Economics Principles in Action book

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601849127Needsomething like air, food, or shelter that is necessary for survival
601849128Wantan item that we desire but that is not essential to survival
601849129Economicsthe study of how people seek to satisfy their needs and wants by making choices
601849130Goodsphysical objects such as clothes or shoes
601849131Servicesactions or activitse that one person performs for another
601849132Scarcitylimited quantites of resources to meet unlimited wants
601849133Shortagea situation in which a good or service is unavailable
601849134Factors of Productionland, labor and capital; the three groups of resource that are used to make all goods and services
601849135landnatural resource that are used to make goods and services
601849136laborthe effort that people devote to a task for which they are paid
601849137capitalany human-made resource that is used to create other goods and services
601849138physical capitalall human-made goods that are used to produce other goods and services; tool and buildings
601849139Human Capitalthe skills and knowledge gained by a worker through education and experience
601849140Entrepreneurambitious leader who combines land, labor, and capital to create and market new goods and services
601849141Trade-offan alternative that we sacrifice when we make a decision
601849142guns or buttera phrase that refers to the trade-offs that nations face when choosing whether to produce more or less military or consumer goods
601849143Opportunity Costthe most desirable alternative given up as the result of a decision
601849144Thinking at the margindeciding whether to do or use one additional unit of some resource
601849145P.P Curvea graph that shows alternative ways to use an economy's resources
601849146P.P Frontierthe line on a production possibilites graph that shows the max. possible output
601849147Efficiencyusing resources in such a way as to maximize the production of goods and services
601849148underutilizationusing fewer resources than an economy is capable
601849149Costto an economist, the alternative that is given up because of a decision
601849150Law of increasing costslaw that states that as we shift factors of production from making one good or serviec to another, the cost of producing the second item increases
601849151Economic Systemthe method used by a society to produce and distribute goods and services
601849152Factor paymentsthe income people receive for supplying factors of production, such as land,labor, or capital
601849153Patriotismthe love of one's country; the passion that inspires a person to serve his or her country
601849154Standard of livinglevel of economic prosperity
601849155traditional economyeconomic system that relies on habit, custom,or ritual to decide questions of production and consumption of goods and services
601849156market economyeconomic system in which decisions on production and consumption of goods and services are based on voluntary exchange in markets
601849157centrally planned economyeconomic system in which the central gov. makes all decisions on the production and consumption of goods and services
601849158command economyecon. system in which a central autority is in command of the economy
601849159mixed economymarket-based econ. system with limited government involvement
601849160marketan arrangement that allows buyers and sellers to exchange
601849161specializationthe concentration of the productive efforts of individuals and firms on a limited number of activites
601849162householda person or group of people living in the same residence
601849163firman organization that uses resources to produce a product, which it then sells
601849164factor marketmarket in which firms purchase the facots of production from households
601849165profitthe financial gain made in a transaction
601849166product marketthe market in which households purchase the goods and services that firms produce
601849167self-interestone's own personal gain
601849168incentivean expectation that encourages people to behave in a certain way
601849169competitionthe struglle among producers for the dollars of consumers
601849170invisible handterm economists use to describe the self-regulating nature of the marketplace
601849171consumer sovereigntythe power of consumers to decide what gets produced
601849172socialismbased on belief that democratic means should be used to evely distribute wealth throughout a society
601849173communismcentrally planned econ. with all economic and political power resting in the hands of the central government
601849174authoritarianrequiring strict obeidience to an authority, such as a dictator
601849175collectivelarge farm leased from the state to groups of peasant farmers
601849176heavy industryindustry that requires a large capital investment and that produces items used in other industries
601849177laissez fairethe doctrine that states that government generally should not intervene in the marketplace
601849178private propertyproperty owned by individuals or companies, not by the government or the people as a whole
601849179free enterpriseecon. system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods
601849180continuuma range with no clear divisions
601849181transitionperiod of change in which an economy moves away from a centrally planned economy toward a market-based system
601849182privatizeto sell state-run firms to individuals
601849183safety netgovernment progarams that protect people expericening unfavorable economic conditions
601849184Economic GoalsEcon. Efficiency, Econ. Freedom, Econ. Security and Predictability Econ. Equity Econ. Growth and Innovation
601849185profit motivethe force that encourages people and organizations to improve their material well being.This makes products better, includes new innovative technology.)
601849186open opportunitythe concept that everyone can compete in the marketplace.There are no regulations on business; there can be 3 different gas stations on a corner.)
601849187legal equalitythe concept of giving everyone the same legal rights.no unfair advantages, anyone can start a business.)
601849188private property rightsthe concept that people have the right and privilege to control their possessions.You can start a business from your home.)
601849189free contractthe concept that people may decide what agreements they want to enter into.you can start a business alone or with a partner.)
601849190voluntary exchangethe concept that people may decide what and when they want to buy and sell.Businesses don't have quotas.)
601849191competitionthe rivalry among sellers to attract customers while lowering cost.the key to a free enterprise system. prevents monopolies.)
601849192interest groupa private organization that tries to persuade public officials to act or vote according to a certain interest.Tobacco companies, advocates for agriculture.)
601849193public disclosure lawslaws requiring companies to provide full information about their products.energy and fuel efficiency labels.)
601849194public interestthe concerns of a public as a whole.cooking and manufacturing standards.)
601849195macroeconomicsthe study of the behavior and decision making of entire economies.looks at nations as a whole.)
601849196microeconomicsthe study of the economic behavior decision of small units likes families.
601849197GDPthe total value of all final goods and services produced in an economy.increases by 1 or 2% each year. helps predict business cycles.)
601849198business cyclea period of macroeconomic expansions followed by a period of contraction.major fluctuations, can last many years or less than a year.)
601849199work ethica commitment to the value of work and purposeful activity.higher in a free market economy. people have higher incentive to work.)
601849200technologythe process used to produce a good or service.I hope you don't need an example.)
601849201public goodsomething used and paid for by everyone.roads, police, fire department.)
601849202public sectorgovernment transactions.people that work for the government, teachers.)
601849203private sectorprivately owned business and individualsany private business worker.)
601849204free ridersomeone who didn't be for something, but would get the benefits of it anyway.People who don't pay taxes.)
601849205market failurea situation in which the market doesn't distribute resources efficiently.like free riders, housing market.)
601849206externalityan economic side effect of a good/service that generates benefits or cost to someone other than the person deciding how much to produce or consume.can be positive or negative, someone fixing up an old beat up house that gives benefits to the neighbors, like higher property values and a better view.)
601849207poverty thresholdan income level below that which is needed to support families or households.determined by the government, and adjusted periodically. In St. Louis, 42% of people live below the poverty threshold.)
601849208welfaregovernment aid to the poor.began under FDR, such as medicaid. soared from 70s-90s, decreases productivity.)
601849209cash transferdirect payments of money to eligible poor people, seen as making people dependent upon the government.Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, Social Security, Workers Compensation.)
601849210in-kind benefitsgoods and services produced for free or at greatly reduced prices.food stamps, subsidized housing, legal aid.)
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APUSH_28_New_Deal Flashcards

Provided by America: A Narrative History (8th ed.)

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321616607welfare capitalismTerm for the sense of entitlement to federal support programs that workers developed due to Franklin Roosevelt's measures to relieve the human suffering and promote economic recovery.
321616608totalitarianismForm of government based around autocratic control that developed in opposition to democratic capitalism in the 1930s.
321616609New DealFranklin D. Roosevelt's campaign promise, in his speech to the Democratic National Convention of 1932, to combat the Great Depression with a "new deal for the American people"; the phrase became a catchword for his ambitious plan of economic programs.
321616610Twentieth AmendmentAmendment ratified on February 6, 1933, that provided that presidents would thereafter take office on January 20 and the newly elected Congress on January 3.
321616611brain trustGroup of advisers-many of them academics-that Franklin D. Roosevelt assembled to recommend New Deal policies during the early months of his presidency.
321616612fireside chatRadio addresses by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
321616613Twenty-First AmendmentAmendment of 1933 that repealed prohibition on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages, effectively nullifying the Eighteenth Amendment.
321616614Hundred DaysExtraordinarily productive first three months of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration in which a special session of Congress enacted fifteen of his New Deal proposals.
321616615Emergency Banking Relief ActFirst New Deal measure that in 1933 provided for reopening the banks under strict conditions and took the United States off the gold standard.
321616616Federal Art ProjectProgram that employed artists as part of Franklin Roosevelt's Work Progress Administration (WPA).
321616617National Youth AdministrationCreated in 1935 as part of the Works Progress Administration, it employed millions of youths who had left school.
321616618dust bowlGreat Plains counties where millions of tons of topsoil were blown away from parched farmland in the 1930s; massive migration of farm families followed.
321616619U.S. v. ButlerSupreme Court ruling from 1936 that declared unconstitutional the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 tax on food processors.
321616620National Industrial Recovery ActAct of 1933 passed on the last of the Hundred Days that created public-works jobs through the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and established a system of self-regulation for industry through the National Recovery Administration, which was ruled unconstitutional in 1935.
321616621blanket codeCode pledging employers generally to observe the same labor standards as applied to cotton textiles, proposed by National Recovery Administration (NRA) head Hugh S. Johnson to stabilize business by reducing chaotic competition through the implementation of codes that set wages and prices.
321616622section 7aSection of the National Industrial Recovery Act that demanded in every industry code a statement of the workers' right to organize.
321616623Tennessee Valley AuthorityCreated in 1933 to control flooding in the Tennessee River Valley, provide work for the region's unemployed, and produce inexpensive electric power for the region.
321616624OkiesDisplaced farm families from the Oklahoma dust bowl who migrated to California during the 1930s in search of jobs.
321616625John CollierCommissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) under President Franklin Roosevelt who increased the number of Native Americans employed by the BIA and lobbied strenuously with the heads of New Deal agencies to ensure that Indians gained access to the various relief programs, as well as proposed the Indian Reorganization Act that was ultimately passed in a diluted form.
321616626Scottsboro caseIn overturning verdicts in 1931 against nine black youths accused of raping two white women, the U.S. Supreme Court established precedents in Powell v. Alabama (1932), that adequate counsel must be appointed in capital cases, and in Norris v. Alabama (1935), that African Americans cannot be excluded from juries.
321616627Norris v. AlabamaRuling of 1935 that stated that the systematic exclusion of blacks from Alabama juries had denied the defendants in the Scottsboro case equal protection of the law-a principle that had significant and widespread impact on state courts.
321616628black cabinetDe facto cabinet in Franklin Roosevelts's administration of some thirty to forty advisers in government departments and agencies who were wrestling with racial issues and the plight of African Americans.
321616629John SteinbeckWriter whose novel The Grapes of Wrath (1939) captured the ordeal of the depression with its vivid tale of the Joad family's painful journey west from Oklahoma.
321616630Richard WrightOne of the most talented young novelists to emerge in the 1930s whose Native Son (1940) managed to sublimate into literary power his bitterness and rage at what he called "The Ethics of Living Jim Crow".
321616631Eleanor RooseveltWife of Franklin D. Roosevelt who became one of the most influential and revered leaders of her time and redefined the role of presidential spouse; an activist and agitator who was ardently concerned about issues of human welfare and rights for women and blacks, she was the first woman to address a national political convention, to write a nationally syndicated column, and to hold regular press conferences.
321616632American Liberty LeagueGroup of conservative businessmen and politicians, including Al Smith and John W. Davis, two previous Democratic presidential candidates, formed in 1934 to oppose New Deal measures as violations of personal and property rights.
321616633Huey P. LongLouisiana Senator and political boss who was an outspoken critic of President Franklin Roosevelt and proposed his own Share Our Wealth program to rival Roosevelt's New Deal; was assassinated in 1935.
321616634Share Our WealthProgram advocated by Louisiana Senator Huey P. Long, Jr. that appealed to desperate lower middle-class Americans during depression; one version proposed confiscating large personal fortunes, guaranteeing every family a cash grant of $5,000 and every worker an annual income of $2,500, providing pensions to aged, reducing working hours, paying veterans' bonuses, and ensuring college education for every qualified student; the figures did 't add up and offered little to promote an economic recovery.
321616635Frances E. TownsendCalifornia doctor who thought up a popular social scheme based on government pensions for the aged as a solution to the hardships of the Depression.
321616636Charles E. CoughlinRoman Catholic "radio priest'' who founded the National Union for Social Justice in 1934, promoted schemes for the coinage of silver and made attacks on bankers that carried growing overtones of anti-Semitism.
321616637Wagner ActAlso known as the National Labor Relations Act of 1935; established the National Labor Relations Board and facilitated unionization by regulating employment and bargaining practices.
321616638Social Security ActAct of 1935 that created the Social Security system with provisions for a retirement pension, unemployment insurance, disability insurance, and public assistance (welfare).
321616639Wealth Tax ActRevenue Act of 1935 that was the last of the major bills making up the "Second New Deal,'' popularly known as the "Soak the Rich'' tax; raised tax rates on incomes above $50,000, estate and gift taxes, and the corporate tax on all but small corporations.
321616640Alfred M. LandonRepublican who ran against and lost to President Franklin Roosevelt in the 1936 election.
321616641court-packing planPresident Franklin D. Roosevelt's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of U.S. Supreme Court justices from nine to fifteen in order to save his Second New Deal programs from constitutional challenges.
321616642industrial unionUnions made up of all workers.
321616643craft unionRestrictive unions made up of skilled male workers.
321616644Committee for Industrial OrganizationsUmbrella organization of semiskilled industrial unions formed in 1935 as the Committee for Industrial Organization within the American Federation of Labor, but expelled from the AFL and renamed in 1938 the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).
321616645Walter ReutherAutoworker and union organizer who led thousands of employees in 1937 at General Motors' assembly plants in Flint, Michigan, to occupy the factories and stop all production; the standoff lasted over a month until the company relented and signed a contract recognizing the United Auto Workers (UAW).
321616646sit-down strikeUnion strike technique in which workers refused to leave the workplace until the employers granted collective-bargaining rights.
321616647John L. LewisUnion leader of the United Mine Workers who was among the first to exploit the spirit of the NIRA, and promoted a campaign to organize workers in the mass-production industries.
321616648broker stateA powerful federal government that mediated among major interest groups; government's role was to act as an honest broker protecting a variety of interests, not just business but workers, farmers, consumers, small business, and the unemployed.
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Chapter 19- Eukaryotic Genomes Flashcards

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338702741activatorA transcription factor that binds to an enhancer and stimulates transcription of a gene
338702742alternative RNA splicingA type of regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns.
338702743cell differentiationThe structural and functional divergence of cells as they become specialized during a multicellular organism's development; dependent on the control of gene expression.
338702744chromatinThe complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.
338702745control elementA segment of noncoding DNA that helps regulate transcription of a gene by binding proteins called transcription factors.
338702746differential gene expressionThe expression of different sets of genes by cells with the same genome.
338702747enhancerA DNA segment containing multiple control elements that may be located far away from the gene it regulates.
338702748epigenetic inheritanceInheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence.
338702749euchromatinThe more open, unraveled form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription.
338702750genomic imprintingPhenomenon in which expression of an allele in offspring depends on whether the allele is inherited from the male or female parent.
338702751heterochromatinNontranscribed eukaryotic chromatin that is so highly compacted that it is visible with a light microscope during interphase.
338702752histoneA small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds to the negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in its chromatin structure.
338702753histone acetylationthe attachment of acetyl groups to certain amino acids of histone proteins
338702754microRNA (miRNA)small single-stranded RNa molecules that can bind to complementary sequences in mRNA molecules to block expression of specific mRNA molecules
338702755multigene familyA collection of genes with similar or identical sequences, presumably of common origin.
338702756nucleosomeThe basic, beadlike unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound around a protein core composed of two copies of each of four types of histone.
338702757oncogeneA gene found in viruses or as part of the normal genome that is involved in triggering cancerous characteristics
338702758p53 geneThe "guardian angel of the genome," p53 is expressed when a cell's DNA is damaged. Its product, p53 protein, functions as a transcription factor for several genes.
338702759proteasomeA giant protein complex that recognizes and destroys proteins tagged for elimination by the small protein ubiquitin.
338702760proto-oncogenea gene that regulates normal cell division but that can become a cancer-causing oncogene as a result of mutation or recombination
338702761pseudogeneA DNA segment very similar to a real gene but which does not yield a functional product; a gene that has become inactivated in a particular species because of mutation.
338702762ras geneThis gene codes for Ras protein, a G protein that relays a growth signal from a growth-factor receptor on the plasma membrane to a cascade of protein kinases that ultimately results in the stimulation of the cell cycle. Many ras oncogenes have a point mutation that leads to a hyperactive version of the Ras protein that can lead to excessive cell division.
338702763repetitive DNANucleotide sequences, usually noncoding, that are present in many copies in a eukaryotic genome. The repeated units may be short and arranged tandemly (in series) or long and dispersed in the genome.
338702764repressorA protein that suppresses the transcription of a gene.
338702765retrotransposonA transposable element that moves within a genome by means of an RNA intermediate, a transcript of the retrotransposon DNA.
338702766RNA interference RNA (RNAi)A technique to silence the expression of selected genes in nonmammalian organisms. The method uses synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules matching the sequence of a particular gene to trigger the breakdown of the gene's messenger RNA.
338702767small interfering RNA (siRNA)RNAs of similar size and function as miRNAs, responsible for RNA interference
338702768transcription factorA regulatory protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of specific genes.
338702769transposonA transposable genetic element that moves within a genome by means of a DNA intermediate.
338702770tumor-suppressor genea gene whose protein products inhibit cell division, thereby preventing uncontrolled cell growth (cancer)
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AP Psychology Ch.5 Flashcards

Development through the life span

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43345827maturationbiological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
43345828cognitionall the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
43345829schemaa concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
43345830assimilationinterpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas
43345831accomodationadapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
43345832sensorimotor stagein Paiget's theory, the stage (birth to 2 years) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
43345833object permanencethe awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
43345834preoperational stagein Piaget's theory, the stage (2-7 years) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
43345835conservationthe principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
43345836egocentrismthe preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
43345837theory of mindpeople's ideas about their own and others' mental stages - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughs, and the behaviors these might predict
43345838concrete operational stagein Paiget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (7 to 11 years old) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
43345839formal operational stagein Paiget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
43345840autisma disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communications, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind
43345841stranger anxietythe fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
43345842attachmentan emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
43345843critical periodan optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
43345844imprintingthe process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
43345845basic trustaccording to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
43345846self-conceptour understanding and evaluation of who we are
43345847adolescencethe transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
43345848pubertythe period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
43345849primary sex characteristicsthe body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
43345850secondary sex characteristicsnonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
43345851menarchethe first menstrual period
43345852preconventional moralitybefore the age of 9, morality is focused on self-interest, obey rules to avoid punishment or gain rewards
43345853conventional moralityearly adolescence, morality focuses on caring for others and upholding laws and social rules
43345854postconventional moralityabstract reasoning of formal operational thought, actions are judged "right" because they flow from people's rights or self-defined, basic ethical principles
43345855identityour sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
43345856social identitythe "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships
43345857intimacyin Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood
43345858emerging adulthoodfor some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to early twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood
43345859menopausethe time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
43345860cross-sectional studya study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
43345861longitudinal studyresearch in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
43345862crystalized intelligenceour accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
43345863fluid intelligenceour ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
43345864social clockthe culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
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Chapter 32 American Pageant Flashcards

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288168114Adjusted Compensation ActGave every former slave a paid-up insurance policy due in twenty years, Coolidge vetoed but congress overturned
288168115Joint resolution of 1921Officially ended the war with Germany, Austria, and Hungary
288168116DisarmamentThe US sent out invitations to do so to all countries naval powers except Russia
2881681175:5:3 ratioProposed by Secretary Hughes that America and Britain should enjoy parity in battleships and aircraft carriers with Japan on the small end
288168118Five-Power Naval TreatyPut the 5:5:3 ratio into effect but the US and Britain had to give up their far eastern possessions
288168119Four-Power TreatyReplaced Anglo-Japanese Alliance, was to preserve status quo in Pacific between America, Japan, France, and Britain
288168120Nine-Power TreatyAgreed to keep open the open door china
288168121Frank B. KelloggBelieved that nations should pledge to foreswear war as an instrument of national policy
288168122Kellogg-Briand PactAKA Pact of Paris followed a peaceful way of living and was ratified by 62 nations
288168123comprehensive Fordney-McCumber Tariff Lawboosted tariff to an average of 38.5 percent
288168124Colonel Charles R. ForbesLooted the government 200 million in connection with the veterans hospital after resigning form the head of the Veterans Bureau
288168125Teapot Dome scandalSecretary Fall transfered valuable properties to the interior department and demanded loan of 100,000 dollars from the buyers Doheny and 300,000 from Sinclair
288168126Capper-Volstead Actexempted farmers' marketing cooperatives from antitrust prosecution
288168127McNary-Haugenn BillSought to keep agricultural prices high by authorizing the government to but surpluses and sell them abroad but was vetoed because it required a tax on farmers to make up government losses
288168128John W. DavisDemocratic candidate against Coolidge
288168129La FolletteProgressive, liberal candidate against Coolidge
288168130Intervention in the Caribbean and Central Americawithdrew from Dominican republic, remained in haiti and nicaragua and had problems with mexico over oil
288168131Dawes Planrescheduled German reparations payments and opened the way for further American private loans to Germany
288168132Alfred E. Smithdemocratic nominee in the 1928 election against Hoover who was wet and Catholic
288168133Agricultural Marketing ActDesigned to help farmers help themselves through producer cooperatives and set up the Federal Farm Board
288168134Grain Stabilization Corporation and the Cotton Stabilization CorporationGoal was to bolster sagging prices by buying up surpluses but failed as farm produce prices dropped
288168135Hawley-Smoot TariffProtective measure designed to assist farmers that with added amendments brought the tariff to 60 percent
288168136Black TuesdayAn effect of Britain's raised interest rates many sold stock and caused a Wall Street crash
288168137Great DepressionCaused by overproduction of both farm and factory
288168138Hoover Dam and Colorado Rivercreated a lake for purposes of irrigation, flood control, and electric power set into motion by Hoover
288168139Reconstruction Finance CorporationGovernment lending bank, designed to provide indirect relief by assisting insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and local governments
288168140Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Actoutlawed yellow-dog contracts and forbade the federal courts to to issue injunctions to restrain strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing
288168141Bonus Expeditionary Force/Bonus Armycreated riots of people demanding their entire bonus
288168142Japan Invasion of ManchuriaOverran the Chinese province and proceeded to shut the Open Door policy
288168143Stimson DoctrineDeclared the US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions achieved by force
288168144Bombing of ShanghaiJapan bombed china in 1932, shocking America and creating informal boycotts of Japanese goods
288191063Warren G HardingInaugurated in 1921, was well liked but weak, good mind
288191064Charles Evans HughsSecretary of State for Harding, good mind
288191065Andrew W MellonSecretary of Treasury under Harding, good mind
288191066Herbert HooverSecretary of Commerce under Harding, good mind
288191067Senator Albert B FallAnti-conservationist, Secretary of Interior under Harding, bad mind
288191068Harry M DaughertyAttorney General under Harding, bad mind
288191069Amiable boobHarding
288191070Old GuardHoped to improve on the old business doctrine of Laissez-faire and guide business to profit
2881910714 out of 9Harding appointed judges
288191072TaftChief Justice under Harding
288191073Axed Progressive Legislation1920 Supreme Court
288191074Adkins v Children's Hospital 1923Invalidated a minimum wage law for women, reversed the Muller v. Orgen
288191075Amendment 19Women's right to vote
288191076Interstate Commerce CommissionDominated by men sympathetic to railroad managers
288191077War Industries BoardDisappeared and stopped progressive hopes for government
288191078Esch- Cummins Transportation Act of 1920.Encouraged private consolidation of the railroads
288191079Merchant Marine Act of 1920Authorized shipping board to dispose of much of the hastily built wartime fleet at bargain basement prices
288191080La Follette Seaman's Act of 1915American shipping could not compete with foreigners
288191081Railway Labor BoardOrdered a wage cut of 12%
288191082Daugherty Attorney GeneralHarshly eroded wage cut strikes
288191083Veterans BureauAuthorized to operate hospitals and provide vocational rehabilitation for disables
288191084The American LegionKnown for its militant patriotism, rock-ribbed conservatism, and antiradicalism
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Chapter 19: Viruses Flashcards

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603766968genomeThe _________ of viruses may consist of double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, double-stranded RNA, or single-stranded RNA, depending on the kind of virus. A virus is called a DNA virus or an RNA virus, according to the kind of nucleic acid that makes up its genome. The viral genome is usually organized as a single linear or circular molecule of nucleic acid.
603766969capsid, viral envelopesThe _______ is the protein shell enclosing the viral genome. They are built of a large number of protein subunits called capsomeres. The number of different kinds of proteins making up this is usually small. Some viruses have accessory structures to help them infect their hosts. A membranous envelope surrounds the capsids of flu viruses. These _________ are derived from the membrane of the host cell. They also have some host cell viral proteins and glycoproteins, as well as molecules of viral origin.
603766970TMV (tobacco mosaic virus)rod-shaped with a capsid made up of one protein arranged in a helix. It and other similar viruses are referred to as *helical viruses*. RNA makes up its genome.
603766971adenovirusInfects the respiratory tracts of animals, consist of 252 identical proteins arranged into a capsid with 20 triangular—an icosahedron. It and other similar viruses are referred to as *icosahedral viruses*. Glycoproteins extend from its capsid. DNA makes up its genome.
603766972influenza virusIts outer viral envelope is studded with glycoprotein spikes. Its genome consists of eight different RNA molecules, each wrapped in a helical capsid
603766973(Bacterio)phage T4infect viruses. Has a complex capsid that consists of an icosahedral head in which DNA resides, a tail sheath "body" and tail fiber "legs".
603766974obligate intracellularViruses are __________________ parasites; they can only reproduce within a host cell.
603766975host rangeEach type of virus can infect cells of only a limited variety of hosts, called the _______________ of the virus. This host specificity depends on the evolution of recognition systems by the virus. Viruses identify host cells by a "lock and key" fit between proteins on the outside of the virus and specific receptor molecules on the host's surface (which evolved for functions that benefit the host). Range is also limited to particular tissues.
603766976viral infectionA __________ begins when the genome of the virus enters the host cell (by endocytosis by the cell, fusing of viral to cell membrane, or injection by tail). Once inside, the viral genome commandeers its host, reprogramming the cell to copy viral nucleic acid and manufacture proteins from the viral genome. The host provides nucleotides, ribosomes, tRNAs, amino acids, ATP, and other components for making the viral components dictated by viral genes. Most DNA viruses use the *DNA polymerases* of the host cell to synthesize new genomes along the templates provided by the viral DNA. RNA viruses use special *virus-encoded polymerases* that can use RNA as a template. The nucleic acid molecules and capsomeres then self-assemble into viral particles and exit the cell.
603766977lytic cycleIn the lytic cycle, the phage reproductive cycle culminates in the death of the host. One of the first phage genes translated after the viral DNA enters the host cell codes for an enzyme that degrades the host cell's DNA. The phage DNA is protected because it contains a modified form of cytosine that is not recognized by the enzyme.
603766978virulent phagea phage that only reproduces by the lytic cycle. The T4 phage is an example.
603766979receptor sites, restriction enzymesBacteria have not been wiped out by phages because: 1. some bacterial mutants have ________ that are no longer recognized by a particular type of phage. 2. bacteria produce restriction endonucleases, or ____________, that recognize and cut up foreign DNA, including certain phage DNA. The bacteria's DNA is methylated in a way that prevents attack by its own rest. enzymes.
603766980lysogenic cycleIn the ____________, the phage genome replicates without destroying the host cell. The circular viral and host DNAs are cut by viral proteins and then joined together, forming a *prophage*. One of the viral genes codes for a protein that represses most other prophage genes. As a result, the phage genome is largely silent, but every time the host divides, the prophage is passed to (the viral DNA is replicated along with the host DNA) daughter cells. A few other prophage genes may also be expressed during lysogenic cycles. Expression of these genes may alter the host's phenotype, which can have medical significance.
603766981temperate phagesCapable of using both lytic and lysogenic cycles; lambda is an example. When the viral genome exits the bacterial chromosome, the lytic cycle is initiated. An environment signal, such as a certain chemical or high-energy radiation, usually triggers this switchover.
603766982Animal________ viruses have both an envelope and RNA genome; in fact, nearly all animal viruses with RNA genomes have an envelope, as well as some DNA genomes.
603766983herpesvirusSome viruses have envelopes that are not derived from plasma membrane. The envelope of the ____________ is derived from the nuclear envelope of the host. These double-stranded DNA viruses reproduce within the cell nucleus using viral and cellular enzymes to replicate and transcribe their DNA. In some cases, copies of the herpesvirus DNA remain behind as minichromosomes in the nuclei of certain nerve cells. There they remain for life until triggered by physical or emotional stress to leave the genome and initiate active viral production.
603766984Class I/IIDouble-stranded and single-stranded DNA viruses, respectively. Includes Adenovrius, papovavirus, herpesvrius, poxvirus, and parvovirus.
603766985Class IIIDouble-stranded RNA; Includes Reovirus.
603766986Class IVSingle-stranded RNA. Serves as mRNA. Includes picornavirus (common cold), cornoavirus, flavivirus (yellow fever, west nile virus), togavirus (rubella virus)
603766987Class V*Single-stranded RNA*. Serves as a template for *mRNA sythesis*. Has its own viral enzymes that carry out the viral RNA -> more RNA process. Includes filovirus (ebola virus), orthomyxovirus (influenza virus), paramyxovirus (measles, mumps), rhabdovirus (rabies)
603766988Class VI*Single-stranded RNA*. Serves as a template for DNA synthesis. Example: retrovirus (HIV, AIDS, leukemia)
603766989RetrovirusMake up class VI. Have the most complicated reproductive cycles. Have enzymes called *reverse transcriptase* which transcribes its RNA template into DNA, providing an RNA -> DNA template flow, which is usually the opposite.
604785284HIVA retrovirus that causes AIDs, double-stranded viral DNA is synthesized from the viral RNA genome, and then integrated into the host cell's DNA, forming a *provirus*, where it is a permanent resident of the cell. mRNA is synthesized from the provirus, which may be used to put in new viruses or for synthesizing viral proteins.
604785285afterBecause viruses depend on cells for their own propagation, it is reasonable to assume that they evolved _______ the first cells appeared. Most molecular biologists favor the hypothesis that viruses originated from fragments of cellular nucleic acids that could move from one cell to another.
604785286plasmids, transposonsCandidates for the original sources of viral genomes include: 1. __________: small, circular DNA molecules that are separate from chromosomes; found in bacteria and in eukaryote yeast, they can replicate independently of the rest of the cell and are occasionally transferred between cells.and transposable elements. 2. __________: DNA segments that can move from one location to another within a cell's genome. Both are mobile genetic elements, like viruses.
604785287nucleic acidsPerhaps the earliest viruses were naked bits of _____________ that passed between cells via injured cell surfaces. The evolution of capsid genes may have facilitated the infection of undamaged cells.
604785288hostA viral genome usually has more in common with the genome of its _______ than with those of viruses infecting other hosts. However, some viruses have genetic sequences that are quite similar to seemingly distantly related viruses (plant virus vs. animal virus). This genetic similarity may reflect the persistence of groups of viral genes that were *evolutionarily successful* during the early evolution of viruses and their eukaryotic host cells.
604785289mimivirusLargest virus yet discovered. Has double-stranded DNA in an icosahedral capsid about the size of a small bacteria. What is significant about this virus is that some of its genes code for proteins involved in translation, DNA repair, protein folding, and polysaccharide synthesis.
604785290Antibiotics, nucleosides___________, which can kill bacteria by inhibiting enzymes or processes specific to bacteria, are powerless against viruses, which have few or no enzymes of their own. Most antiviral drugs resemble ___________ and interfere with viral nucleic acid synthesis. An example is acyclovir, which impedes herpesvirus reproduction by inhibiting the viral polymerase that synthesizes viral DNA. Azidothymidine (AZT) curbs HIV reproduction by interfering with DNA synthesis by reverse transcriptase.
604785291mutation, speciesThe emergence of these new viral diseases is due to three processes: 1. _________: RNA viruses tend to have high mutation rates because replication of their nucleic acid lacks proofreading. Some mutations create new viral strains with sufficient genetic differences from earlier strains. 2. spread of existing viruses from one _________ to another 3. dissemination of a viral disease from a small, isolated population: Technological and social factors, including affordable international travel, blood transfusion technology, sexual promiscuity, and the abuse of intravenous drugs allowed a previously rare disease to become a global scourge.
604785292influenzaThere are three types of ________ virus: types B and C, which infect only humans and have never caused an epidemic, and type A, which infects a range of animals.
604785293horizontal transmissionIn _____________, a plant is infected with the virus by an external source. Plants are more susceptible if their protective epidermis is damaged, perhaps by wind, chilling, injury, or insects. Insects are often carriers of viruses, transmitting disease from plant to plant.
604785294vertical transmissionIn______________, a plant inherits a viral infection from a parent. This may occur by asexual propagation or in sexual reproduction via infected seeds.
604785295Viroids__________ , smaller and simpler than even viruses, consist of tiny molecules of naked circular RNA that infect plants. Their several hundred nucleotides do not encode for proteins but can be replicated by the host's cellular enzymes. These small RNA molecules can disrupt plant metabolism and stunt plant growth, perhaps by causing errors in the regulatory systems that control plant growth. They show that *molecules* can act as infectious agents to spread disease.
604785296Prions_________ are infectious *proteins* that spread disease, and are likely transmitted in food. Their slow incubation period of at least ten years prevents sources of infection from being identified until long after the first cases appear. Prions are virtually indestructible. They are not destroyed or deactivated by heating to normal cooking temperatures--there is no known cure for them.
604785297prionAccording to the leading hypothesis, a _____ is a misfolded form of a normal brain protein. When it gets into a cell with the normal form of the protein, it can convert the normal protein into its misfolded version, creating a chain reaction that increases their numbers.
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Ch 19 Viruses Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
40438897size of viruses20 nm diameter, smaller than ribosome
40438898virus genomedouble or single stranded DNA or RNA (NOT both)
40438899capsidprotein shell enclosing the viral genome
40438900virus genome organizationusually a single linear or circular molecule of nucleic acid, sometimes multiple molecules of nucleic acid
40438901capsid subunitsprotein subunits called capsomeres
40438902Viral envelopesome viruses have them, membrane made from the host cell's plasma membrane, helps virus infect host
40438903Viral envelops containhost cell phospolipids and membrane protein, proteins and glycoproteins of viral origin
40438904bacteriophagesalso called phages, viruses that infect bacteria
40438905host rangespecific type of cell, tissue, species, or range of species that a virus can intect
40438906Viruses identify host cells by"lock and key" fit between viral surface proteins and specific receptor molecules outside the cells
40438907How viruses reproduceuse their nucleic acid to code for some proteins and enzymes, but uses the cell's other resources
40439913DNA viruses useDNA polymerase of the host cell to synthesize new genomes
40439914RNA viruses usevirally encoded polymerases that can use RNA as a template
40439915lytic cycle of phagesstage of infection during which the bacteria lyses and releases the phages that were produced within the cell
40439916virulent phagereproduces only by a lytic cycle
40439917Bacteria and natural selectionnatural selection faocrs bacterial mutants with receptors that are no longer recognized by phages
40439918restriction enzymesenzymes that cut up foreign DNA when phage DNA enters a bacterium
40439919DNA protects itself from its own restriction enzymes byDNA methylation
40439920lysogenic cycleallows replication of the phage genome without destroying the host
40439921temperate phagescapable of using the lytic and lysogenic cycle
40439922temperate phage in researchlambda
40439923prophageviral DNA that has integrated into the bacterial chromosome
40439924triggers switchover from lysogenic to lytic modean environmental signal, such as a certain chemical or high-energy radiation
40439925prophage genes expressed during lysogenygene for a prophage transcription-preventing protein, and others
40439926expression of lysogenic genesmay alter the host's phenotype, a phenomenon important for medical significance
40439927stages of the lytic cycleattachment, entry of phage DNA and degradation of host DNA, synthesis of viral genomes and proteins, assembly, and release (lysozyme is produced, host cell wall and membrane our lysed)
40439928phage assemblyhead, tail, and tail fibers
40439929stages of lysogenic cyclephage DNA integration into bacterial DNA, bacterium reproduction, occasionally heads to lytic cycle
40440581animal virus envelopesmany have glycoprotein projections, virus wraps host cell membrane around them to form the envelope
40440582retrovirusRNA as genetic material, use reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA, then uses transcription and translation to reproduce. example is HIV
40440583bacteriophages rarelyhave an envelope or RNA genome, but animals often have both
40440584provirusintegrated viral DNA, permanent resident of the cell
40440585vesicles transportenvelope glycoproteins to the plasma membrane
40440586proviral genes are transcribedinto RNA molecules, genomes for the next viral generation and as mRNAs for translation
40440587viral proteins includecapsid proteins and reverse transcriptase (made in cytosol) and envelope glycoproteins (made in the ER)
40440588Plasmidssmall, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and yeasts, exist apart form the cell's genome but can replicate independently of it and are occasionally transferred
40440589TransposonsDNA segments that can move from one location to another within the cell's genome
40440590mobile genetic elementsplasmids, transposons, and viruses
40440591viruses originated fromprobably evolved after life appeared from naked bits of cellular nucleic acids that moved from one cell to another, perhaps via cell surfaces
40440592vaccineharmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates the immune system to mount defenses against the harmful pathogen
40440593anti-viral drugstry to interfere with viral replication, antibiotics do not work
40440594emerging virusesappear suddenly or are new to medical scientists (example sars)
40440595epidemicsgeneral outbreaks of a viral disease
40440596most antiviral drugs resemblea nucleoside, as a result interfere with viral nucleic acid synthesis
40440597causes of emerging virusesmutation of existing viruses, spread of the virus from one host to another, and global travel and spread of virus within a host group
40440598RNA virus high rate of mutation becauseRNA genomes not corrected by proofreading
40440599pandemicglobal epidemic
40440600viral genomes and proteins spread through a plant byplasmodesmata, the cytoplasmic connections that penetrate the walls between adjacent plant cells, virally encoded proteins enlarge the plasmodesmata
40440601viroidscircular RNA molecules, only a few hundred nucleotides long, that infect plants
40440602viroid functiondo NOT encode proteins, but can replicate in host plant cells and use host cell enzymes, cause errors in the regulatory systems that control plant growth
40440603prionsinfectious proteins which appear to cause a number of degenerative disease in various animal species
40440604prion characteristicsact very slowly and are virtually indestructible
40440605prion infects other proteins bysomehow converting normal protein molecules into misfolded prion versions, example mad cow disease
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Percentage chart Flashcards

ratios to fasten the percentage calculations

Terms : Hide Images
6444126891/20.5
6444126901/30.333
6444126912/30.666
6444126921/40.25
6444126932/40.50
6444126943/40.75
6444126951/50.20
6444126961/60.1667
6444126975/60.833
6444126981/70.142
6444126992/70.285
6444127003/70.428
6444127014/70.571
6444127025/70.713
6444127036/70.857
6444127041/80.125
6444127053/80.375
6444127065/80.625
6444127077/80.875
6444127081/90.111
6444127092/90.222
6444127103/90.333
6444127114/90.444
6444127125/90.555
6444127136/90.666
6444127147/90.777
6444127158/90.888
6444127161/11.0909
6444127172/110.1818
6444127183/110 .2727
6444127194/110.3636
6444127205/110.4545
6444127216/110.5454
6444127227/110.6363
6444127238/110.7272
6444127249/110.8181
64441272510/110.9090
6444127261/120.0833 .
6444127275/120.416
6444127287/120.583
64441272911/120.9166
6444127301/130.0769
6444127311/140.0714
6444127321/150.0667
6444127331/160.0625
6444127341/170.0586
6444127351/180.0556
6444127361/190.0526
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AP Human Geography Rubenstein Chapter 4 Folk Culture Flashcards

BHS Weatherley 2010-2011

Terms : Hide Images
538921994ArtifactAny item, made by humans, that represents a material aspect of culture
538921995Built environmentThe man-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging in scale from personal shelter to neighborhoods to the large-scale civic surroundings.
538921996Core-domain-sphere modelThe place where concentration of culture traits that characterizes a region is greatest.
538921997Cultural convergenceThe contact and interaction of one culture to another.
538921998Cultural/environmental perceptionThe concept that people of different culture will definitely observe and interpret their environment and make different decision about its nature, potentiality and use.
538921999Cultural landscapeModifications to the environment by humans, including the built environment and agricultural systems, that reflect aspects if their culture
538922000Cultural realmThe entire region throughout which a culture prevails. Criteria that may be chosen to define culture realms include religion, language, diet, customs, or economic development.
538922001Cultural hearthLocations on earth's surface where specific cultures first arose.
538922002Cultural complexThe group of traits that define a particular culture.
538922003Cultural traitThe specific customs that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture, such as language, religion, ethnicity, social institutions, and aspects of popular culture.
538922004Cultural regiona region defined by similar culture traits and cultural landscape features.
538922005CustomPractices followed by the people of a particular cultural group.
538922006Environmental determinismA doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions.
538922007Folk culture (folkways)Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.
538922008Food attractionReasons certain culture/region eat certain types of food.
538922009Habita repetitive act that a particular individual performs.
538922010Material cultureThe physical manifestations of human activities; includes tools ,campsites, art, and structures. The most durable aspects of culture
538922011MentifactThe central, enduring elements of a culture expressing its values and beliefs, including language, religion, folklore, and etc.
538922012Popular cultureDynamic culture based in large, heterogeneous societies permitting considerable individualism, innovation, and change; having a money-based economy, division of labor into professions, secular institutions of control, and weak interpersonal ties; and producing and consuming machine-made goods.
538922013PossibilismThe theory that the physical may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.
538922014SociofactThe institutions and links between individuals and groups that unite a culture, including family structure and political, educational and religious institutions.
538922015Tabooa restriction on a behavior imposed by a social custom.
538922016Uniform Landscapethe spatial expression of a popular custom in one location that will be similar to another.
538922017Expansion diffusionthe spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area
538922018Relocation diffusionsequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate the new ones
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apush 29 multiple choice Flashcards

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568668471As one progressive explained, the 'real heart' of the progressive movement was to a) preserve world peace b) use the government as an agency of human welfare c) ensure the Jeffersonian style of government d) reinstate the policy of laissez faire e) to promote economic and social equalityB
568668472Progressives who were among the strongest critics of injustice in early-twentieth-century America, received much of their inspiration from a) the Federalists b) the Greenback Labor party and the Populists c) foreign nations d) progressive theorists, like Jacob Riis e) social DarwinistsB
568668473Match each late-19th century social critic below with the target of his criticism. A. Thorstein Veblen 1. 'bloated trusts' B. Jack London 2. 'slum conditions' C. Jacob Riis 3. 'conspicuous consumption' D. Henry Demarest Lloyd 4. destruction of nature a) A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1 b) A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2 c) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1 d) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4 e) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3C
568668474Progressivism a) supported many reforms advocated by feminists b) offered little to the ever-growing women's movement c) supported only the demand for woman suffrage d) followed examples set by women's reform movements in Europe e) reflected the views of working-class womenA
568668475President Theodore Roosevelt branded reporters who tried to uncover injustice as 'muckrakers' because a) he saw them as trying to clean up society b) they brought ugly problems to public attention c) of their work in the 'muck' of the slums d) of their coverage of the meat-packing industry e) he was annoyed by their excessive zealE
568668476Match the earl 20th century muckraker below with the target of his or her expose A. David Phillips 1. the U.S. Senate B. Ida Tarbell 2. the Standard Oil Company C. Lincoln Steffens 3. city governments D. Ray Stannard Baker 4. the conditions of blacks a) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4 b) A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1 c) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4 d) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1 e) A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3A
568668477Lincoln Steffens, in his series of articles entitled 'The Shame of the Cities,' a) attacked the U.S. Senate b) exposed the deplorable conditions of blacks in urban areas c) laid bare the practices of the stock market d) uncovered official collusion in prostitution and 'white slavery' e) unmasked the corrupt alliance between big business and municipal governmentE
568668478The muckrakers signified much about the nature of the progressive reform movement because they a) counted on drastic political change to fight social wrongs b) thrived on publicity rather than social change c) believed that the cure for the ills of American democracy lay in less democracy and more government control d) sought not to overthrow capitalism but to cleanse it with democratic controls e) refused to look beyond middle-class concernsD
568668479Most muckrakers believed that their primary function in the progressive attack on social ills was to a) formulate a consistent philosophy of social reform b) explain the causes of social ills c) devise solutions to society's problems d) make the public aware of social problems e) link up with movements for social justiceD
568668480The two key goals pursued by progressives were to curb the threats posed by ________________ on the one hand and __________________ on the other. a) New immigrants; blacks b) feminists; patriarchal males c) the social gospel; the gospel of wealth d) the Old Guard; muckrakers e) trusts; socialistsE
568668481Progressive reformers were mainly men and women from the a) middle class b) lower class c) upper class d) new wave of immigrants e) small townsA
568668482Political progressivism a) made little difference in American life b) died out shortly after Teddy Roosevelt stepped down as president c) emerged in both major parties, in all regions, at all levels of government d) was more a minority movement than a majority mood e) began in Northeastern big citiesC
568668483According to progressives, the cure for American democracy's ills was a) technical and scientific expertise b) a third political party c) socialism d) a more conservative government e) more democracyE
568668484To regain the power that the people had lost to the 'interests,' progressives advocated all of the following except a) initiative b) referendum c) recall d) socialism e) direct election of U.S. senatorsD
568668485All of the following were prime goals of earnest progressives except a) the direct election of U.S. senators b) the elimination of graft c) woman suffrage d) ending prostitution and 'white slavery' e) opposition to ProhibitionE
568668486The progressive movement was instrumental in getting both the 17th and 18th amendments added to the Constitution. The 17th called for ________________, and the 18th called for _______________, a) prohibition; woman suffrage b) direct election of U.S. senators; prohibition c) woman suffrage; income taxes d) income taxes; direct election of U.S. senators e) woman suffrage; direct election of U.S. senatorsB
568668487The settlement house and women's club movements were crucial centers of female progressive activity because they a) provided literary and philosophical perspectives on social questions b) broke down the idea that women had special concerns as wives and mothers c) introduced many middle-class women to a broader array of urban social problems and civic concerns d) helped slum children learn to read Dante and Shakespeare e) became the launching pads for women seeking political officeC
568668488Which of the following was not among the issues addressed by women in the progressive movement? a) ending special regulations governing women in the workplace b) preventing child labor in factories and sweatshops c) insuring that food products were healthy and safe d) attacking tuberculosis and other diseases bred in slum tenements e) creating pensions for mothers with dependent childrenA
568668489In Muller vs. Oregon, the Supreme Court upheld the principle promoted by progressives like Florence Kelly and Louis Brandeis that a) child labor under the age of fourteen should be prohibited b) the federal government should regulate occupational safety and health c) factory labor should be limited to the hours a day, five days a week d) female workers should receive equal pay for equal work e) female workers required special rules and protection on the jobE
568668490The public outcry after the horrible Triangle Shirtwaist fire led many states to pass a) mandatory fire escape plans for all business employing more than ten people b) safety regulations and workmen's compensation laws for job injuries c) restrictions on female employment in the clothing industry d) zoning regulations governing where factories could be located e) laws guaranteeing unions the right to raise safety concernsC
568668491The case of Lochner v. New York represented a setback for progressives and labor advocates because the Supreme Court in its ruling a) declared a law limiting work to 10 hours a day unconstitutional b) declared unconstitutional a law providing special protection for women workers c) declared that prohibiting child labor would require a constitutional amendment d) upheld the constitutionality of a law enabling business to fire labor organizers e) ruled that fire and safety regulations were local and not state or federal concernsA
568668492The progressive-inspired city-manager system of government a) brought democracy to urban dwellers b) was developed in Wisconsin c) was designed to remove politics from municipal administration d) made giant strides under the leadership of Hiram Johnson e) opened urban politics to new immigrantsC
568668493Progressive reform at the level of city government seeme4d to indicate that the progressives' highest priority was a) democratic participation b) governmental efficiency c) free enterprise d) economic equality e) urban planningB
568668494While president, Theodore Roosevelt chose to label his reform proposals as the a) Fair Deal b) Big Deal c) Big Stick d) New Deal e) Square DealE
568668495As a part of his reform program, Teddy Roosevelt advocated all of the following except a) control of labor b) control of corporations c) consumer protection d) conservation of natural resources e) an end to railroad rebatesA
568668496Theodore Roosevelt helped to end the 1902 strike in the anthracite coal mines by a) using the military to force the miners back to work b) passing legislation making the miners' union illegal c) helping the mine owners to import strike-breakers d) appealing to mine owners' and workers' sense of the public interest e) threatening to seize the mines and to operate them with federal troopsE
568668497One unusual and significant characteristic of the anthracite coal strike in 1902 was that a) the coal miners' union was officially recognized as the legal bargaining agent of the miners b) for a time the mines were seized by the national government and operated by federal troops c) the national government did not automatically side with the owners in the dispute d) the owners quickly agreed to negotiate with labor representatives in order to settle their differences peacefully e) it generated widespread middle-class supportC
568668498The Elkins and Hepburn acts dealt with the subject of a) regulation of municipal utilities b) the purity of food and drugs c) conservation of natural resources d) women's working conditions e) railroad regulationsE
568668499Theodore Roosevelt believed that trusts a) could be destroyed without damage to the American economy b) were greedy for power and wealth c) were too powerful to be regulated d) were here to stay with their efficient means of production e) should be balanced by strong labor unionsD
568668500The real purpose of Theodore Roosevelt's assault on trusts was to a) fragment big business b) prove that the government, not private business, ruled the country c) halt the trend toward combination and integration in business d) establish himself as a bigger 'trustbuster' than William Howard Taft e) inspire confidence in small business ownersB
568668501President Roosevelt believed that the federal government should adopt a policy of __________________ trusts. a) dissolving b) ignoring c) regulating d) collusion with e) monitoringC
568668502Passage of the Federal Meat Inspection Act was facilitated by the publication of a) Theodore Dreiser's The Titan b) Jack London's Call of the Wild c) Henry Demarest Lloyd's Wealth Against Commonwealth d) Jacob Riis's How the Other Half Lives e) Upton Sinclair's The JungleE
568668503When Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle, he intended his book to focus attention on the a) unsanitary conditions in the meat-packing industry b) plight of workers in the stockyards and meat-packing industry c) corruption in the U.S. senate d) deplorable conditions in the drug industry e) unhealthy effects of beef consumptionB
568668504Of the following legislation aimed at resource conservation, the only one associated with Theodore Roosevelt's presidency was the a) Desert Land Act b) Forest Reserve Act c) Newlands Act d) Cary Act e) Clean Water ActC
568668505According to the text, Theodore Roosevelt's most enduring, tangible achievement may have been a) the Panama Canal b) his trust busting c) mediating an end to the Russo-Japanese War d) his efforts supporting the environment e) his efforts at consumer protectionD
568668506The idea of 'multiple-use resource management' included all of the following practices except a) recreation b) damming of rivers c) sustained-yield logging d) summer stock grazing e) watershed protectionB
568668507Theodore Roosevelt weakened himself politically after his election in 1904 when he a) got into a quarrel with his popular secretary of war, William Taft b) refused to do anything in response to the 'Roosevelt Panic' c) supported the Federal Reserve Act d) began to reduce his trust-busting activity e) announced that he would not be a candidate for a third term as presidentE
568668508The panic of 1907 stimulated reform in ______________ policy. a) banking b) tariff c) land-use d) industrial e) stock-tradingA
568668509Theodore Roosevelt is probably most accurately described as a) an ardent defender of American individualism b) a near-socialist c) a middle-of-the-road politician d) a champion 'trustbuster' e) a political elitistC
568668510While president, Theodore Roosevelt a) greatly increased the power and prestige of the presidency b) showed no skill and little interest in working with Congress c) was a poor judge of public opinion d) was surprisingly unpopular with the public e) held rigidly to ideological principlesA
568668511During his presidency, Theodore Roosevelt did all of the following except a) expand presidential power b) shape the progressive movement c) aid the cause of the environment d) provide an international perspective e) tame capitalismC
568668512As president, William Howard Taft a) was a good judge of public opinion b) held together the diverse wings of the Republican party c) was wedded more to the status quo than to change d) adopted a confrontational attitude toward Congress e) carried on the legacy of Theodore RooseveltC
568668513President Taft's foreign policy was dubbed a) big-stick diplomacy b) the Open Door policy c) the Good Neighbor policy d) dollar diplomacy e) sphere-of-influence diplomacyC
568668514The Supreme Court's 'rule of reason' in restraint-of-trade cases was handed down in a case involving a) Northern Securities b) United States Steel c) General Electric d) Armour Meat-Packing e) Standard OilE
568668515Theodore Roosevelt decided to run for the presidency in 1912 because a) William H. Taft had seemed to discard Roosevelt's policies b) Taft decided not to run for a second term c) he was drafted by the Republican party d) Sen. Robert La Follette encouraged him to do so e) the Democratic Party was splitA
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While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!