APUSH Chapter 30 - The War to End War Flashcards
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| 358707153 | Regarding WWI, What did germany announce in 1917? | Germany announced its decision to wage unrestricted submarine warfare on all ships, including American ships, in the war zone. | |
| 358707154 | Arthur Zimmermann | German foreign secretary who secretly proposed a German-Mexican alliance with the Zimmermann note. | |
| 358707155 | Zimmermann note | A secret document to Mexico that said Germany would help them regain lost territories in Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico if they joined the war on the Central Powers side. News of the Zimmermann note leaked out to the public, infuriating Americans. | |
| 358707156 | April 2, 1917 | President Wilson asked for a declaration of war from Congress after 4 more unarmed merchant ships had been sunk. | |
| 358707157 | What were the 3 causes of War? | Zimmermann Note, Germany declares unrestricted submarine warfare, Bolshevik Revolution. | |
| 358707158 | What was Wilson's justification for entering WWI that appealed to the American public? | goals of "a war to end war" and a crusade "to make the world safe for democracy." (because they felt threatened by the social uprisings in all the other countries - democracy could fall too and they clearly didn't want that) | |
| 358707159 | Fourteen Points Address | An address given by President WIlson to Congress on January 8, 1918-- Said that there should be no more secret treaties, maintain freedom of seas, removal of economic barriers among nations, reduction of armaments, adjustment of colonial claims in inerests of natives & colonizers, "self-determination", League of Nations | |
| 358707160 | What was the 14 points really all about? | It was a very idealist notion of an intensified peace program. Only some elements were practical | |
| 358707161 | League of Nations | International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s. (763) | |
| 358707162 | Committee on Public Information | It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons. | |
| 358707163 | George Creel | Propagandist in charge of Committee of Public Information. Basically sold the war to the public | |
| 358707164 | What happened to German-Americans during WWI? | There were over 8 million German-Americans; rumors began to spread of spying and sabotage. As a result, a few German-Americans were tarred, feathered, and beaten. A hysterical hatred of Germans and things related to Germany swept the nation. | |
| 358707165 | Espionage Act of 1917 | United States federal law passed shortly after entering World War I, on June 15, 1917, which made it a crime for a person to convey information with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies. The legislation was passed at the urging of President Woodrow Wilson, who feared any widespread dissent in time of war, thinking that it constituted a real threat to an American victory. | |
| 358707166 | Sedition Act of 1918 | added to Espionage Act to cover "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the American form of government, the Constitution, the flag, or the armed forces. -- basically you couldn't talk slanderously about the US government during WWI if you were in America | |
| 358707167 | Notable people convicted under the Espionage act | Socialist Eugene V. Debs and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) leader William D. Haywood | |
| 358707168 | Schenck v. United States (1919) | declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils. | |
| 358707169 | Civilian Council of National Defense | A group of people put together by Wilson that studied problems of economic mobilization; increased the size of the army; and created a shipbuilding program. | |
| 358707170 | Bernard Baruch | economic advisor to United States Presidents (1870-1965) | |
| 358707171 | War Industries Board | Created in 1918 with Bernard Baruch as the head leader-- the agency was established to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries. | |
| 358707172 | IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) | Was founded in Chicago in 1905 and opposed capitalism. They let everyone in didn't care about race or skilled or unskilled. --- they were treated horribly in the US during WWI with "the worst working conditions". Many strikes from them and th AFL came about | |
| 358707173 | Steel Strike of 1919 | re than 250,000 steelworkers walked off their jobs in an attempt to force their employers to recognize their right to organize and bargain collectively. The steel companies resisted and refused to negotiate with union representatives. The companies brought in 30,000 African-Americans to keep the mills running. After several deadly confrontations, the strike collapsed, marking a grave setback that crippled the union movement for over 10 years. | |
| 358707174 | Black Migration in WWI | Thousands of blacks were drawn to the North in wartime by the allure of war-industry employment. The blacks served as meatpackers and strikebreakers. Deadly disputes between whites and blacks consequently erupted. | |
| 358707175 | National Woman's party | A group of militant suffragists who took to the streets with mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes to convince the govt to give them the right to vote. Led by Alice Paul. Very anti-war | |
| 358707176 | National American Woman Suffrage Association | militant suffragist organization founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony - NAWSA - they were in favor of the war | |
| 358707177 | What was one of the key factors that led to Wilson passing the 19th amendment? | War mobilization gave momentum to the suffrage movement and Wilson was very impressed by women's war work -- therefore favoring suffrage | |
| 358707178 | 19th Amendment | gave women the right to vote (1920) | |
| 358707179 | Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act of 1921 | provided federally financed instruction in maternal and infant health care. | |
| 358707180 | Food Administration | This government agency was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food and ration food for the military.Hoover rejected issuing ration cards and, to save food for export, he proclaimed wheatless Wednesdays and meatless Tuesdays, all on a voluntary basis. | |
| 358707181 | Herbert Hoover | 31st President of the United States -- Leader of the Food Administration under Wilson during WWI | |
| 358707182 | 18th Amendment | Prohibition against alcohol -- went right in line with the prohibition movement that was sweeping across the united states | |
| 358707183 | How did the US conserve money during the war? | Hoover had a few money saving tactics -- such as the Fuel Administration and Treasury Department yielded about $21 billion towards the war fund. Other funding of the war came through increased taxes and bonds. | |
| 358707184 | Draft Act 1917 | Wilson was against drafting people but knew that was the only way he could build a huge army fast enough for the war -- It required the registration of all males between the ages of 18 and 45, and did not allow for a man to purchase his exemption from the draft. This was also the first time women could enter the war | |
| 358707185 | Bolshevik Revolution 1917 | made Russia withdraw from the war, allowed Germany to concentrate its power towards the west border (France). Germany was no longer facing a two-front war because Russia was out | |
| 358707186 | WWI Spring 1918 (germany) | German drive on the western front exploded. Spearheaded by about 500,000 troops, the Germans rolled forward with terrifying momentum. The Allied nations for the first time united under a supreme commander, French marshal Foch. | |
| 358707187 | Second Battle of the Marne. | The first battle that the US participated in overseas. They stopped Germany from taking France, turning point of world war 1. This engagement marked the beginning of a German withdrawal. | |
| 358707188 | General John J. Pershing | led the American Expeditionary Force; urged that the AEF operate as an independent fighting force, under American command; was made General of the Armies of the United States, which is the highest rank given to an officer | |
| 358707189 | Meuse-Argonne offensive | 47 day battle whose objective was to cut German rail lines. Inadequate training left 10% of the Americans involved in the battle injured or killed. | |
| 358707190 | November 11, 1918 | day that Germany signed Armistice ending WWI | |
| 358707191 | United States's main contributions to the victory: | foodstuffs, munitions, credits, oil, and manpower | |
| 358707192 | Americas 2 major battles in WWI: | St. Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne | |
| 358707193 | Paris Conference | January 18, 191 - - The peace conference that decided the terms of WWI peace and Treaty of Versailles. The conference fell into the hands of an inner clique, known as the Big Four. Wilson, having the most power, was joined by Premier Vittorio Orlando of Italy, Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Britain, and Premier Georges Clemenceau of France. | |
| 358714645 | League Covenant. | Part of Versailles Treaty. Great step forward from international anarchy of 1914. U.S. Never Joined - Senate Wouldn't Ratify Despite Best Efforts of Woodrow Wilson. Germany did not join until 1926. Russia joined in 1934. League would only be as powerful as powers would allow it to be . Started operations in 1920 at HQ in Geneva, Switzerland. | |
| 358714646 | Under the treaty of Versailles: | Saar Valley remained part of the League of Nation for 15 years, dropped their demand for the Rhineland. Italy demanded Fiume, a valuable seaport inhabited by both Italians and Yugoslavs. Japan demanded China's Shandong Peninsula and the German islands of the Pacific, which it had seized during the war. | |
| 358714647 | Security Treaty | both Britain and America pledged to come to France's aid in the event of another German invasion. | |
| 358714648 | Treaty of Versailles 1919 | Treaty that ended World War I - most important part was the forced blame on Germany and other allies. The Germans were outraged with the treaty, noticing that most of the Fourteen Points were left out | |
| 358714649 | fourteen reservations | created by senator lodge after wilson had collapsed this was a sardonic slap at Wilson's Fourteen Points | |
| 358714650 | solemn referendum. | Wilson's proposed method of appealing to the people on the topic of the treaty in the presidential campaign of 1920 | |
| 358714651 | Election of 1920 | Democrat: Wilson - solemn referndum. Republican: Harding with Coolidge as VP. platform appealed to both pro-League and anti-League sentiment in the party. When Harding won the election, the League of Nations died |
