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PHOTOSYNTHESIS REVIEW Flashcards

um its photosynthesis review... calvin cycle, etc

562487110	cuticle	thin, waxy, layer that covers the leaf may be found on both top and bottom of leaf and helps prevent water loss
562487111	guard cell	cells that surround stomata that control stomata opening and closing
562487112	palisades	rectangular photosynthetic cells below upper epidermis (uniform row of cells)
562487115	vein	group of thick walled cells that form round tubes within spongy layer, inside tube are transport cells.
562487117	phloem	within tube are a group of cells that transport food throughout leaf.
562487119	spongy layer	loosely arranged photosynthetic cells below palisade layer
562487121	upper epidermis	single layer of protective cells along top of leaf. these cells don't contain organelle chloroplasts.
562487123	xylem	within tube are a group of cells that transport water throughout the leaf.
562487128	stomata	openings along lower epidermis that allow for gas exchange.
562487132	chloroplasts	double membrane organelles with smooth outer membrane and folded inner membrane.
562487135	bundle sheath	thick layer of cells that surround vein for protection.
562487137	Label	see wkst for answers
562487141	sketch visible light on electromagnetic spectrum. give ranges of wavelength. short/long for high/low?	380-440; 440-500; 500-550; 550-630; 630-670; 670-700;
562487143	What chlorophyll is in the reaction center?	chlorophylla
562487145	What does ETC stand for?	Electron Transport Chain
562487148	The last electron that leaves photosystem I is picked up by energy carrier ______	NADP+
562487150	an enzyme allows hydrogen ions to slide down it and energy made puts ___ back on ADP to make ___. this is called ______________.	P ATP ATP Synthase
562487152	2 energy carrier's ___ and ____ give energy to Calvin Cycle	ATP and NADPH
562487154	label
562487156	label/study
562487158	What is an autotroph?	makes own food
562487160	heterotroph?	can't make it's own food. consumer.
562487162	what has longer wavelengths visible light or radio waves.	radiowaves has more wavelengths.
562487164	study this

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chp 6 unfinished nation Flashcards

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34019746	1) The Confederation Congress	acted as the body of government from 1781 until the constitution was written in 1789. The body of government did little to nothing at stopping trouble. The act of Shays' Rebellion even occurred under the ruling of the Confederation Congress.
34019747	2) Alexander Hamilton	was a very renowned and successful lawyer around this time. He was a Scottish man that called for a thing he called a national convention or impost. This convention would be held in order to alter the Articles of Confederation. He followed in the footsteps of Morris.
34019748	3) James Madison/Annapolis Convention	was a politician from the local area of Virginia that was an aid to Hamilton. He agreed with Hamilton in the fact that a reformation needed to be done to the Articles of Confederation and agreed that the national convention would be the best way to go about it. Convention was held by these men and resulted in the convention that led to the writing and development of the Constitution.
34019749	4) The Founding Fathers	was a group of men that are noted for adopting the formation of the government that we have today as well as helping to create the country even down to the constitution.
34019750	5) Constitutional Convention	was a convention that was only open to the representatives that attended (everywhere but from Rhode Island), and by George Washington. The convention was originally intended to revise the Articles of Confederation but eventually led to the development of the Constitution and a new entire form of Government.
34019751	6) Edmund Randolph/James Madison/Virginia Plan	were two of the men sent by Virginia to attend the convention. Randolph stated that there needed to be a system of checks and balances with three divided levels of power. These levels would be called the judicial, legislative and executive. The Virginia plan went on further into detail to break it down into even smaller levels.
34019752	7) William Patterson/New Jersey Plan	was a plan composed by Patterson in reaction to the Virginia plan. This plan said that it should remain the same with no changes; it was rejected however had some minor annoying effects upon the Virginia Plan.
34019753	8) The Great Comprise	accepted on July 16th, 1787 and was a compromise between the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia plan. Divided the house into levels while keeping some of it up to two representatives, and became the basic foundation for what we have today.
34019754	9) Separation of power/checks and balances	was the system that was created out of the great compromise as well as the Virginia plan that divided the powers. The system divided the power evenly into levels and groups that were designed to keep check on each of the others in order to stop anything like another King George III.
34019755	10) Federalists/Federalist Papers/Publius	Federalist was the name given to the supporter of the Constitution. Documents written by George Washington, Ben Franklin that spoke of supporting the constitution were filed under the name publius and later became known to the public as the federalist papers.
34019756	11) Anti federalists	were a group that was against the constitution calling it a breaking of the constitution. They feared that it would raise taxes and cause trouble in the colonies.
34019757	12) The Bill of Rights	was the first ten amendments to the constitution that included some of the most basic laws and structures to form the constitution and beginning of the new country. The bills included such details as freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of assembly and freedom of religion.
34019758	13) The Judiciary Acts of 1789	created the Supreme Court, as well as gave the court power to make the final decision on state laws.
34019759	14) Henry Knox	was a renowned general in the war due to his famous cannon delivery. He was the one to deliver the cannons all the way to George Washington when he needed them. He eventually became the country's first secretary of Defense.
34019760	17. Report on Manufactures	was an outlined plan by Alexander Hamilton to stimulate the growth of industry. Hamilton was so proud because he said it was going to have many advantages to society.
34019761	18. The Bank of America	this idea was sparked from Hamilton wanting to pay off the national debt. Nowhere in the constitution did congress have the right to make one, it was heavily debated and finally in 1791 the first makings
34019762	19. ''First Party System"	the republicans went to greater lengths in getting the vote than the federalists. They created comities, societies, and caucuses. The republicans also worked together to influence the state and the local elections. But they didn't believe that they had made a party system.
34019763	20. Whiskey Rebellion	congress made a tax on whiskey and the colonist refused to pay it. Farmers in Pennsylvania in 1749 began to terrorize tax collectors.
34019764	21. Jay's Treaty	was a treaty to get the British soldiers off of their posts and stop England from blocking colonist's ships, it failed to achieve its goal.
34019765	22. Thomas Pinckney/ Pinckney's Treaty	jay's treaty paved the way for negations with Spain and opened the door for Thomas Pinckney to go all the way. He created Pinckney's Treaty which was signed in 1795. Spain said that America had the right to go all over the Mississippi and drop off goods into New Orland's, agreed that Florida's border would be on the 31st parallel. The Spanish also stopped the Indians from fighting north on the Florida border.
34019766	23. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney/ Prince Talleyrand/ XYZ Affair	tensions between America and France were high after the two treaties. When Charles went to France the French didn't come to greet him and escort him to his chambers. Adams appointed a bipartisan commission to negotiate with France in order to stabilize peace. Prince Talleyrand sent3 agents to talk with the French minister to demand a loan for France and a bribe for France before anything went down. But Pinckney wouldn't do it, he said "NO, NO! Not a sixpence!" Adams urged congress to prepare for war, but before he gave the report to congress about the trip to France he deleted the three agent's names, and put in XYZ. It was published and then called the XYZ affair.
34019767	24. The "Quasi War"	was the sea was between France and America.
34019768	25. The Alien and Sedition Acts	was a way for the federalists to get ahead of the Republican Party. The Alien Act was a restriction on aliens coming into the United States and gave the president a firmer hand in these issues. The Sedition Acts prosecuted people who went against their government plan. The people prosecuted were usually libelous or treasonous. The republicans interpreted these laws as a way the federalists wanted to destroy them.
34019769	26. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions	the Kentucky legislature was written by Thomas Jefferson, and the Virginia legislature was written by James Madison. They were combined to make the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. They also used the ideas of John Locke and the 10th amendment in the constitution. If a party or state government had gotten to high in power the central government had the right to 'nullify."
34019770	27. Aaron Burr	the electoral voters would have one person not vote for one of the vise-presidents, do that there wouldn't be a tie. When the votes were counted there was still a tie between Jefferson and Burr. So each state had one electoral vote to pick the next vice president.

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The Unfinished Nation Chapter 5 Flashcards

History Chapter 5

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55203480	1775	Second Continental Congress-met in Philadelphia (except Georgia) to support the war but disagreed about its purpose. Adams cousins and Richard Henry Lee supported independence and John Dickinson for Pa (Quaker) hoped for quick reconciliation of grievances. During the first year of fighting many began changing their minds.
55203481	1775	Washington commands American Forces
55203482	1776	Paine's Common Sense - pamphlet written to crystallize impassioned feelings toward building support for independence. Paine emigrated two years before and felt the root was the lack of an English constitution. Common sense for Americans to break from Britain a country who could inflict such brutality on its citizens.
55203483	1776	Declaration of Independence July 4- committee was appointed to draft a formal declaration of independence. Thomas Jefferson, John Adams and Ben Franklin. To be totally absolved from Britain.
55203484	1776	Battle of Trenton- surprise attack on the Hessians Christmas night by Washington and his men crossing the Delaware.
55203485	1777	Articles of Confederation Adopted
55203486	1777	British defeat at Saratoga
55203487	1778	French American Alliance
55203488	1781	Articles of Confederation Ratified - required approval by all 13 states. Broad disagreements became evident. Small states wanted equal representation and large states wanted it to be based on population. States claiming western lands needed to turn those territories over to national gov't. Confederation lasted from 1781-1789 not a failure, not a success. Lacked powers to deal with interstate issues or enforce will on states.
55203489	1781	Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown after being surrounded.
55203490	1783	Treaty of Paris
55203491	1784	Postwar Depression begins
55203492	1786	Shay's Rebellion
55203493	1787	Northwest Ordinance

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Chemistry II AP - Key Terms Flashcards

From Ms Hartman's list; definitions from our textbook website @ http://college.cengage.com/chemistry/general/zumdahl/chemistry/6e/students/protected/glossary/index.html

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163837514	activated complex	(transition state) the arrangement of atoms found at the top of the potential energy barrier as a reaction proceeds from reactants to products. (12.7)
163837515	actinide series	a group of 14 elements following actinium in the periodic table, in which the 5f orbitals are being filled. (7.11; 19.1)
163837516	adsorption	the collection of one substance on the surface of another. (12.8)
163837517	alpha particle	a helium nucleus. (18.1)
163837518	amine	an organic base derived from ammonia in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic groups. (14.6; 22.4)
163837519	amorphous solid	a solid with considerable disorder in its structure. (10.3)
163837520	amphoteric	can behave either as an acid or as a base. (14.2)
163837521	Aufbau principle	the principle stating that as protons are added one by one to the nucleus to build up the elements, electrons are similarly added to hydrogen-like orbitals. (7.11)
163837522	Hund's Rule	the lowest energy configuration for an atom is the one having the maximum number of unpaired electrons allowed by the Pauli exclusion principle in a particular set of degenerate orbitals, with all unpaired electrons having parallel spins. (7.11)
163837523	azimuthal quantum number (l)	a quantum number for an atomic orbital that determines its orbital angular momentum and describes the shape of the orbital; s, p, d, or f
163837524	beta particle	an electron produced in radioactive decay. (18.1)
163837525	buffer capacity	the ability of a buffered solution to absorb protons or hydroxide ions without a significant change in pH; determined by the magnitudes of [HA] and [A - ] in the solution. (15.3)
163837526	cathodic protection	a method in which an active metal, such as magnesium, is connected to steel to protect it from corrosion. (17.6)
163837527	chain reaction (nuclear)	a self-sustaining fission process caused by the production of neutrons that proceed to split other nuclei. (18.6)
163837528	chromatography	the general name for a series of methods for separating mixtures by employing a system with a mobile phase and a stationary phase. (1.9)
163837529	coagulation	the destruction of a colloid by causing particles to aggregate and settle out. (11.8)
163837530	colligative properties	properties of a solution that depend only on the number, and not on the identity, of the solute particles. (11.5)
163837531	colloid	(colloidal dispersion) a suspension of particles in a dispersing medium. (11.8)
163837532	common ion effect	the shift in an equilibrium position caused by the addition or presence of an ion involved in the equilibrium reaction. (15.1)
163837533	concentration cell	a galvanic cell in which both compartments contain the same components, but at different concentrations. (17.4)
163837534	conjugate acid	the species formed when a proton is added to a base. (14.1)
163837535	conjugate base	what remains of an acid molecule after a proton is lost. (14.1)
163837536	coordination compound	a compound composed of a complex ion and counter ions sufficient to give no net charge. (21.3)
163837537	core electron	an inner electron in an atom; one not in the outermost (valence) principal quantum level. (7.11)
163837538	Coulombs' Law	E = (2.31x10E-19 Jxnm) Q1Q2/r^2 where E is the energy of interaction between a pair of ions, expressed in joules; r is the distance between the ion centers in nm; and Q 1 and Q 2 are the numerical ion charges. (8.1)
163837539	covalent bonding	a type of bonding in which electrons are shared by atoms. (2.6; 8.1)
163837540	critical point	the point on a phase diagram at which the temperature and pressure have their critical values; the end point of the liquid-vapor line. (10.9)
163837541	delocalization	electrons in a molecule or solid metal that are not associated with a single atom or one covalent bond
163837542	dialysis	a phenomenon in which a semipermeable membrane allows transfer of both solvent molecules and small solute molecules and ions. (11.6)
163837543	diffusion	the mixing of gases. (5.7)
163837544	dipole moment	a property of a molecule whose charge distribution can be represented by a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge. (8.3)
163837545	effective nuclear charge	the net positive charge experienced by an electron in a multi-electron atom. The term "effective" is used because the shielding effect of negatively charged electrons prevents higher orbital electrons from experiencing the full nuclear charge by the repelling effect of inner-layer electrons.
163837546	electromagnetic radiation	radiant energy that exhibits wavelike behavior and travels through space at the speed of light in a vacuum. (7.1)
163837547	electron affinity	the energy change associated with the addition of an electron to a gaseous atom. (7.12)
163837548	electronegativity	the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself. (8.2)
163837549	empirical formula	the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound. (3.5)
163837550	end point	the point in a titration at which the indicator changes color. (4.8)
163837551	enthalpy	a property of a system equal to E + PV, where E is the internal energy of the system, P is the pressure of the system, and V is the volume of the system. At constant pressure the change in enthalpy equals the energy flow as heat. (6.2)
163837552	entropy	a thermodynamic function that measures randomness or disorder. (16.1)
163837553	enzyme	a large molecule, usually a protein, that catalyzes biological reactions. (12.8)
163837554	equivalence point	(stoichiometric point) the point in a titration when enough titrant has been added to react exactly with the substance in solution being titrated. (4.9; 15.4)
163837555	exothermic	refers to a reaction where energy (as heat) flows out of the system. (6.1)
163837556	equilibrium	the state in which the concentrations of the reactants and products have no net change over time
163837557	Faraday	a constant representing the charge on one mole of electrons; 96,485 coulombs. (17.3)
163837558	fission	the process of using a neutron to split a heavy nucleus into two nuclei with smaller mass numbers. (18.6)
163837559	formal charge	the charge assigned to an atom in a molecule or polyatomic ion derived from a specific set of rules. (8.12)
163837560	free energy (delta G)	a thermodynamic function equal to the enthalpy (H) minus the product of the entropy (S) and the Kelvin temperature (T); G = H - TS. Under certain conditions the change in free energy for a process is equal to the maximum useful work. (16.4)
163837561	fusion	the process of combining two light nuclei to form a heavier, more stable nucleus. (18.6)
163837562	galvanic cell	a device in which chemical energy from a spontaneous redox reaction is changed to electrical energy that can be used to do work. (11.1)
163837563	Graham's Law of Effusion	the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of its particles. (5.7)
163837564	ground state	the lowest possible energy state of an atom or molecule. (12.4)
163837565	Haber process	the manufacture of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, carried out at high pressure and high temperature with the aid of a catalyst. (3.9; 20.2)
163837566	half-life	the time required for the number of nuclides in a radioactive sample to reach half of the original value. (18.2);
163837567	Heisenberg Uncertainty	a principle stating that there is a fundamental limitation to how precisely both the position and momentum of a particle can be known at a given time. (7.5)
163837568	Henderson-Hasselbalch equation	an equation giving the relationship between the pH of an acid-base system and the concentrations of base and acid: pH = pKa + log ([acid] / [base]) (15.2)
163837569	Henry's Law	the amount of a gas dissolved in a solution is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the solution. (11.3)
163837570	Heterogeneous equilibrium	an equilibrium involving reactants and/or products in more than one phase. (13.4)
163837571	Homogeneous equilibrium	an equilibrium system where all reactants and products are in the same phase. (13.4)
163837572	Hess's Law	in going from a particular set of reactants to a particular set of products, the enthalpy change is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in a series of steps; in summary, enthalpy is a state function. (6.3)
163837573	Hybrid orbitals	a set of atomic orbitals adopted by an atom in a molecule different from those of the atom in the free state. (9.1)
163837574	hydrogen bonding	unusually strong dipole-dipole attractions that occur among molecules in which hydrogen is bonded to a highly electronegative atom. (10.1)
163837575	hydrophilic	attracted to, and tends to be dissolved by water
163837576	hydrophobic	repelled from a mass of water; tend to be non-polar and thus prefer other neutral molecules and non-polar solvents
163837577	ideal gas	Generally, a gas behaves more like an ideal gas at higher temperature and lower density (i.e. lower pressure),[1] as the work performed by intermolecular forces becomes less significant compared with the particles' kinetic energy, and the size of the molecules becomes less significant compared to the empty space between them. (5.3)
163837578	ideal solution	a solution whose vapor pressure is directly proportional to the mole fraction of solvent present. (11.4)
163837579	intermediate	a species that is neither a reactant nor a product but that is formed and consumed in the reaction sequence. (12.6)
163837580	intermolecular forces	relatively weak interactions that occur between molecules. (10.1)
163837581	ion	an atom or a group of atoms that has a net positive or negative charge. (2.6)
163837582	ionic bonding	the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. (2.6; 8.1)
163837583	ionization energy	the energy needed to remove electrons from an atom. Large atoms require low ionization energy while small atoms require high ionization energy (7)
163837584	isomers	species with the same formula but different properties. (21.4)
163837585	isotopes	atoms of the same element (the same number of protons) with different numbers of neutrons. They have identical atomic numbers but different mass numbers. (2.5; 18)
163837586	kinetic molecular theory (KMT)	a model that assumes that an ideal gas is composed of tiny particles (molecules) in constant motion. (5.6)
163837587	kinetic energy	1/2 mv^2; energy due to the motion of an object; dependent on the mass of the object and the square of its velocity. (6.1)
163837588	lanthanide series	a group of 14 elements following lanthanum in the periodic table, in which the 4f orbitals are being filled. (7.11; 19.1; 21.1)
163837589	lattice energy	the energy change occurring when separated gaseous ions are packed together to form an ionic solid. (8.5)
163837590	Le Chateliers's Principle	if a change is imposed on a system at equilibrium, the position of the equilibrium will shift in a direction that tends to reduce the effect of that change. (13.7)
163837591	Lewis acid and base	an electron-pair acceptor and donor. (14.11)
163837592	Lewis structure	a diagram of a molecule showing how the valence electrons are arranged among the atoms in the molecule. (8.10)
163837593	London dispersion forces	the forces, existing among noble gas atoms and nonpolar molecules, that involve an accidental dipole that induces a momentary dipole in a neighbor. (10.1)
163837594	lone pair	an electron pair that is localized on a given atom; an electron pair not involved in bonding. (8.9)
163837595	magnetic quantum number	m, the quantum number relating to the orientation of an orbital in space relative to the other orbitals with the same l quantum number. It can have integral values between l and - l , including zero. (7.6)
163837596	mass defect	the change in mass occurring when a nucleus is formed from its component nucleons. (18.5)
163837597	mass percent	the percent by mass of a component of a mixture (11.1) or of a given element in a compound. (3.4)
163837598	molality (m)	the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent in a solution. (11.1)
163837599	Molal freezing-point elevation constant	a constant characteristic of a particular solvent that gives the change in freezing point as a function of the solution molality; used in molecular weight determinations (11.5)
163837600	Molal boiling-point elevation constant	a constant characteristic of a particular solvent that gives the change in boiling point as a function of solution molality; used in molecular weight determinations. (11.5)
163837601	Nernst equation	an equation relating the potential of an electrochemical cell to the concentrations of the cell components: Ecell = E0cell - (0.0591/n)lnQ (17.4)
163837602	network solid	an atomic solid containing strong directional covalent bonds. (10.5)
163837603	neutron	a particle in the atomic nucleus with mass virtually equal to the proton's but with no charge. (2.5; 18)
163837604	nonelectrolyte	a substance that, when dissolved in water, gives a nonconducting solution. (4.2)
163837605	octet rule	the observation that atoms of nonmetals tend to form the most stable molecules when they are surrounded by eight electrons (to fill their valence orbitals). (8.10)
163837606	osmosis	the flow of solvent into a solution through a semipermeable membrane. (11.6)
163837607	osmotic pressure	( p ) the pressure that must be applied to a solution to stop osmosis; p = MRT. (11.6)
163837608	oxidation	an increase in oxidation state (a loss of electrons). (4.9; 17.1)
163837609	oxidation number	Roman numeral that describes oxidation state, a concept that provides a way to keep track of electrons in oxidation-reduction reactions according to certain rules. (4.9; 21.3)
163837610	Pauli Exclusion principle	in a given atom no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers. (7.8)
163837611	penetration effect	the tendency of shielding outer most electrons in the atom; , the effect whereby a valence electron penetrates the core electron, thus reducing the shielding effect and increasing the effective nuclear energy charge (Zeff) (7.9)
163837612	percent yield	the actual yield of a product as a percentage of the theoretical yield. (3.9)
163837613	pH	a log scale based on 10 and equal to - log[H + ]; a convenient way to represent solution acidity. (14.3)
163837614	phase diagram	a convenient way of representing the phases of a substance in a closed system as a function of temperature and pressure. (10.9)
163837615	Pi bond	a covalent bond in which parallel p orbitals share an electron pair occupying the space above and below the line joining the atoms. (9.1)
163837616	polarity (bond and molecular)	bond in which the electrons are not shared equally because one atom attracts them more strongly than the other. (8.1); molecule that has a permanent dipole moment. (4.1)
163837617	principle quantum number	(n) the quantum number relating to the size and energy of an orbital; it can have any positive integer value. (7.6)
163837618	Raoult's Law	the vapor pressure of a solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of solvent present. (11.4)
163837619	rate constant	the proportionality constant in the relationship between reaction rate and reactant concentrations. (12.2)
163837620	reduction	a decrease in oxidation state (a gain of electrons). (4.9; 17.1)
163837621	root mean square velocity	the square root of the average of the squares of the individual velocities of gas particles. (5.6)
163837622	shielding	decrease in attraction between an electron and the nucleus in any atom with more than one electron shell; screening effect or atomic shielding
163837623	sigma bond	a covalent bond in which the electron pair is shared in an area centered on a line running between the atoms. (9.1)
163837624	solute	a substance dissolved in a liquid to form a solution. (4.2; 11.1)
163837625	solvent	the dissolving medium in a solution. (4.2)
163837626	solution	a homogeneous mixture. (1.9)
163837627	solubility	the amount of a substance that dissolves in a given volume of solvent at a given temperature. (4.2)
163837628	spectator ions	ions present in solution that do not participate directly in a reaction. (4.6)
163837629	STP	the condition 0°C and 1 atmosphere of pressure. (5.4)
163837630	stereoisomerism	isomerism in which all the bonds in the isomers are the same but the spatial arrangements of the atoms are different. (21.4)
163837631	strong base, acid	an acid that completely dissociates to produce an H + ion and the conjugate base. (4.2; 14.2); a metal hydroxide salt that completely dissociates into its ions in water. (4.2; 14.6)
163837632	strong electrolyte	a material that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution that conducts an electric current very efficiently. (4.2)
163837633	structural formula	the representation of a molecule in which the relative positions of the atoms are shown and the bonds are indicated by lines. (2.6)
163837634	sublimation	the process by which a substance goes directly from the solid to the gaseous state without passing through the liquid state. (10.8)
163837635	subshell	a set of orbitals with a given azimuthal quantum number (l). (7.6)
163837636	supercooling	the process of cooling a liquid below its freezing point without its changing to a solid. (10.8)
163837637	thermodynamics	the study of energy and its interconversions. (6.1)
163837638	Tyndall Effect	the scattering of light by particles in a suspension. (11.8)
163837639	Valence electrons	the electrons in the outermost principal quantum level of an atom. (7.11)
163837640	Valence shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) model	a model whose main postulate is that the structure around a given atom in a molecule is determined principally by minimizing electron-pair repulsions. (8.13)
163837641	VanDer Waal's equation	a mathematical expression for describing the behavior of real gases; [P + (n2a/V2)](V - nb) = nRT. (5.8)
163837642	van't Hoff factor	i; the ratio of moles of particles in solution to moles of solute dissolved. (11.7)
163837643	vapor pressure	the pressure of the vapor over a liquid at equilibrium. (10.8)
163837644	viscosity	the resistance of a liquid to flow. (10.2)
163837645	volt	the unit of electrical potential defined as one joule of work per coulomb of charge transferred. (17.1)
163837646	weak electrolyte	a material which, when dissolved in water, gives a solution that conducts only a small electric current. (4.2)

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AP Chem (Zumdahl 7th ed.) Ch. 4 Flashcards

Ch. 4 Types of Chemical Reactions And Solution Stoichiometry

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190586623	aqueous solution	a solution in which water is the dissolving medium or solvent
190586624	polar molecule	a molecule that has a permanent dipole moment
190586625	hydration	the interaction between solute particles and water molecules
190586626	solubility	the amount of a substance that dissolves in a given volume of solvent at a given temperature
190586627	solute	a substance dissolved in liquid to form a solution
190586628	solvent	the dissolving medium in a solution
190586629	electrical conductivity	the ability to conduct an electric current
190586630	strong electrolyte	a material, when dissolved in water, gives a solution that conducts an electric current very efficiently
190586631	weak electrolyte	a material which, when dissolved in water, gives a solution that conducts only a small electric current
190586632	nonelectrolyte	a substance that, when dissolved in water, gives a nonconducting solution
190586633	acid	a substance that marks the end point of an acid-base titration by changing color
190586634	strong acid	an acid that completely dissociates to produce an H+ ion and the conjugate base
190586635	strong base	a metal hydroxide salt that completely dissociates into its ions in water
190586636	weak acid	an acid that dissociates only slightly in aqueous solution
190586637	weak base	a base that reacts with water to produce hydroxide ions to only a slight extent in aqueous solution
190586638	molarity	moles of solute per volume of solution in liters
190586639	standard solution	a solution whose concentration is accurately known
190586640	dilution	the process of adding solvent to lower the concentration of solute in a solution
190586641	precipitation reaction	a reaction in which an insoluble substance forms and separates from the solution
190586642	precipitate	the solid formed in the precipitation reaction
190586643	formula equation	an equation representing a reaction in solution showing the reactants and products in undissociated form, whether they are strong or weak electrolytes
190586644	complete ionic equation	an equation that shows all substances that are strong electrolytes as ions
190586645	spectator ions	ions present in solution that do not participate directly in a reaction
190586646	net ionic equation	an equation for a reaction in solution, where strong electrolytes are written as ions, showing only those components that are directly involved in the chemical change
190586647	base	a substance that produces hydroxide ions in aqueous solution, a proton acceptor
190586648	neutralization reaction	an acid--base reaction
190586649	volumetric analysis	a process involving titration of one solution with another
190586650	titration	a technique in which one solution is used to analyze another
190586651	stoichiometric (equivalence) point	the point in a titration when enough titrant has been added to react exactly with the substance in solution being titrated
190586652	indicator	a chemical that changes color and is used to mark the end point of a titration
190586653	endpoint	the point in a titration at which the indicator changes color
190586654	oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction	a reaction in which one or more electrons are transferred
190586655	oxidation state	a concept that provides a way to keep track of electrons in oxidation--reduction reactions according to certain rules
190586656	oxidation	an increase in oxidation state (a loss of electrons)
190586657	reduction	a decrease in oxidation state ( a gain of electrons)
190586658	oxidizing agent (electron acceptor)	a reactant that accepts electrons from another reactant
190586659	reducing agent (electron donor)	a reactant that donates electrons to another substance to reduce the oxidation state of one of its atoms
190586660	half-reactions	the two parts of an oxidation--reduction reaction, one representing oxidation, the other reduction

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Zumdahl Chemistry test - Ch 1 & 2 Flashcards

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448978203	mega (M)	10^6
448978204	kilo (k)	10^3
448978205	hecto (h)	10^2
448978206	deka (da)	10^1
448978207	deci (d)	10^-1
448978208	centi (c)	10^-2
448978209	milli (m)	10^-3
448978210	nano (n)	10^-9
448978211	pico (p)	10^-12
448978212	1 cm^3	1 mL
448978213	mass	a measure of the resistance of an object to a change in its state of motion; deals with matter, a balence, kg, and is fixed
448978214	weight	the response of mass to gravity; deals with gravity, a scale, N or lbs, and is not fixed
448978215	dimensional analysis	the best way to convert a given result from one system of units to another
448978216	temperature (K) =	temperature (Celsius) + 273.15
448978217	temperature (F) =	temperature (Celsius) (9/5) + 32 degrees fahrenheit
448978218	density	a property of matter that is often used by chemists as an "identification tag" for a substance; mass over volume
448978219	matter	anything that takes up space and has mass
448978220	solid	fixed volume and shape
448978221	liquid	definite volume but no specific shape
448978222	gas	no fixed volume or shape
448978223	mixtures	variable composition
448978224	homogeneous	visibly indistinguishable parts
448978225	heterogeneous	having visibly distinguishable parts; solution i.e. air, wine, brass,
448978226	pure substance	one with constant composition
448978227	physical change	a change in the form of a substance not chemically; used to separate a mixture into pure compounds, but it will not break compounds into elements
448978228	distillation	a process that depends on differences in the volatility of the components
448978229	law	a summary of observed, measurable behavior
448978230	theory	explanation
448978231	chemical change	change in which a given substance becomes a new substance with different properties and compositions
448978232	filtration	particle size
448978233	law of definite proportions	a given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass
448978234	law of multiple proportions	when two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with 1 gram of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers
448978235	Avogadro's hypothesis	@ the same temp and pressure equal volumes of diff gases contain the same number of particles
448978236	J.J. Thomson	charge to mass ration of e-
448978237	charge to mass ration of e-	e/m = -1.76 x 10^8 C/g
448978238	Rob Millikan	verified J.J.'s work, via his experiment - mass of e-
448978239	mass of e-	me- = 9.11x10^-31 kg
448978240	Ernest Rutherford	gold foil - nucleus and positive charges
448978241	proton	have a positive charge equal in magnitude to the electron's negative charge
448978242	neutrons	same mass a proton, but no charge
448978243	atomic number (Z)	number of protons; bottom
448978244	mass number (A)	the total numbe of protons and neutrons; top
448978245	alkali metals	Group 1A; are very active elements that readily form ions with a 1+ charge when they react with nonmetals
448978246	alkaline earth metals	Group 2A: form ions with a 2+ charge when react with nonmetals
448978247	halogens	Group 7A form diatomic molecules
448978248	Nobel gases	Group 8A; under normal conditions as monatomic gases and have little chemical reactivity
448978249	binary ionic compounds	contain a positive ion and a negative ion
448978250	binary covalent compounds	formed between two nonmetals and do not contain ions
449187189	Hg v2 ^2+	mercury (I)
449187190	NH4+	ammonium
449187191	NO2-	nitrite
449187192	NO3-	nitrate
449187193	SO3^2-	sulfite
449187194	SO4^2-	sulfate
449187195	HSO4-	hydrogen sulfate
449187196	HSO4-	bisulfate
449187197	OH-	hydroxide
449187198	CN-	cyanide
449187199	PO4^3-	phosphate
449187200	HPO4^2-	hydrogen phosphate
449187201	H2PO4-	dihydrogen phosphate
449187202	NCS-	thiocyanate
449187203	CO3^2-	carbonate
449187204	HCO3-	hydrogen carbonate
449187205	HCO3-	bicarbonate
449187206	ClO-	hypochlorite
449187207	ClO2-	chlorite
449187208	ClO3-	chlorate
449187209	ClO4-	perchlorate
449187210	C2H3O2	acetate
449187211	MnO4-	permanganate
449187212	Cr2O7^2	dichromate
449187213	CrO4^2-	chromate
449187214	O2^2-	peroxide
449187215	C2O4^2-	oxalate

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Zumdahl Chemistry 7th ed. Ch. 1&2 Flashcards

These cards are based on the following text: "Chemistry (Seventh Edition) by Zumdahl & Zumdahl"
Some things from Chapters 1 & 2 have been left out because they cannot effectively be studied through flashcards.
If using these cards on a mobile phone, be sure to have an app. that enables picture flash cards. Recommended: "Flash Card Deluxe" for iPhone or "Flash Card" for Android
Note: Taken from a set already made and tailored for CH102 at the University of Guam

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454704914	What is the formula for % error?	IEv-TvI/Tv x 100 Where Ev = experimental value and Tv = True value	1
454704915	What is an alternate formula for temperature conversions from Fahrenheit to Celsius?	Temp F +40 / Temp C + 40 = 9F/5C	2
454704916	What is the denisty formula?	d = m / v	3
454704917	What is the useful conversion factor that allows you to convert from liters to meters or vice-versa?	1 mL = 1 cm³	4
454704918	Technically speaking, what is a solution?	A homogenous mixture	5
454704919	What does "homogenous" mean?	Having visually indistinguishable parts	6
454704920	What does "heterogeneous" mean?	Having visibly distinguishable parts	7
454704921	What is mass?	Simply: the quantity of matter in an object Complicatedly: A measure of the resistance of an object to a change in its state of motion. Measured by the force necessary to give an object a certain accerlation. (Extra info: On earth we use the force that gravity exerts on an object to measure its mass, this force is called an object's weight)	8
454704922	SI unit for Mass?	kilogram (kg)	9
454704923	SI unit for Length?	meter (m)	10
454704924	SI unit for Time?	second (s)	11
454704925	SI unit for Temperature?	kelvin (K)	12
454704926	SI unit for Amount of substance?	mole (mol)	13
454704927	What is the SI system?	le Systéme International (International System). An Internationally agreed upon (1960) system of units derived from the metric system.	14
454704928	T/F: Measurements are always certain.	False, there is always some degree of uncertainity (this is where significant figures comes into play)	15
454704929	What is accuracy?	The agreement of a particular value with the true value.	16
454704930	What is precision?	The degree of agreement among several measurments of the same quantity.	17
454704931	What are the two types of error? Describe each.	Random Error: (indeterminate error) a measurmeant has an equal probability of being high or low. Systematic Error: (determinate error) either always high or always low; the error occurs in the same direction each time.	18
454704932	What is a pure substance?	A substance with constant composition.	19
454704933	What is a mixture?	A mixture of pure substances with variable composition.	20
454704934	What is a physical change?	Change in the form of a substance, not its chemical composition. (Example: when water freezes/boils it changes its state but is still composed of H2O molecules)	21
454704935	Can a physical change separate a mixture into pure compounds?	Yes. What it can't do is break compounds into elements.	22
454704936	1 in = ? cm	1 in = 2.54 cm	23
454704937	1 mi = ? ft	1 mi = 5280 ft	24
454704938	1 lb = ? oz	1 lb = 16 oz	25
454704939	1 lb = ? g	1 lb = 453.6 g	26
454704940	1 L = ? qt	1.06 qt	27
454704941	1 gal = ? qt	1 gal = 4 qt	28
454704942	What is a compound?	A substance composed of 2 or more elements with constant composition.	29
454704943	Are elements decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or physical means?	Neither. Elements cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or physical means.	30
454704944	What is temperature?	A measure of the random motion of atoms/molecules on a macroscopic level, a measure of the heat intensity.	31
454704945	What are three methods for separating components of mixture?	- Distillation. - Filtration - Chromatography	32
454704946	Describe Distillation.	Depends on volatility (how readily subst. becomes gas). Simple distillation: Heat subst., vaporizes, vapor passes through cooled tube (condenser), vapor condenses back to liquid.	33
454704947	Describe Filtration.	Used when mixture consits of solid & liquid. Mixture poured onto mesh, passes the liquid and leaves the solid behind.	34
454704948	Describe Chromatography	Uses two phases (states) of matter: mobile & stationary. Paper Chromat: Drop of mixt. placed on paper, dipped into liquid (mobile phase), liqd. travels up paper.	35
454704949	What is mass number?	# of proton and # of neutron in atom. This is not on the Periodic Table This is represented by the letter A.	36
454704950	What is atomic number?	# of protons in atom. This is represented by the letter Z. This denotes position of element (based on number of protons) on periodic table.	37
454704951	How are mass number and atomic number depicted with the element symbol?	Recall: Mass # (A) = # of proton + # of neutron Atomic # (Z) = # of proton	38
454704952	Sb	Antimony (Original name: Stibium)	39
454704953	Cu	Copper (Original name: Cuprum)	40
454704954	Fe	Iron (Original name: Ferrum)	41
454704955	Pb	Lead (Original name: Plumbum)	42
454704956	Hg	Mercury (Original name: Hydrargyrum)	43
454704957	K	Potassium (Original name: Kalium)	44
454704958	Ag	Silver (Original name: Argentum)	45
454704959	Na	Sodium (Original name: Natrium)	46
454704960	Sn	Tin (Original name: Stannum)	47
454704961	W	Tungsten (Original name: Wolfram)	48
454704962	What is Avogadro's Hypothesis?	At the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gases contain the same number of particles.	49
454704963	J.J. Thomson is important for...?	e/m = -1.76 x 10^8C/g Cathode-ray tubes: Ray produced at negative electrode, it was repelled by negative pole of electric fieled -> JJ thought ray was stream of negatively charged particles (now called electrons). Plum Pudding Model - electrons like rasin dispersed in pudding (incorrect) Charge-to-mass ratio of electron: e represents charge on electron in coulombs (C) m represents electron mass (g)	50
454704964	Robert Millikan is important for...?	Oil drop experiments -> determined magnitude of electron charge. This value + charge-to-mass (from JJ T.) = mass of the electron (9.11 x 10⁻³¹ kg)	51
454704965	Ernest Rutherford is important for...?	Tested JJ's PlumPudding model. Directed α particles towards thin metal foil. (If JJ right, particles should pass through foil w/ minor deflection) most did go straight BUT many were deflected @ large angles & some totally reflected. Deflections could only be caused by concentrated + charged center (containing most mass)	52
454704966	If atoms are composed of the same components, why do different atoms have different chemical properties?	Answer lies in the number and arrangement of electrons. More electrons allows for more "intermingling" for atoms to combine to form molecules.	53
454704967	What is an isotope?	An atom with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons	54
454704968	A positive ion is...?	A cation	55
454704969	A negative ion is...?	An anion	56
454704970	What is an ion	An atom or group of atoms that has a net positive or negative charge.	57
454704971	What is ionic bonding?	Force of attraction between oppositely charged ions.	58
454704972	Characteristics of metals?	Physical Properties: efficient conduction of heat & electricity, malleability (hammer into thin sheets), ductility (pull into wires), lustrous appearance. Chemically: tend to lose electrons (form + ions)	59
454704973	Characteristics of nonmetals?	Chemically: gain electrons to form - ions, often bond to each other (forming covalent bonds), Found in: Upper-right corner of table (except H)	60
454704974	How is the Periodic Table divided?	Rows: #'s used to identify "periods" Columns: Called groups or families. Have similar chemical properties.	61
454704975	Where are the alkali metals? Briefly describe them.	Group 1A. Very active elements that readily form ions with a 1+ charge, when they react with nonmetals.	62
454704976	Where are the halogens? Briefly describe them.	Group 7A. All form diatomic molecules.	63
454704977	Where are the noble gases? Briefly describe them.	Group 8A. They all exist (under normal conditions) as monatomic (single-atom) gases. Have little chemical reactivity.	64
454704978	Where are the alkaline earth metals? Briefly describe them.	Group 2A. They all form ions with a 2+ charge, when they react with nonmetals.	65
454704979	1 m = ? yd	1 m = 1.094 yd	66
454704980	1 kg = ? lb	1 kg = 2.205 lb	67
454704981	1 ft³ = ? L	1 ft³ = 28.32 L	68
454704982	Where are the Lanthanides?	Element 58 - 71 (top row at the bottom)	69
454704983	Where are the transition metals?		70
454704984	Where are the Actinides?	Elements 90 - 103 (bottom of bottom)	71
454704985	Briefly describe Dalton's atomic theory	- all elements are composed of atoms - all atoms of a given element are identical - chemical compounds are formed when atoms combine - atoms are not changed in chemical reactions but the way they are bound together changes	72
454704986	Define: Law of Conservation of Mass	Mass is neither created nor destroyed.	73
454704987	Define: Law of Definite Proportion	A given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass.	74
454704988	Define: Law of Multiple Proportions	When two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with 1 gram of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers.	75
454704989	At room temperature which elements are solid?	All metals [except Hg(l) ] + some others	76
454704990	At room temperature which elements are liquid?	Hg(l) and Br₂(l)	77
454704991	At room temperature which elements are gas?	All the noble gases and H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂	78
454704992	Which molecules are diatomic?	H₂(g), N₂(g), O₂(g), F₂(g), Cl₂(g), Br₂(l), I₂(s), At₂(s) Notice all of the halogens are diatomic.	79

536516431	Castiglione	-Italien courtier -Wrote the Courtier which explained how to be a gentleman -believed upperclassmen should be jack of all trades
536516432	Christian Humanists	-people who took humanism and applied it to religion -instead of going back to look at Greco-Roman ideas they went back to the scriptures and the early church -happened during the northern renaissance -changed how people viewed religion
536516433	Court of Star Chamber	-court of the renaissance -used controversial ways of obtaining information - allowed equality in the court of law
536516434	Leonardo da Vinci	-the first renaissance man -Scientist, artist, architect, inventor -Mona Lisa, Virtruvian Man - Genius
536516435	Donatello	-florentine Sculptor - used balance, self awareness, and human diversity in his sculptures -Humanism: portrayed people in a Greco-Roman style -Individualism: personalities in his sculptures - non religious
536516436	Erasmus	-Northern Christian Humanist - Adressed problems in the Catholic Church - believed to fix the church leaders had to be fixed -inspired many influential people like Martin Luther
536516437	Ferdinand and Isabella	-Rulers of Aragona and Castile respective -marriage united the kingdoms and they conquered much of spain -made Catholicism the religion and forced Jews and Muslims out
536516438	Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia)	-The most corrupt popes in history -gained the Papacy through bribes and deception -with help from his son he conquered the Papal States -Very Large Patron of the Arts
536516439	Gutenberg	-German man who invented printing press -allowed info to become widespread -increased literacy in Europe
536516440	Humanism	- when people go back to look at classics to understand human nature -increased education -encouraged individualism
536516441	Inquisition	-led by Ferdinand and Isabella -sought out Jewish converts and punished them if they held on to Jewish principals -proved the church still had influence
536516442	Isabella d'Este	-cultural and political leader in Milan -Fashion icon -convinced King Louis not to conquer Mantua -Saved 200 refugees from Milan -EDUCATED
536516443	Jacob Burkhardt	-Swiss historian -First person to label the renaissance the Renaissance --concluded that middle ages was dominated by Theology and renaissance was ruled by rationalism
536516444	Jan Van Eyk	-Flemish painter during the renaissance -paintings were religious -perfected oil based paintings used detail and realism
536516445	Peter Brueghel, the elder	-renaissance painter known for large landscapes and lives of peasants -some paintings merged humanism and Christianity -celebrated the world in a secular way
536516446	The Medici Family	-dominated florence in the 14th and 15th centuries -controlled elections and officials -used banking to become even more wealthy -strong patrons of art and architecture
536516447	Niccolo Machiavelli	-Florentine Bureaucrat during the renaissance -wrote the political treatise the Prince -talked about how to gain and maintain power using and ends justify the means view
536516448	Michelangelo	-Italian architect, sculptor, painter during the renaissance - sculpted David, and designed the dome on Saint Peter's -painted the Sistine Chapel
536516449	Tomas More	-Lawyer and Christian Humanist during the Northern Renaissance -Wrote Utopia and was the first to describe Utopia as a perfect society -councilor to King Henry VIII of england, and was lord Chancellor
536516450	Northern Renaissance	-stemmed from the Italian Renaissance -Combined Humanism and Individualism with Christianity -thinkers of the northern renaissance pushed for social reform
536516451	Fugger Family	-wealth and powerful German family in the 15th and 16th century -made $ through banking and international trade -owned a lot of property
536516452	Frank Petrarch	-Florentine humanist during the renaissance -Father of Humanism -made people realize they were living in a new great era, separate from the middle ages or the Dark Ages as he called it
536516453	Raphael Sanzio	-Italien painter during the Renaissance -created a school for young artist - created the School at Athens - his works show the changing artistic style
536516454	Renaissance	-rebirth of art, culture, and intellect started in Italy -beginning of Humanism, Secularism, and Individualism -change in art music and literature
536516455	Secularism	-people of the renaissance became more concerned with the matieral world -main concern was present life on earth contrary to the middle ages which was the opposite -
536516456	The Papal States	-one of the 5 powers of the Italian Peninsula during the renaissance -unified by Rodrigo Borgia and his son Cesare
536516457	War of the Roses	-English civil wars between houses York and Lancaster from 1455-1471 -Yorks were white roses Lancaster's were red roses - hurt trade aggriculture and production -the York Edward III ended it and began to reconstruct the monarchy
536516458	Mannerism	-artistic style used by Michelangelo and Titan -distorted figures, exaggerated masculinity, and heightened color -considered negative for a while as people liked realism
536516459	Cesare Borgia	-son of Pope Alex VI and made gonfaloniere -a cruel leader and a liar Italy was scared of him, and when his dad died they wanted revenge on him
536516460	William Shakespeare	-popular writer in England during the Renaissance -incorporated humanism, and individualism into his work -had a superior understanding of the wester world and language, as well as the human condition
536516461	Indulgences	- a document signed by a church official that you could buy in place of penance -you could buy your way into heaven
536516462	Diet of Worms	-an assembly of the Holy Roman Empire called by Charles V -Here Luther was asked to recant his opinions -He refused
536516463	Martin Luther	- Augustinian friar, monk, and professor -wrote the 95 theses -attacked the corruption of the Catholic Church - ignited the reformation
536516464	Ulrich Zwingli	-Swiss Humanist, priest, and Protestant -believed in the sole authority of the scriptures -helped to turn Zurich into a Theocracy
536516465	Anabaptists	-left wing protestants -believed only on adult baptism -hated by Catholics and other Protestants
536516466	Peasants' Revolt of 1525	-peasants revolted against secular leaders -interpreted Luther's ideas and believed he meant total freedom when he meant spiritual freedom -Luther sympathized with the peasants but agreed with nobility
536516467	Charles V	-gained a great amount of land very quickly at a young age from a series of deaths -devout Catholic and didn't want to sign the Augsburg Confession but he was forced to -dived up his land between his bro and son and left
536516468	Peace of Augsburg	-Charles V officially recognized Lutheranism in1555 -North Germany became Protestant while the south stayed Catholic -power was taken away from the Church and given to Land rulers, and religious wars were ended in Germany
536516469	Mennonites Quakers Unitarians	-divisions of Anabaptism -Mennonites believed that faith comes from the scriptures -Quakers believed in waiting for God rather than following a corrupt church -Unitarians rejected the trinity
536516470	Henry VIII	-Second of the Tudor Dynasty and a super Catholic -Wanted an annulment because his wife couldn't give him a son -broke away from the Catholic Church and started the Church of England to do this
536516471	Supremacy Act	-Stated that the King was the head of the English Church -rejected Papal Authority and rearranged Church Power -led to conflicts between Church and State
536516472	Mary Tudor	- daughter of Henry VIII ruled from 1553-1558 -restored Catholicism in England -called Bloody Mary because of how she killed Protestants
536516473	Puritans	-protestants who wanted to Purify the English Church from Catholic ways - focused on preaching and independent Churches
536516474	Queen Elizabeth I	-daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn -Queen of England from 1564-1603 and was the Virgin Queen -United the Church of England by accepting Protestants and Catholics
536516475	John Calvin	-Created Calvinism which was a strict form of Lutheranism -Theocracy in Geneva -Had the greatest effect on the reformation
536516476	Geneva	-the city that was a church -theocracy dominated by Calvinism -Central Hub of Calvinism
536516477	John Knox	-Scottish man who persuaded the parliament to allow a State Church -created Presbyterianism as the state religion -based off of Calvinism
536516478	Index of Prohibited Books	-list of mostly religious books banned byPope Julius III -worked in the Papal States but had little effect elsewhere -showed that the Catholic Church was reforming
536516479	Catholic (Counter) Reformation	-Pope Julius III tried to raise moral and educational standards of the church -Catholic Church made a comeback -tried to destroy the corruption of the Church
536516480	Council of Trent	-goals were to reconcile with protestants which didn't happen -reaffirmed Catholic doctrine -started the Catholic Reformation Initiated by Pope Julius III
536516481	Jesuits	-Catholic Society for men -tried to educate and train Priests
536516482	Spanish and Italien Inquisitions	-Spanish inquisition tried to convert Muslims to Christianity -Italian inquisitions accused Jews of killing Christ and put them in Ghettos -initiated by Pope Paul IV
536516483	Huguenots	-French Calvinists -set up their own schools, towns, and churches -lots of conflict between them and Catholics
536516484	St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre	-Occurred at the wedding of Henry of Navarre, which was supposed to unite the Huguenots and Catholics -led to a civil war where 70,000 protestants were killed
536516485	Politiques	-moderates of both Calvinism and Catholicism in France -believed that only a strong monarchy could save France -they saved France
536516486	Henry IV	-also called Henry of Navarre was a Politique who became king of France of Henry III was assassinated -set aside religious principals for politics which saved France -Published the Edict of Nantes
536516487	Edict of Nantes	-a document published by Henry IV -allowed Huguenots to practice freely in 150 towns -restored internal peace to France
536516488	Philip II	-Spanish King son of Charles V who controlled Spain, Naples Sicily, and Portugal -was raised a devout Catholic and hated protestantism -couldn't stop the revolts in the Netherlands
536516489	Presbyterianism	-branch of Protestantism with a Calvinism doctrine -developed in Scotland by John Knox -had ministers instead of bishops -state church and members had close ties to Puritans
536516490	Pilgrimage of Grace	-Multi Class rebellion in England -angry over King Henry VIII's split from the Catholic Church, and dissolution of the Monastaries
536516491	Sulieman I	-Sultan of the Ottoman Turks -defeated the hungarians -controlled sea trade in the eastern Mediterranean
536516492	Prince Henry the Navigator	-Prince of Portugal -Finically supported many over seas expeditions -huge patron of exploration
536516493	Christopher Columbus	-explorer who sailed for Spain -"discovered" America -believed he had discovered the Indies
536516494	Vasco de Gama	-found a sea route to India from the east coast of Africa -set up trade routes but did not set up alliances
536516495	Ferdinand Magellan	-Portuguese mariner -first to circumnavigate the world -crossed the Pacific -helped people get an accurate sense of the size of the world
536516496	Francisco Pizarro	-Spanish conquistador -Conquered the Inca's -his conquering of the Inca's helped set up new relations between the Old and New Worlds
536516497	Hernando Cortes	-Spanish Conquistador -conquered the Aztecs -conquered Mexico
536516498	Amerigo Vespucci	-Florentine explorer -first to recognize that the New World was a separate continent -America is named for him
536516499	Francis Drake	-English explorer during the reign of Elizabeth I -known for plundering and looting the Spanish which caused tension
536516500	Encomienda System	-a right given by the Spanish crown to explorers - allowed them to force natives to work for free -essentially legalized slavery
536516501	Bartolome e Las Casas	-Spanish colonist against the cruelty toward amerindians -became a friar -tried unsuccessfully to establish a safe place for amerindians
536516502	Columbian Exchange	-series of items traded between the Old and New worlds purposely and accidentally -created trade between America Europe and Asia
536516503	Price Revolution	-high inflation rate across Europe -caused by the sharp rise in population -demand for goods could not be met so prices increased
536516504	Spanish Armada	-Spanish Navy -Very Strong -Sailed to England because Elizabeth was supporting reforms -Defeated
536516505	Treaty of Tordesillas	-an imaginary line used to settle disputes of territory between Spain and Portugal -Spain got everything to the west -Portugal got everything to the east
536516506	Thomas Hobbes	-English philosopher with a pessimistic view of human nature -wrote Leviathan in which he described the need for an absolute ruler -put pressure on Rulers to become absolute rulers
536516507	Duke of Sully	-French Calvinist -Helped Henry IV establish the foundation of economic growth in France -taxed many things -helped France recover after many Religious wars
536516508	Parlements	-small judicial bodies in France -made all of the decisions and how quite a bit of power -Louis XIV took power away from them
536516509	Cardinal Richelieu	-French politique -became president of the council of ministers -came up with the intendant system -put power above all else -laid foundation for absolutism in France
536516510	Intendants	-French middle class and Royal Officers -worked in different French provinces -centralized King's power by reducing the noble's -appointed by Richelieu, and collected taxes
536516511	Cardinal Mazarin	-minister of France after Richelieu -increased taxes which led to the Fronde -made France the most powerful monarchy -completed Richelieu's goals
536516512	Fronde	-protest in France -People revolted against the increased level of taxation - Started by nobles of the robe -inspired King Louis XIV's hatred of the Nobles
536516513	Jean Baptiste-Colbert	-French politician -worked as the minister of finances under the rule of Louis XIV -worked hard and saved them from bankruptcy
536516514	Peace of Utrecht	-maintained the balance of power in Europe -ended Louis XIV's expansions -France and Spain could never unite -throne of Spain was given to Louis XIV's grandson
536516515	Baroque	-new artistic style during the 1600's in Europe - used exaggerated motion to show emotion -used to glorify the chuch
536516516	Versailles	-elegant mansion of King Louis Louis XIV -pleasure prison for nobles who they could be kept in check, they had to follow strict rules -center of political, cultural, and social life of Europe -represented Louis' power
536516517	Petition of Right	-formed by English Parliament member in response to Charles I trying to claim absolute monarchy -stated that the King was not above the law and PArliament still had power -led to the English civil war and the death of Charles I -laid the foundations for a constitutional monarchy
536516518	Oliver Cromwell	-leader of the New Model Army -claimed power as Protectorate after his forces killed Charles I -inserted his rump parliament into power -essentially a Military dictator
536516519	James II	-Catholic son of Charles II -English king who tried to reestablish Catholicism - was forced out and fled to France during the glorious revolution
536516520	William and Mary	-joint sovereigns who replaced James II during the glorious revolution -them accepting this role showed that parliament had power -there were strings attached like the bill of rights -constitutionnel monarchy
536516521	Glorious Revolution	-1688 Parliament replaced James II with William and Mary -established a constitutional monarchy and bill of rights -Monarchy lost power
536516522	John Locke	-stated that it was the government's duty to protect life liberty and property -stated that any Monarch who became a tyrant the people could rebel -wrote the treatise for the Glorious Revolution
536516523	Whigs	-parliamentary party opposed to absolutism -overthrew James II -Protestants
536516524	Tories	-parliamentary party who opposed the whigs -believed in the old system of selecting monarchs -absolutism
536516525	Dutch East India Company	-a large Dutch monopoly used to secure their trading in the Indian Ocean -State within a State -helped the Dutch claim independence from Spain -joint stock company
536516526	Albrecht Von Wallenstien	-Protestant Bohemian mercenary -fought for the Hapsburg's in the thirty years war -won many battles against protestant armies
536516527	Gustavus Adolphus	-King of Sweden during the 30 years war -provided key force in the second stage of the war for the protestants -died in battle
536516528	Peace of Westphalia	-ended the thirty years war and ended religious wars in Europe -brought about modern times -reestablished the peace of Augsburg adding Calvinism -disunited the HRE
536516529	Junkers	-the nobles and landowning class in Brandenburg and Prussia -gave political power away for total control over peasants and exempt from taxes -their submission allowed Prussia to be united
536516530	Frederick William	-King of Prussia -Showed absolutist tendencies by eliminating local government -created a military state that was one of the strongest in Europe
536516531	Ivan the Terrible	-first Tsar of Russia -believed in divine right of kings -brutal paranoid -hated the nobles
536516532	Michael Romanov	-grandnephew of Ivan the Terrible -ascended to the throne while they were at war with Sweden and Poland -Successfully endend the wars with the Peace of Stolbovo and the Treaty of Deulino
536516533	St. Petersburg	-Capitol of Russia founded by Peter the Great -center of Russian Culture and a port city -Nobles were forced to live here
536516534	Act of Union	-two acts between Scotland and England -united the two countries into Great Britton
536516535	Aristotelean Universe	-Middle Age View -Fit the Religion -10 Spheres where Earth is at the center -Heaven Above Hell Below -Four Imperfect elements
536516536	Copernicus	-Polish Clergyman and Astronomer -Believed that the sun was at the center of the universe -His hypothesis was proven correct by Johannes Kepler -Challenged religion
536516537	Tyco Brahe	-built an observatory -studied the stars for 20 years -his work proved the Copernican theory but he didn't accept it
536516538	Johannes Kepler	-assistant of Brahe -proved mathematically the theory of Copernicus -wrote the three laws of planetary motion that we still use
536516539	Galileo	-Italian scientist -improved the telescope, compass, copernican Ideas -came up with the law of inertia -his ideas challenged the church's authority -was put under house arrest
536516540	Sir Isaac Newton	-synthesized the work of Galileo, Copernicus, and Kepler -deism -created on theory to explain the order of the universe
536516541	Francis Bacon	-scientist who helped to develop an early version of our scientific method -advocated only for inductive reasoning and experimentation -rejected the medieval view of the world
536516542	Rene Descartes	-influential scientist -used deductive reasoning and logic -helped develop an early version of the scientific method
536516543	Rationalism	-to prove something you need evidence and a reason -faith or religion is not enough -key concept of the enlightenment
536516544	Inductive reasoning vs. Deductive reasoning	-inductive= using facts and experiments -deductive= using logic and basic knowledge -both are used in the scientific method
536516545	Deism	-belief that God created the universe but doesn't meddle in it -many philosophes believed this
536516546	Utilitarianism	-ethical doctrine sating that decisions are only good if they benefit the majority -things are measured by happiness -small groups are unhappy
536516547	Philosophes	-Usually French men who formed the foundations of the enlightenment -advocated for the use of reason and logic rather than religion -advocated for political and economic change
536516548	Classical Liberalism	-political ideology that advocated for civil liberties and political freedom -limited government -prioritized economic freedom
536516549	Baron de Montesquieu	-philosophe who believed that government should be separated into 3 branches
536516550	Francois Voltaire	-French philosophe who advocated for reason -hated organized religion -inspired American and French Revolution
536516551	Encyclopedia	-written by Denis Diderot -made up of articles trying to get people to make their own choices -banned in France Banned by the Pope
536516552	Denis Diderot	-began as a hack writer -his writing made fun of the church -his writings were often burnt -wrote the encyclopedia
536516553	David Hume	-Scottish Intellectual who was a religious skeptic -Agreed with John Locke that humans could not understand non-physical happenings
536516554	Salons	-private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats -men were usually the ones talking -gave women a place of importance
536516555	Rococo	- a popular artistic style developed by elite European women -used soft pastels, details, and starry eyed lovers -added some femininity to the paintings
536516556	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	-a Swiss man and great thinker -believed that the general will should dictate not the monarch -misogynistic -published the social contract
536516557	Immanuel Kant	-German Philosopher -separated science and mortality -believed science could describe nature but not mortality
536516558	Frederick the Great	-enlightened despot who expanded Prussia's land -defeated in the 7 years war -freed serfs and created a state education system
536516559	Catherine the Great	-enlightened despot of Russia -rose to power through murder -expanded and reformed Russia -her reforms helped the nobles and state not peasants or serfs
536516560	Emelian Pugachev	-leader of the peasants in Russia -head of the peasant's rebellion -his army was made up of the lower classes -his army was defeated and he was killed
536516561	Maria Theresa	-enlightened despot of Austria -took power from the pope and placed it in the bureaucracy giving her more power -took the power noble had over their serfs away
536516562	Joseph II	-son of Maria Theresa -influenced by the philosophes -believed the state had more power when given enough reason
536516563	War of Austrian Succession	-France and England fought over India and the New World -Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle preserved the Status Quo -Started because Maria Theresa wanted Silesia
536516564	Seven Years' War	-Probably the first world war -Britain and Prussia VS. Russia Austria and France -bloodiest waar in Europe since the 30 years war -spilled into the colonies -Treaty of Versailles ended it
536516565	French and Indian War	-fought in North America -Britain and the Colonies VS. France and Native Americans -Contributed to Britain's economic dominance
536516566	Wet Nursing	-A woman who nurses another woman's child -popular in France -usually poorer women -led to a high infant mortality rate
536516567	Primogeniture	-the right for a firstborn child to inherit all property -men were higher than women regardless of age -whole-blood tromped not whole blood
536516568	Infanticide	-the act of killing an infant in its first year -usually committed by poorer women -shows how children of the 18th century could be a burden -laws were made to prevent it
536516569	Agricultural Revolution	-selective breeding -new crops and technologies like the seed drill -increase of food production throughout Europe -helped offset famine -17th and 18th centuries
536516570	Crop Rotation/Seed Drill	-new ways of growing more food -crop rotation was rotating crops that were grown in each field -this kept the soil rich -Seed Drill was a new invention to plant crops in neat rows -invented by Jethro Tull
536516571	Enclosure Acts	-a series of over 3,000 acts passed by the British Parliament -increased landowner's profit -left many peasants jobless -led to the commercialization of agriculture
536516572	Bank of England	-a national bank used to fund trade -functioned as the debt managers for the government -lent to the Dutch India Company helping the Dutch economy
536516573	Putting Out System	-process where raw materials were turned into finished goods -materials were sent out to the countryside to be worked upon by cottages -created the cottage industry
536516574	Richard Arkwright	-invented the water frame to improve spinning speed -later used steam power to power looms -required the factory production of textiles -start of the industrial revolution
536516575	Mercantilism	-government controlled economy -used to fund wars and keep absolutists in power -usually in Western-Europe -promoted the hoarding of gold and silvers -the opposite of laissez-faire
536516576	Adam Smith	-leading figure of the scottish enlightenment -promoted a laissez-fiare economy -provided the foundations of modern economics -against mercantilism

620870530	cells	The basic unit of structure and function in living things
620870531	microscope	an instrument that makes small objects look larger
620870532	cell theory	a widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things
620870533	cell wall	A rigid structure that surrounds the cells of plants and most bacteria
620870534	cell membrane	thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell
620870535	nucleus	Control center of the cell
620870536	organelles	tiny structures that carry out functions necessary for the cell to stay alive
620870537	ribosomes	small organelles that make proteins
620870538	cyctoplasm	region between the cell membrane and the nucleus
620870539	mitochondria	organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use
620870540	endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	network of membranes within a cell's cytoplasm that produces a variety of substances
620870541	Golgi apparatus	receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the ER, packages them, and distributes them to other parts of the cell or to the outside of the cell
620870542	vacuole	an organelle that stores food, water, and other materials needed by the cell
620870543	chloroplast	A structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food.
620870544	lysosomes	contain substances that break down large food particles into smaller ones
620870545	multicellular	made of many cells
620870546	unicellular	made up of one cell
620870547	tissue	group of similar cells that perform a particular function
620870548	organ	a group of body tissues that together form a function
620870549	organ system	group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
620870550	proteins	large organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
620870551	enzymes	protein substances that speed up chemical reactions.
620870552	DNA	the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring
620870553	passive transport	the movement of dissolved materials through a cell membrane without using cellular energy
620870554	diffusion	The Movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density
620870555	osmosis	diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
620870556	active transport	the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy
620870557	mitosis	The process in which the cell divides

506351836	What number of atoms of N are present in 5.00g of C₂H₅O₂N?	4.01e22 atoms of N
506351837	What number of atoms of N are present in 5.00g of magnesium nitride?	5.97e22 atoms of N
506351838	What number of atoms of N are present in 5.00g of calcium nitrate?	3.67e22 atoms of N
506351839	What number of atoms of N are present in 5.00g of dinitrogen tetroxide?	6.54e22 atoms of N
506351840	Name NaBr.	sodium bromide
506351841	Name Rb₂O.	rubidium oxide
506351842	Name CaS.	calcium sulfide
506351843	Name AlI₃.	aluminum iodide
506351844	Write the formula of strontium fluoride.	SrF₂
506351845	Write the formula of aluminum selenide.	Al₂Se₃
506351846	Write the formula of potassium nitride.	K₃N
506351847	Write the formula of magnesium phosphide.	Mg₃P₂
506351848	Name SO₂.	sulfur dioxide
506351849	Name P₂S₅.	diphosphorus pentasulfide
506351850	Name CuI.	copper (I) iodide
506351851	Name CuI₂.	copper (II) iodide
506351852	Name CoI₂.	cobalt (II) iodide
506351853	Name Na₂CO₃.	sodium carbonate
506351854	Name NaHCO₃.	sodium hydrogen carbonate
506351855	Name S₄N₄.	tetrasulfur tetranitride
506351856	Name SF₄.	sulfur tetrafluoride
506351857	Name NaOCl.	sodium hypochlorite
506351858	Name BaCrO₄.	barium chromate
506351859	Name NH₄NO₃.	ammonium nitrate
506351860	Write the formula for ammonium hydrogen phosphate.	(NH₄)₂HPO₄
506351861	Write the formula for mercury (I) sulfide.	Hg₂S
506351862	Write the formula for silicon dioxide.	SiO₂
506351863	Write the formula for sodium sulfite.	Na₂SO₃
506351864	Write the formula for aluminum hydrogen sulfate.	Al(HSO₄)₃
506351865	Write the formula for nitrogen trichloride.	NCl₃
506351866	Write the formula for hydrobromic acid.	HBr
506351867	Write the formula for bromous acid.	HBrO₂
506351868	Write the formula for perbromic acid.	HBrO₄
506351869	Write the formula for potassium hydrogen sulfide.	HKS
506351870	Write the formula for calcium iodide.	CaI₂
506351871	Write the formula for cesium perchlorate.	CsClO₄

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