AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

Art History Vocabulary Flashcards

Ap Test vocab practice

Terms : Hide Images
373855215AbstractWorks of art that may have form, but have little or no attempt at pictorial representation
373855216AcademyAn institution whose main object is to train artists in an academic tradition, ennoble the profession, and hold exhibitions
373855217AcropolisGreek for "high city". The chief temples of the city were located in this complex
373855218Action Paintingan abstract painting in which the artist drips or splatters paint onto a surface like a canvas in order to create his or her work
373855219Allegorya representation of an abstract or spiritual meaning through concrete or material forms; figurative treatment of one subject under the guise of another.
373855220Altarpiecea panel, painted or sculpted, situated above and behind an altar
373855221Ambulatoryan aisle or walkway around the apse, or cloister, of a church or monastery
373855222AmphoraA two-handled Greek storage jar
373855223Anamorphic imageA distorted image that must be viewed by some special means (such as a mirror) to be recognized.
373855224Animal Stylea Medieval art form in which animals are depicted in a stylized and often complicated pattern, usually seen fighting with one another
373855225Apadanaan audience hall in a Persian palace
373855226Apotheosisa type of painting in which the figures are rising heavenward
373855227Apsethe endpoint of a church where the altar is located
373855228Aqueductan aboveground water system
373855229ArabesqueA flowing, intricate, and symmetrical pattern deriving from floral motifs
373855230Arcadea series of arches supported by columns. When arches face a wall and are not self-supporting, they are called a blind arcade.
373855231Archaeologythe study of ancient people and cultures principally revealed through excavation
373855232Architravea plain, nonornamented lintel on the entablature
373855233Archivolta series of concentric moldings around an arch
373855234Assemblagea three-dimensional work made of various materials such as wood, cloth, paper, and miscellaneous objecs
373855235Atriuma courtyard in a Roman house or before a Christian church
373855236Avant-gardeAn innovative group of artists who generally reject traditional approaches in favor of a more experimental technique
373855237axial plan (Basilican plan, Longitudinal plan)a church with a long nave whose focus is the apse, so-called because it is designed along an axis
373855238BaldaccinoA canopy on columns, frequently built over an altar.
373855239Baptisteryin medieval architecture, a separate chapel or building in front of a church used for baptisms
373855240BasilicaIn Roman architecture, a civic building for legal and other civic proceedings, rectangular in plan with an entrance usually on a long side. In Christian architecture, a church somewhat resembling the Roman basilica, usually entered from one end and with an apse at the other.
373855241Baya vertical section of a church that is embraced by a set of columns and is usually composed of arches and aligned windows
373855242Benday Dotsprinting process, names after illustrator and printer Benjamin Day, is similar to Pointilism. Depending on the effect, color and optical illusion needed, small colored dots are closely spaced, widely spaced or overlapping
373855243BiA round ceremonial disk found in ancient Chinese tombs. They are characterized by having a circular hole in the center, which may have symbolized heaven.
373855244Biomorphisma movement stressing organic shapes that hint at natural forms
373855245BodhisattvaDeity who refrains from entering nirvana to help others
373855246Book of Hoursa book of prayers to be said at different times of day, days of the year
373855247Bottegathe studio of an Italian artist
373855248BuddhaSiddhartha Gautama and all others who have by their own insight attained perfect enlightenment
373855249Busta sculpture of the head and shoulders of a person
373855250Calligraphyart of beautiful handwriting
373855251Calotypea type of early photograph devoloped by william H.F. Talbot, characterized by grainy quality; considered the forefather of all photography as it produces both a postive and negative image
373855252Camera obscuraLatin for "dark room" a box with a lense which captures light and casts an image on the opposite side
373855253Campanilethe detached bell tower of an Italian church
373855254Cantilevera projecting beam that is attached to a building at one end, but suspended in the air at the other
373855255Canvasa heavy woven material used as a surface of a painting; first widely used in Venice
373855256Capitalthe upper part of a column that supports the entablature
373855257Caryatida supporting column carved in the shape of a female
373855258Catacomban underground cemetery of connecting passageways with recesses for tombs
373855259Cathedralthe principal Christian church building of a bishop's diocese
373855260Cellathe chief room of a Greek temple, where the statue of the god was located and, frequently, the temple's treasure was kept.
373855261Central plana church having a circular plan with the altar in the middle
373855262Chacmoola Mayan figure that is half-sitting and half-lying on its back
373855263Chaityaa rock-cut shrine in basilican form with a stupa at the endpoint
373855264ChaliceA cup used in a Christian ceremony
373855265Chevetthe east end of a Gothic church
373855266Chiaroscurothe use of shading to increase naturalness in a painting. Along with linear perspective, this technique was perfected during the 15th century. The techniques permitted the artist to rationalize space and paint a more natural world. The results were paintings filled with energy and life and stood out from their canvas in three dimensions.
373855267ChoirThe area of the church between a transept and main apse. it is the area where the service is sung and clergy may stand, and the main or high altar is located.
373855268Cinquecentothe 1500s, or sixteenth century, in Italian art
373855269Cire perduelost wax process: a bronze- casting method in which a figure is modeled in wax and covered in clay; the whole is fired, melting the wax and hardening the clay, which then becomes a mold for molten metal
373855270Clerestorythe third, or window, story of a church
373855271Cloissonneenamelwork in which colored areas are separated by thin bands of metal, usually gold or bronze
373855272Cloistera covered walk, especially in a religious institution, having an open arcade or colonnade usually opening onto a courtyard
373855273CloseAn enclosed gardenlike area around a cathedral
373855274CodexA manuscript book
373855275Cofferin architecture, a sunken panel in a celing
373990190CollageA composition made by pasting together different items onto a flat surface
373990191Colophona commentary on the end panel of a chinese handscroll
373990192Color fielda style of abstract painting characterized by simple shapes and monochromatic color
373990193Compound piera pier that appears to be a group or gathering of smaller piers put together
373990194ConfucianismA philosophy based on the ideas of Confucius that focuses on morality, family order, social harmony, and government
373990195Contrappostoa graceful arrangement of the body based on tilted shoulders and hips and bent knees
373990196Corbel archa vault formed by layers of stone that gradually grow closer together as they rise until they eventually meet
373990197CorniceProjecting decorative molding along the top of a building
373990198CromlechA ircle of megaliths
373990199Cubiculuma Roman bedroom flanking an atrium; in Early Christian art, a mortuary chapel in a catacomb
373990200Cuneiforma system of writing with wedge-shaped symbols, invented by the Sumerians around 3000 B.C.
373990201Cupolaa roof in the form of a dome. In architecture, it is acheived by rotating an arch.
373990202Cyclopean masonryA method of stone construction, named after the mythical Cyclopes, using massive, irregular blocks without mortar, characteristic of the Bronze Age fortifications of Tiryns and other Mycenaean sites.
373990203Cylinder seala round piece of carved stone that when rolled onto clay produces an image
373990204DaguerreotypeAn early photographic process with the image made on a light-sensitive silver-coated metallic plate.They have no negatives and are completely unique.
373990205DaoismIt is a philosophy which is founded by Laozi. Daoism emphasizes living in harmony with nature
373990206Documentary photographya type of photography that seeks social and political redress for current issues by using photographs as a way of exposing society's faults
373990207Donora patron of a work of art, who is often seen in that work
373990208Embroiderya woven product in which the design is stitched into a premade fabric
373990209Encaustican ancient method of painting that uses colored waxes burned into a wooden surface
373990210Engaged columna column that is not freestanding but attached to a wall
373990211Engravinga printmaking process in which a tool called a burin is used to carve into a metal plate, causing impressions to be made in the surface. Ink is passed into the crevices of the plate and paper is applied. The result is a print with remarkable details and finely shaded contours.
373990212Entablaturethe upper story of a greek temple
373990213Etchingprintmaking process in which a metal plate is covered with a ground made of wax. The artist uses a tool to cut into the wax and leave the plae exposed. The plate is then submerged into an acid bath, which eats away at the exposed portions of the plate. The plate is removed from the acid, cleaned, and the ink is filled into the crevices caused by the acid. Paper is applied and an impression is made. This produces the finest detail of the three types of early prints.
373990214Exemplum virtutisa painting that tells a moral tale for the viewer
373990215Facadethe face or front of a building
373990216Fan vaulta type of vault so-called because a fanlike shape is created when the vaults spring from the floor to the ceiling, nearly touching in the space directly over the center of the nave
373990217Ferroconcreteconcrete with metal and/or mesh added to provide extra support against stresses
373990218fete galantean 18th century French style of painting that depicts the aristocracy walking through a forested landscape
373990219Fetishan object believed to have magical powers; an object of unreasoning devotion or reverence
373990220Flying buttressA half arch used to counteract the outward thrust of the vault, and to transfer the thrust to piers outside the walls
373990221ForeshorteningThe visual phenomenon whereby an elongated object projecting toward or away from a viewer appears shorter than its actual length, as though compressed.
373990222Forumpublic square or market place in a Roman city
373990223Frescoa method of painting in which pigments are mixed with water and applied to a layer of wet plaster so that the plaster absorbs the color and the painting becomes part of the wall
373990224Friezeornamental band on the wall
373990225FrottageA textural transfer technique; the process of making rubbings with graphite or crayon on paper laid over a textured surface
373990226Genre paintingpainting in which scenes of everyday life are depicted
373990227Glazesthin transparent layers put over a painting to alter the color and build up a rich sonorous effect
373990228Gospelsthe first four books in the New Testament that tell the story of Christ's life and teachings
373990229Grisaillea painting done in neutral shades of gray to simulate the look of sculpture
373990230Ground planthe map of a floor of a building
373990231Haniwasculpted fired pottery cylinders, modeled in human, animal, or other forms and placed on japanese tumuli of the kofun period.
373990232Harlem Renaissancea period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished
373990233Hierarchy of scalea system of representation that expresses a person's importance by the size of his or her representation in a work of art
373990234Hieroglyphicsan ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds
373990235Horror vacuiLatin for "fear of empty spaces" a type of artwork in which the entire surface is filled with objects, people, designs, and ornaments in a crowded, sometimes congested way
373990236Humanismintellectual movement at the heart of the Italian Renaissance that focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues, an , Emphasized human beings, their achievements, interests, and capabilities.
373990237Hypostylea hall in an egyptian temple that has a roof supported by a dense thicket of columns
373990238Icona devotional panel depicting a sacred image
373990239Iconostasisa screen decorated with icons, which separates the apse from the transept of a church
373990240Ignudinude corner figures on the Sistine Chapel ceiling
373990241Impastoa thick, heavy application of paint with either a brush or a palette knife
373990242ImpluviumIn a Roman house, the basin located in the atrium that collected rainwater.
373990243in situa Latin expression that means that something is in its original location
373990244Installationa type of art medium in which the artist arranges objects or artworks in a room, thinking of the entire space as the medium to be manipulated.
373990245International Gothic Style14th and 15th century painting begun by Simone Martini; style is characterized by elegant and intricate interpretations of naturalistic subjects and minute detailing and patterning in drapery and color, catering to an artistocratic taste
373990246Jaliperforated ornamental stone screens in Islamic art
373990247Jambthe side posts of a medieval portal
373990248japonismean attraction for Japanese art and artifacts that were imported into Europe in the late nineteenth century
373990249Kathe soul, or spiritual essence, of a human being that either ascends to heaven or can live in an Egyptian statue of itself
373990250Keystonethe center stone of an arch that holds the others in place
373990251Kilnan oven that can reach extreme temperatures necessary to harden clay and melt glazes
373990252Kivaa circular area, sometimes underground, where tribe members talk, work, or perform religious ceremonies
373990253Kondoa hall used for Buddhist teachings
373990254Koranthe Islamic sacred text, dictated to the Prophet Muhammad by the Angel Gabriel
373990255Kourosarchaic greek sculpture of standing male youth
373990256Kratera large greek bowl used for mixing water and wine
373990257Kylixa Greek drinking cup
373990258Lamassua colossal winged human-headed bowl n Assyrian art
373990259Lanterna small structure with openings for light that crowns a dome
373990260LiteratiScholars in China and Japan whose poetry, calligraphy, and paintings were supposed primarily to reveal their cultivation and express their personal feelings rather than demonstrate professional skill. The concept was first formulated in China in the Northern Song dynasty but was enduringly codified in the Ming dynasty by Dong Qichang.
373990261Lithographya planographic printmaking technique based on the antipathy of oil and water. The image is drawn with a grease crayon or painted with tusche on a stone or grained aluminum plate. The surface is then chemically treated and dampened so that it will accept ink only where the crayon or tusche has been used.
373990262Loculiopenings in the walls of catacombs to receive the dead
373990263Longhousea long Native-American dwelling made of wood. Characterized by having supporting inerior poles that create long inerior corridors
373990264Lunettea crescent-shaped space, sometimes over a doorway, that contains sculpture or painting
Powered by Quizlet.com

Gothic Sculpture and Painting Flashcards

AP Art History course

Terms : Hide Images
589685534Jamb Statues Gothic Classicism
589685537Reottgen Pieta Germany
589685540The Moses Well, Claus Sluter Germany
589685542The Nativity Pulpit, Nicola Pisano Italy
589685545The Nativity, pulpit, Giovanni Pisano Italy
589685548The Sacrafice of Isaac. Lorenzo Ghiberti Italy
589743095Nahash The Ammonite Threatening the Jews at Jabesh Gothic
589743096Christ entering Jerusalem. Duccio Italy
589743097The Road to Calvary. Simone Martini Italy
589743098The Commune of Sienna. Ambroggio Lorenzetti Italy
589743099The Birth of the Virgin. Pietro Lorenzetti Italy
589743100Christ Entering Jerusalem. Giotto Italy
589743101The Lamentation. Giotto Italy
589743102Flight into Egypt. Giotto Italy
589743103Annunciation and Visitation. Melchior Broederlam International Style
589743104The Very Rich Book of Hours, October. Limbourg Brothers International Style
589743105The Very Rich Book of Hours, february. Limbourg Brothers
589743107...The Adoration of the Magi. Gentile da Fabriano International Style
Powered by Quizlet.com

Micro Economics - Test 2 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
520565369Perfect competitionThe decisions of individual buyers and sellers have no effect on prices. The firm is a price taker. An industry where many small firms produce a nearly identical product.
520565370Perfectly elastic The demand curve for a perfectly competitive market is a horizontal line.  A 1% change in price leads to a greater than 1% change in demand
520565371Unitary Elastic A price change leads to no change in the revenue for the product.
520565372Perfectly Inelastic When the price changes and there is no change in demand or revenue.
520565373Price Elasticity Of DemandResponsiveness of demand to a change in a product's price.
520565374Elastic Demand A 1% change in price leads to a greater than 1% change in demand. In elastic demand, when price is reduced, total revenues rise. The larger the number of substitutes, the greater the elasticity.
520565375Inelastic Demand A 1% change in price leads to a less than 1% change in demand.
520565376Total CostFixed cost plus variable cost
520565377Fixed Costs _____ ____ are costs that must be paid whether or not a product is produced; loans, capital equipment, utilities, salaries of senior management and staff. Also called operating costs.  ____ _______ do not vary with output.
520565378Variable Cost __________ ______ vary with changes in inputs. In the long run all costs are variable costs.  70% of ____ ____are labor costs.
520565379Total RevenuePrice times quantitiy.
520565380Marginal ProductProducing one more unit. The change in total production associated with producing one more unit.
520565381Marginal Cost The increase in total costs from producing one more unit.  The cost of producing one more unit,
520565382Profits _______are the difference between total cost and price. They are rewards for innovation and risk taking by entrepreneurs.  _____ are a signal to producers that they are meeting consumers' needs.
520565383Short-Run Breakeven (Tr=Tc) The point at which a firm earns normal or accounting profits.  When total revenues equal total costs there are accounting profits only
520565384Economic Profits MR = MC: Marginal revenue at its highest, marginal cost at its lowest. Also, TR minus implicit/explicit costs.  A profit in excess of accounting profits is called economic or pure profits.  ____ ____are above accounting profits and include accounting profits.  It is possible for a single firm to make economic profits while the industry cannot.  If MR and MC come together above the average total cost curve, pure economic profits are maximized.
520565385Profit Maximization -- (MR=MC)A ____ ____ing firm will choose the technology that minimizes cost. In a competitive market, all firms seek to maximize profits.
520565386Least Cost Combination of Resources All firms seek to maximize profits by using the combination of labor and technology that minimizes costs.
520565387Revenue Maximization (TR>TC) ____ ____occurs at the long run, second breakeven; accounting profits occur both at the short-run breakeven and the long run breakeven.
520565388Marginal Revenue Increase in Total Revenues associated with adding one more unit of a product.
520565389Functions of Price Price organizes the market, rations scarce goods, steers resources in to their most efficient or profitable use.
520565390Economies of ScaleImplies that as one unit of input is added, output increased by more than one unit. Increased production leads to lower average costs per unit. Economies of scale are a result of increased specialization.
520565391Dis-Economies of Scale __________ of scale are a result of problems with coordination and communication in large firms and poor management. Increase in inputs leads to higher per unit cost. One unit in, less than one unit out.
520565392Constant Return To Scale One unit in, one unit out. If input doubles, output doubles.
520565393Natural Monopoly A monopoly that can take advantage of decreasing average costs. Where a single firm can produce all of the industry's output at a lower per-unit cost than other firms.
520565394Government Barriers and MonopolyIn order for a monopoly to exist, there must be barriers.
520565395Patents, Copyrights And Trademarks The barriers that prevent competition and protect a monopoly. They are Government sanctioned monopolies.
520565396Monopoly Demand Curve and Profits The ____ ____ ______is the market curve. Monopolies do not always earn a profit. Monopolies seek to maximize profits, not meet the full demand of consumers.
520565397Price Searcher-Trial and Error Monopoly firms use trial and error to find the price that maximizes profit. They are____ ____
520565398Price Taker Firms in a perfectly competitive market (perfect competition) are ____ ____.
520565399Monopolistic Competition Each firm holds a relatively small market share. In a monopolistic competition there tends to be zero economic profits. They are price takers.  A market where there are a large number of firms that produce similar but not identical products.
520565400Kinked Demand Curve An analysis used to explain why price changes are infrequent in an oligopoly.  In ____ ____ theory, prices tend to be inflexible.
520565401Cartel/Collusion A ______ is an international association of producers who agree to set common prices and restrict output. .  _________ is national. Collusion among oligopolists is difficult because of demand and cost differences.
520565402Oligopoly/Oligopolis An ________ is where 4 to 8 firms dominate the market.  An _________ assumes competitors will not follow suit when he raises prices but will when he lowers prices.
520565403Product DifferentiationDistinguishing a product by name brand, color, or attributes
520565404Price Discrimination Selling a product at more than one price where cost is not a consideration.  Student discounts; senior citizen discounts, etc.  Selling a product at more than one price where cost is not a consideration.
520565405Game Theory A method of describing possible outcomes in various business situations. This is called: analysis of oligopoly behavior.
520565406Horizontal Merger A merger involving companies that sell similar products..
520565409Pure RentPayment for any resource with a limited supply.
520565410Minimum Efficient Scale The lowest level at which a firm can minimize long range average costs
520565412Utility_______ refers to the usefulness or satisfaction received from using a product. The satisfaction a product provides.
520565413Marginal Utility The utility gained from consuming one more unit.
520565414Total Utility ____ ____ is the increase in satisfaction a consumer realizes from consuming an additional unit of a product.
520565415Price Floor Minimum price fixed by a firm or the government. A _______ _______ leads to a surplus. A price floor is above the market price. An example is farm subsidies.
520565416Price Ceiling The ______ ______ is below market prices and is established by the government. It is the maximum legal price a seller can charge. It leads to a shortage. An example is wage and price controls.
520565417Diminishing Marginal Returns Implies increasing marginal cost. Marginal returns and marginal products are expressions of the same thing.
520565418Implicit Costs_________ ________ are payments made to the owners of the firm.
520565419Explicit Costs________ _________ are payments made to non-owners of the firm.
520565420Productivity An increase in capital investment increases the output per unit of input - the _______ of labor. A ¼% increase in investment will increase productivity by 1%  The average product produced is a measure of output per worker
520565421Production Costs A decrease in the cost of the inputs (factors) leads to lower per unit production costs. A shift in consumer tastes and preferences will cause total production to change.
520565422Average Total Cost Total fixed costs divided by quantity produced
520565423Pareto Positive Superior TheoremI've got something you want. You've got something I want. Let's make a deal.
520565424Interest And Dividends ______ is the price paid for the use of money. _______ are income earned from investments. ____ and ____are the two forms of capital.
520565425Purchasing Power A decline in prices, or price level, will increase the consumer's ____ ____.
520565426Retained Earnings Corporate profits after taxes are divided into two categories, dividends and retained earnings. ____ ____ are used for internal financing.
520565427Depreciation ________ is also called the consumption of fixed capital.
520565428Derived Demands The demand for the inputs or factors of production.
520565429Tariffs _______ are a tax on imported goods. They are an excise tax
524928642Monopoly / MonopolistThe supplier of a good or service for which there is no close substitute. In a _______ prices tend to be inelastic. A _________ does not always earn a profit.
530121894Substitution EffectWhen the price of a product falls, people buy more of it.
Powered by Quizlet.com

THINKING, LANGUAGE AND MEMORY Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
614216375Cognitionmental activities like thinking, memory remembering
614216376PrototypeBest example of a category. (Ford for a truck) (robin, not penguin for a bird)
614216377Insight"A-ha!" moment
614216378Functional fixednessInability to see multiple uses of an object. (sock?)
614216379Whorf's linguistic relativityLanguage affects how we think and vice versa. Since the Hopi tribe don't have past tense verbs, they don't think about the past.
614216380Two word stage (aka telegraphic speech)Want milk. My baba. Go poopoo.
614216381Algorithm?Methodical slow problem-solving method Computers use them. Always accurate, but slow.
614216382Heuristic"short cut" to solving problems. Ex: unscramble "eqeun" Start by putting q and u together.
614216383Confirmation biasWe pay attention only to evidence that fits our view.
614216384Availability heuristicEvent more likely to happen if it's easy to imagine (like tornadoes)
614216385Representatives heuristicIt's more likely to be true if it fits our stereotype. We assume that it is likely that an Asian male is good at math.
614216386PhonemesSmallest unit of sound in a language. "chug" has 3 phonemes. Ch, u, g
614216387MorphemeSmallest unit of a word having meaning (ex.suffix) preheating has 3 morphemes.
614216388GrammarSystem of rules - helps us communicate.
614216389SyntaxDeals with order of words. White House or House White?
614216390Chomsky's view on language developmentWe're hard wired to have language. (nature) We have an inborn language acquisition device.
614216391Babbling stage of language development3-10 months - babies speak in phonemes (ba ba)
614216392Belief perseveranceSticking to one's belief even after been discredited. (Cowboys are better than the Vikings (even though Cowboys lost).)
614216393Divergent thinking"out of box" thinking.
614216394Convergent thinkingStandard way of thinking. (sometimes the best)
614216395Belief perseveranceClinging to your beliefs even after they have been discredited. Cowboys are the best even if they are 11 and 5.
614216396RecallAbility to retrieve memories in which the persom must retrieve information earlier (Essay)
614216397RecognitionMeasure of memory in which the person has to identify items previously learned
614216398PrimingActivation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.
614216399Mood- congruent memoryTendency to recall experiences that are consisten with one's current mood
614216400Why do we forget?Encoding failure, storage decay, interference
614216401Proactive interferenceOld information gets mixed with the new (When 2nd period makes you forget 5th period)
614216402Retroactive interferenceNew information gets mixed with the old (When 7 period makes you forget 6th period)
614216403Elizabeth LoftusStudied eyewitness testimony and believed that faulty questions could change memories (reconstructive memory)
614216404Misinformation effectIncorporating misleading information into one's memory of an even
614216405Skinner's view on language development?We learn language via shaping. (nurture) Social learning theory of language.
Powered by Quizlet.com

Chapter 9- Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Flashcards

Campbell Biology 8th edition
Biology 1
Test 2

Terms : Hide Images
98530394Fermentationa partial degradation of sugars that occurs without the use of oxygen; a catabolic process
98530395Anaerobic respirationa catabolic pathway in which oxygen is not consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel
98530396Cellular respirationthe catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules for the production of ATP; but it is also a synonym for aerobic respiration
98530397Aerobic Respirationa catabolic pathway in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel; the most efficient catabolic pathway
98530398Oxidationthe loss of electrons from a substance
98530399Reductionthe addition of electrons to a substance
98530400Redoxoxidation-reduction reactions
98530401Oxidizing agentthe electron acceptor
98530402NAD+a coenzyme that can accept an electron and acts as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain
98530403Electron transport chainA sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP
98530404Phosphorylationrefers to the process of a molecule being covalently bonded to a phosphate group
98530405Glycolysisoccurs in the cytosol, begins the degradation process by breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate
98530406Citric acid cycleA chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing pyruvate to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; the second major stage in cellular respiration
98530407Oxidative phosphorylationthe production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration; electron transport and chemiosmosis; "industrial" way of making ATP
98530408Substrate-level phosphorylationThe formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism; occurs during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
98530409Acetyl CoAthe entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme
98530410CoenzymeAn organic molecule serving as a cofactor (any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme)
98530411FADan electron carrier; a coenzyme derived from riboflavin, a B vitamin
98530412Mitochondrial Matrixthe compartment in mitochondria that is enclosed by the intermembrane space
98530413Cristaeinner foldings of the inner membrane of mitochondria
98530414Intermembrane spaceThe narrow region between the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria
98530415Cytochromean iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells
98530416Proton pumpAn active transport protein in a cell membrane that uses ATP to transport hydrogen ions out of a cell against their concentration gradient generating a membrane potential in the process
98530417Proton gradienta gradient formed by the difference in proton concentrations across a membrane
98530418Chemiosmosisthe process in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP
98530419Electrochemical gradientthe diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by both the concentration difference of the ion across a membrane and the ion's tendency to move relative to the membrane potential
98530420Proton-motive forcethe potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis
98530421ATP synthaseA complex of several membrane proteins that provide a port through which protons diffuse. This complex functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP; found in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells
98530422Obligate aerobeAn organism that requires oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot live without it
98530423Obligate anaerobeAn organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration; such organisms cannot use oxygen and in fact may be poisoned by it
98530424Facultative anaerobean organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present
98530425Alcohol fermentationa type of fermentation where the pyruvate is converted to ethanol (ethyl alcohol) in two steps
98530426Lactic acid fermentationa type of fermentation where the pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2
98530427Beta oxidationa metabolic sequence that breaks the fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments, which enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA
98530428Mitochondrionan organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration
Powered by Quizlet.com

Reconstruction Era (1865 - 1877) Flashcards

Reconstruction & the Move West Unit
Mr. Lickteig, Team 9 (8th grade)
Fort Riley Middle School

Terms : Hide Images
47906127813thamendment that officially BANNED SLAVERY in the US
47906127914thamendment that granted CITIZENSHIP to African-Americans
47906128015thamendment that gave VOTING rights to African-American MEN
479061281sharecroppingeconomic method that was used in the South after the war; did not allow African-Americans to move up in society
479061282black codeslaws that were passed to limit African-American freedoms in the South after the Civil War
479061283carpetbaggerNorthern Republicans who went to the South to make $$$ and rebuild
479061284scalawagwhite Southern Republicans who supported the North during the war
479061285Freedman's Bureaucreated in 1865 by congress; provided support for the poor in the South, especially EDUCATION
479061286Radical Republicansgroup of members of Congress who wanted the Federal government to PUNISH the South after the war
479061287John Wilkes Boothassassin of Abraham Lincoln
479061288Andrew JohnsonLincoln's vice president, was impeached because Congress thought he was abusing his power
479061289impeachthe act of removing someone from office; requires 2/3rds of Senate to pass
47906129010% PlanAnother name for the Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction
479061291Reconstructionprocess of reuniting the country and rebuilding the South after the Civil War
479061292435total number of Representatives in the US
479061293100total number of Senators in the US
479061294Congressthe name for the combined House of Representatives and Senate
479061295Wade-Davis Billname for Congress' plan for Reconstruction; more harsh than President's
479061296segregationforced separation of whites and African Americans in public places
479061297poll taxcharging money in order to vote; used to prevent African-Americans from voting
479061298Ulysses S. GrantPresident during the Panic of 1873, battled corruption in his cabinet
479061299Panic of 1873one of the biggest depressions in American history, occurs during Reconstruction
479061300Compromise of 1877an agreement between Republicans & Democrats that ENDED Reconstruction
479061301Rutherford B. Hayesman who became president after the Compromise of 1877, Republican
479061302James Buchananpresident BEFORE Lincoln & the Civil War, often considered the WORST president in history
479061303depressionan extended period of time when the economy of a country is poor
479061304conspiracya plot to carry out some harmful or illegal act (especially a political plot)
479061305Thomas Nast"Father of American Cartoons"; drew political cartoons during Reconstruction; created popular images of Santa, Uncle Sam, and the Donkey / Elephant political symbols
479061306Donkeyanimal used to represent the Democrats; originally used in a campaign against Andrew Jackson
479061307Elephantanimal used to represent the Republicans; Thomas Nast decided to use this animal because it was large, powerful, and intelligent
479061308Nathan Bedford ForrestConfederate general who after the war formed the KKK
479061309Ku Klux Klangroup of white Southerners who intimidated and used violence to prevent African Americans from achieving equality in the South after the Civil War
479061310Reconstruction Act of 1867required Southern states to approve new constitutions and set up a five districts led by Union generals to keep the peace
479061311Election of 1876one of the closest elections in US History; caused the end of Reconstruction
479061312Samuel TildenDemocratic presidential nominee during the Election of 1876; won 184 votes but ended up losing by 1 electoral vote
479061313Johnson's PlanReconstruction plan nicknamed "Restoration"; did not punish the South except for the rich & highest ranking Confederate officers; opposed equal rights for African Americans
479061314Lincoln's PlanReconstruction plan that required 10% of the population to swear loyalty; granted amnesty to all Southerners except Confederate leaders; required new Constitution
479061315ratifyto approve a law or amendment
479061316amnestyan offical pardon; prevents you from being trialed for a crime later
479061317vetoPresident's "check" on the Legislative Branch; can reject a bill
479061318overrideCongress' "check" on the Executive Branch; can overrule a presidential veto with a 2/3 vote in both the Senate & House
479061319Dred Scottthe 14th amendment overruled this Supreme Court case in establishing that African Americans born in the US were in fact citizens
479061320Tenure of Office Actcreated by the Radical Republicans to try and limit the president's power; required all personnel firings to be approved by Congress; Johnson ignored it
479061321Edwin StantonSec. of War during the Civil War; took charge after Lincoln was assassinated; was dismissed by Johnson ultimately leading to his impeachment trial
479061322scandelSomething illegal and/or immoral that is often times covered up during a presidency; Grant's cabinet was target of three of these
479061323Whiskey Ringscandal during Grant's presidency when his cabinet members siphoned tax money from alcohol into their own bank accounts
479061324intermorpheme meaning "between"
479061325remorpheme meaning "again"
479061326immorpheme meaning "not or into"
479061327amendmentofficial change to the Constitution
4790613283/4fraction of states that must approve an amendment before it can become law
479061329integrationpublic areas that allowed BOTH white and African American people
479061330New Slaverynickname for the Sharecropping system in the South
479061331speculationbuying or investing large amounts of money in something hoping to make large profits in the future
479061332specmorpheme meaning "to look or see"
479061333Coinage Act of 1873required all currency in the US to be backed by GOLD; helped cause the Panic of 1873
479061334railroadthe major cause of the Panic of 1873; speculation in this caused the banks who funded it to fail
479061335Panic of 1873 & Whiskey Ringtwo major causes for the loss of the Republicans during the Elections of 1874 and 1876
479061336deflationwhen there is not enough money available for a population; SHORTAGE of $$$
479061337inflationwhen there is too much money causing the value of the money to go down; SURPLUS of $$$
479061338Lincolnpresident who's assassination doomed Reconstruction from the start
479061339Chinese Exclusion Actlaw passed by Congress during Hayes' presidency that banned a group of people from moving to the United States; Hayes' vetoed the bill but it became law two years later in 1883
479061340Civil Rights Act of 1866guaranteed that everyone, regardless of race or color, were entitled to the same treatment in public areas (inns, theatres, etc.) - ruled unconstitutional during the Slaughterhouse Cases
479061341redeemersDemocrats from the South who won elections during Reconstruction and focused on returning the South to economic dominance (including new industries like timber, mining, etc.)
479061342Slaughterhouse Casesseries of Supreme Court cases starting in 1873 that challenged the 14th amendment; court ruled that the 14th amendment only protected federal rights and not STATE rights
479061343cash cropsplants that are grown in an area and sold for profit; the region depends on them
479061344literacy testsome states required African Americans to take these to prove they were educated enough to vote; Jim Crow Law
479061345grandfather clauseSouthern states did not allow African Americans to vote if any of their relatives had been a slave; Jim Crow Law
479061346Jim Crow lawsseries of state laws passed after 1877 that segregated African Americans and whites; some placed requirements on African Americans prior to voting
479061347Plessy v. FergusonSupreme Court case that legalized segregation in the US as long as it was "equal"
4790613481896year Plessy v. Ferguson was ruled on; start of legal segregation in US
Powered by Quizlet.com

The War Hawks Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
316412068MonticelloWhere did President Thomas Jefferson retire after 2 terms as President?
316412069James MadisonWho was Jefferson's handpicked successor as President?
316412070George ClintonWho was Madison's running mate?
316412071Charles Pinckney and Rufus KingWho were the Federalist candidates?
316412072the South and WestWho did Madison owe his victory to?
316412073Federalist partyWho did all the New England states except for Vermont vote for?
316412074reopened trade with all nationsIn 1810 Congress passed a new law that did what?
316412075attack American ships and seize sailorsWhat did British ships continue to do?
316412076BritishWho supplied the Native Americans with guns?
316412077TecumsehWho was the Shawnee chief?
316412078united Native Americans east of the Mississippi RiverWhat did Tecumseh do?
316412079The ProphetWhat was Tecumseh's brother, Tenskwatawa, known as?
316412080in the Indiana Territory, where the Tippecanoe River and Wabash River meet, called ProphetstownWhere did Tecumseh settle?
316412081Shooting StarWhat does Tecumseh mean?
316412082William Henry Harrison, the governor and military commander in the Indian territoryWho did Tecumseh meet with to urge the US to give up some territory?
316412083The Battle of TippecanoeWhat was the battle called at Prophetstown between the confederation and US?
316412084war hawksWhat were people called who urged war with Britain to protect free trade and the rights of sailors?
316412085West and SouthWhere were anti-British feeling strongest?
316412086June 18, 1812When did Madison ask Congress to declare war against Great Britain?
318344482JeffersonIn whose footsteps had Madison planned to follow?
318344483TecumsehWhose death destroyed the dream of a Native American confederation?
318344484CongressWho called for the conquest of all British land in North America?
318344485British repealed the orders for interference in American shippingWhy did Madison ask Congress for a declaration of war against Britain when Great Britain had already decided to stop interfering with American shipping?
Powered by Quizlet.com

BBC Chapter 9 Biology Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
526109699requires oxygen =Aerobic
526109700commercial product produced by yeast during fermentation is:alcohol
526109701a product produced by muscles during fermentation is:lactic acid
526109702The amount of energy needed to raise 1 g of water 1 degree Celcius is:A calorie
526109703What carries electrons to the electron transport chainNADH
526109704Accepts a high-energy pair of electronsNAD+
526109705Third stage of cellular respiration is the:Electron transport chain
526109706Second stage of cellular respiration is the:Kreb's cycle
526109707First stage of cellular respiration is:Glycolysis
526109708Anaerobic means:Does NOT require oxygen
526109709Process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen is:cellular respiration
526109710Pathway that releases energy from food in the absence of oxygen - used by yeast and musclesfermentation
526109711the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen isCellular Respiration
526109712The end product of glycolysis is:pyruvic acid
526109713The primary source of energy processed by glycolysis is:carbohydrates
526109714Gas produced by fermentation is:CO2
526109715Reactants of cellular respiration are:Glucose + oxygen
526109716Overall products of cellular respiration are:CO2 + H2O
526109717The organelle where the oxygen-requiring reactions of cellular respiration take place are:mitochondrion
526109718After Glycolysis , If oxygen is NOT present, the biochemical pathways leads to:Fermentation
526109719What are the two Types Of Fermentation:Alcoholic fermentation and Lactic acid fermentation
526109720What is the equation for Alcoholic Fermentation?Pyruvic Acid + NADH = Alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
526109721What happens in lactic acid fermentation:Pyruvate forms lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2
526109722What are the products of glycolysis?2 molecules of pyruvic acid, 2 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of NADH.
526109723How is the function of NAD+ similar to that of NADP+?Both are electron carriers.
526109724How are lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation SIMILAR?Both provide energy to cells in the absence of oxygen.
526109725How are lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation DIFFERENT?Alcoholic fermentation produces alcohol, carbon dioxide, and NAD+, while lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid and NAD+.
528226292What is the equation for cellular respiration using formulas6CO2+ C6H12 equals 6H2O+ energy
528226293What is the equation for alchoholic fermentation after glycolysis?Pyruvic acid+ NADH- alchohol + CO2+ NADplus
528226294What is the equation for lactic acid fermentation after glycolysis?pyruvic acid + NADH- lactic acid + NADplus
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Environmental Science Terms (Unit 1 and 2) Flashcards

AP Environmental Science MId Term

Terms : Hide Images
5924120273 Principles of Sustainability1. Reliance on Solar Energy 2. Biodiversity 3. Chemical Cyclying
592412028Reliance on Solar EnergyThe sun provides practically all energy on Earth
592412029BiodiversityThe large variety of organisms
592412030Chemical CyclingCirculation of chemicals in the environment through living organisms
5924120313 Goals of Environmental Science1. Learn how nature works 2. To understand how we interact with the environment 3. Find ways to deal with environmental problems and to live more sustainably
5924120324 Causes of Environmental Problems1. Population Growth 2. Unsustainable Resource Use 3. Poverty 4. Exclusion of Environmental costs from market prices
5924120335 Limitations of Science1. Scientists cannot absolutely prove or disprove anything due to uncertainty (looking for high probability) 2. Scientists are human, not free to biases 3. Many systems in the natural world involve many variables with complex interactions (develop mathematical models) 4. Use of statistical tools (look for trends) 5. Focus is understanding the natural world
592412034Scientific Method1. Identify a Problem 2. Find out what is known about he problem 3. Ask a question to investigate 4. Collect data to answer the question 5. Propose a hypothesis to explain the data 6. Make testable projections 7. Test the projections with further experiments, models, or observations 8. Accept or reject the hypothesis
592412035Scientific TheoryA well-tested widely accepted scientific hypothesis or a group of related hypothesis.
592412036Scientific LawLaw of Nature. A well-tested widely accepted description of what we find happening repeatedly in nature in the same way. CANNOT BE BROKEN!
592412037Tentative Science(Frontier Science) Preliminary scientific results that capture news headlines (Controversial because they have not been widely tested and accepted by peer review)
592412038Reliable ScienceConsists of data hypotheses, models, theories, and laws that are widely accepted by all or most scientists that care experts in the field under study
592412039Unreliable ScienceScientific hypothesis that re presented as reliable without having undergone the rigors of widespread peer review or have been discarded as a result of peer review
592412040Positive FeedbackCauses the system to change further in the same direction
592412041Negative FeedbackCauses the system to change further in the opposite direction
592412042Organic CompoundsCompounds that contain carbon
592412043Inorganic CompoundsCompounds that don't contain carbon
592412044High Quality MatterHighly concentrated, found near Earth's surface, great potential as resource
592412045Low Quality MatterNot highly concentrated, located deep underground or dispersed in ocean or atmosphere, little potential as resource
592412046Physical Change:Changes some properties but not the composition of material Change can be reversible or irreversible Phase Change: Transition of matter from one state to another.
592412047Chemical ChangeChanges the composition of substance. Will normally change properties
592412048EnergyThe capacity todo work or transfer heat
592412049Kinetic EnergyMoving Energy
592412050Potential EnergyStored Energy. Potentially available for use.
592412051Energy QualityMeasure of the capacity of a type of energy to do useful work.
592412052High Quality EnergyGreat capacity due to concentration
592412053Examples of High Quality EnergyHigh temp, high speed wind, concentrated sunlight
592412054Low Quality EnergyLittle capacity because it is so dispersed
592412055Examples of Low Quality EnergyMoving molecules in atmosphere
592412056PollutionAny presence within the environment of a chemical or other agent that is harmful to the health, survival, or activities of humans or other organisms
592412057Point SourceSingle, identifiable sources
592412058Nonpoint SourceDispersed and often difficult to identify
592412059Tragedy of the CommonsSituation in which people acting individually and in their own interest use up commonly available but limited resources, creating disaster for the entire community
592412060Perpetual ResourceThe supply is continuous and is expected to last
592412061Renewable ResourceA resource that takes anywhere form several days to several hundred years to be replenished through natural process (As long as not use up, before nature replenish it)
592412062Nonrenewable ResourceResources that exist in a fixed quantity, or stock, in the earth's crust. Humans deplete those resources faster than nature can replenish them
592412063Natural ResourcesMaterials and energy in nature that are essential or useful to humans
592412064Natural ServicesProcesses in nature, such as purification of air and water and renewal of topsoil, which support life and human economies
592412065Nutrient CyclingThe natural service that recycles chemicals needed by organisms from the environment (soil and water) through those organisms and back to the environment
592412066ThermodynamicsStudy of energy transformations
592412067First Law of ThermodynamicsLaw of conservation of energy, energy cannot be created or destroyed
592412068Second Law of ThermodynamicsWhen energy is changed from one form to another, it always goes from a more useful to a less useful form
592412069Environmental ScienceAn interdisciplinary study of how humans interact with the living and nonliving parts of their environment
592412070Ecological FootprintThe amount of biologically productive land and water needed to provide the people in a particular country or area with an indefinite supply of renewable resources and to absorb and recycle the wastes and pollution produced by such resource use
592412071ResourceAnything that can be obtain front eh environment to meet our needs and wants
592412072SystemSet of components that function and interact in some regular way
592412073Environmental DegradationHumans are living unsustainable by wasting, depleting, and degrading the earth's natural capital at an accelerating rate (Natural Capital Degradation)
592412074Ecological Tipping PointThreshold level of an environmental problem. Causes an often irreversible shift in the behavior of a natural system
592412075Synergistic InteractionOccurs when two or more processes interact so that the combined effect is greater than the sum of their separate effects.
592412076AtmosphereLayers of Gases 1st Layer: Troposhere Nitrogen=78% Oxygen=41% Greenhouse Gases(Methane,Water Vapor,CO2)=1% 2nd Layer: Stratosphere Ozone -> Filters Ultra Violet Radiation from Sun (95%)
592412077HydrosphereConsists of all the water (liquid, gas, solid) on Earth
592412078Geosphere/LithosphereConsists of all the land on Earth (core, mantle, crust)
592412079BiosphereIncludes all spheres BUT! Its only LIFE
592412080Food ChainA chain illustrating the organisms and their food source A food chain also illustrates the transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next (Energy Transfer)
592412081Shannon Wiener Index CalculationsB= -Changes in Pi ln Pi (Pi= number of individual (number counted of certain species))/ Total number of individuals (from all species) B= - (6/37 ln (6/37)) + (13/37 ln (13/37)) etc.
592412082Ecological NicheRoe Species play in Environment
592412083Generalist SpeciesCan live in variety of environments; Broad Niche
592412084Specialist SpeciesCan live only in 1 type of environment; Narrow Niche
592412085NativeNormally live in specific environment
592412086Non-NativeIntroduced to environment (Alien species, Invasive)
592412087Indicator SpeciesQuickly affected by environmental changes. Found almost everywhere (Birds and Butterflies)
592412088Keystone SpeciesHave large effect on types and abundance of other species in ecosystem (Bees/Butterflies polinate -> Flower -> Animal)
592412089Top Predator Keystone SpeciesPredator regulating other species populations (Eagle/Hawk -> Mice, Lion -> Antelope
592412090Foundation SpeciesPlay major role in shaping community and entrancing environment to benefit others (Birds bringing seeds/plants Elephant -> trample land to access grazing)
592412091Interspecific CompetitionGain access to same source (Water, Sunlight)
592412092PredationFood Chain
592412093ParasitismHost-parasite; Parasite feeds n host (Fleas, Tapeworms)
592412094MutualismBoth living together and benefiting (Clownfish and Anemone)
592412095CommensalismThere are two, one species benefits, but little or no effect on other species (Tree and Bromeliad)
Powered by Quizlet.com

Reconstruction Era (1865 - 1877) Flashcards

Reconstruction

Terms : Hide Images
44160814913thamendment that officially BANNED SLAVERY in the US
44160815014thamendment that granted CITIZENSHIP to African-Americans
44160815115thamendment that gave VOTING rights to African-American MEN
441608152sharecroppingeconomic method that was used in the South after the war; did not allow African-Americans to move up in society
441608153black codeslaws that were passed to limit African-American freedoms in the South after the Civil War
441608154carpetbaggerNorthern Republicans who went to the South to make $$$ and rebuild
441608155scalawagwhite Southern Republicans who supported the North during the war
441608156Freedman's Bureaucreated in 1865 by congress; provided support for the poor in the South, especially EDUCATION
441608158John Wilkes Boothassassin of Abraham Lincoln
441608159Andrew JohnsonLincoln's vice president, was impeached because Congress thought he was abusing his power
441608160impeachthe act of removing someone from office; requires 2/3rds of Senate to pass
441608162Reconstructionprocess of reuniting the country and rebuilding the South after the Civil War
441608166Wade-Davis Billname for Congress' plan for Reconstruction; more harsh than President's
441608167segregationforced separation of whites and African Americans in public places
441608168poll taxcharging money in order to vote; used to prevent African-Americans from voting
441608169Ulysses S. GrantPresident during the Panic of 1873, battled corruption in his cabinet
441608170Panic of 1873one of the biggest depressions in American history, occurs during Reconstruction
441608171Compromise of 1877an agreement between Republicans & Democrats that ENDED Reconstruction
441608172Rutherford B. Hayesman who became president after the Compromise of 1877, Republican
441608174depressionan extended period of time when the economy of a country is poor
441608176Thomas Nast"Father of American Cartoons"; drew political cartoons during Reconstruction; created popular images of Santa, Uncle Sam, and the Donkey / Elephant political symbols
441608179Nathan Bedford ForrestConfederate general who after the war formed the KKK
441608180Ku Klux Klangroup of white Southerners who intimidated and used violence to prevent African Americans from achieving equality in the South after the Civil War
441608181Reconstruction Act of 1867required Southern states to approve new constitutions and set up a five districts led by Union generals to keep the peace
441608182Election of 1876one of the closest elections in US History; caused the end of Reconstruction
441608184Johnson's PlanReconstruction plan nicknamed "Restoration"; did not punish the South except for the rich & highest ranking Confederate officers; opposed equal rights for African Americans
441608185Lincoln's PlanReconstruction plan that required 10% of the population to swear loyalty; granted amnesty to all Southerners except Confederate leaders; required new Constitution
441608186ratifyto approve a law or amendment
441608187amnestyan offical pardon; prevents you from being trialed for a crime later
441608188vetoPresident's "check" on the Legislative Branch; can reject a bill
441608189overrideCongress' "check" on the Executive Branch; can overrule a presidential veto with a 2/3 vote in both the Senate & House
441608191Tenure of Office Actcreated by the Radical Republicans to try and limit the president's power; required all personnel firings to be approved by Congress; Johnson ignored it
441608192Edwin StantonSec. of War during the Civil War; took charge after Lincoln was assassinated; was dismissed by Johnson ultimately leading to his impeachment trial
441608193scandelSomething illegal and/or immoral that is often times covered up during a presidency; Grant's cabinet was target of three of these
441608194Whiskey Ringscandal during Grant's presidency when his cabinet members siphoned tax money from alcohol into their own bank accounts
441608198amendmentofficial change to the Constitution
441608200integrationpublic areas that allowed BOTH white and African American people
441608201New Slaverynickname for the Sharecropping system in the South
441608204Coinage Act of 1873required all currency in the US to be backed by GOLD; helped cause the Panic of 1873
441608205railroadthe major cause of the Panic of 1873; speculation in this caused the banks who funded it to fail
441608206Panic of 1873 & Whiskey Ringtwo major causes for the loss of the Republicans during the Elections of 1874 and 1876
441608207deflationwhen there is not enough money available for a population; SHORTAGE of $$$
441608208inflationwhen there is too much money causing the value of the money to go down; SURPLUS of $$$
441608209Lincolnpresident who's assassination doomed Reconstruction from the start
441608210Chinese Exclusion Actlaw passed by Congress during Hayes' presidency that banned a group of people from moving to the United States; Hayes' vetoed the bill but it became law two years later in 1883
441608211Civil Rights Act of 1866guaranteed that everyone, regardless of race or color, were entitled to the same treatment in public areas (inns, theatres, etc.) - ruled unconstitutional during the Slaughterhouse Cases
441608214cash cropsplants that are grown in an area and sold for profit; the region depends on them
441608215literacy testsome states required African Americans to take these to prove they were educated enough to vote; Jim Crow Law
441608216grandfather clauseSouthern states did not allow African Americans to vote if any of their relatives had been a slave; Jim Crow Law
441608217Jim Crow lawsseries of state laws passed after 1877 that segregated African Americans and whites; some placed requirements on African Americans prior to voting
441608218Plessy v. FergusonSupreme Court case that legalized segregation in the US as long as it was "equal"
Powered by Quizlet.com

Pages

Subscribe to CourseNotes RSS

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!