| CourseNotes

Chapter 24: The New Deal Flashcards

This vocabulary set looks at the social programs of FDR's New Deal era.

603244623	Relief	aid for the needy; welfare
603244624	Separation of Powers	Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law
603244625	Bank Holiday	caused by the passage of the Emergency Banking Act, allowed only Federal Reserve approved banks to operate in the United States.
603244626	Court Packing Plan	As known as the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937, it was a plan by FDR to pack to the Supreme Court with judges that were sympathetic to the New Deal reforms.
603244627	Fireside Chats	radio chats with the American people given by FDR
603244628	New Deal	the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented
603244629	FDIC	Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: A federal guarantee of savings bank deposits initially of up to $2500, raised to $5000 in 1934, and frequently thereafter; continues today with a limit of $250,000
603244630	TVA	Federal project to provide inexpensive electric power, flood control, and recreational opportunities to the Tennessee River Valley
603244631	CCC	(1933)-Young men between the ages of 18 and 25 volunteered to be placed in camps to work on regional environmental projects, mainly west of the Mississippi; they received $30 a month, of which $25 was sent home; disbanded during World War II.
603244632	WPA	built schools, hospitals; hired artists, writers, composers, photographers, etc.
603244633	Social Security	created a numerical system to keep track of all citizens in the United States, also provide relief checks to older Americans.
603244634	Dust Bowl	years of drought conditions, caused remaining Plains Region topsoil to blow away. Affected an area from North Dakota to Texas.
603244635	Okies	the farmers, who in the Great Depression, were forced to move, many moved from Oklahoma
603244636	Brother, Can you spare a dime	Song about the great depression. Showed how even the wealthy and educated can lose everything they have.
603244637	First one hundred Days	The time when Roosevelt took action as president in order to restore the economy while in office. He was aided by advisers, lawyers, and others in the "Brain Trust".
603244638	Brain Trust	Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression
603244639	Happy Days are here again	FDR's optimistic campaign song 1932
603244640	AAA	attempted to regulate agricultural production through farm subsidies; ruled unconstitutional in 1936; disbanded after World War II
603244641	Wagner Act	1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.
603244642	SEC	an independent federal agency that oversees the exchange of securities to protect investors
603244643	PWA	Put people to work building or improving public buildings like schools, post offices,etc.
603244644	Glass-Steagall Act	established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and included banking reforms, some of which were designed to control speculation.; were both reactions of the U.S. government to cope with the economic problems which followed the Stock Market Crash of 1929.
603244645	FDR	Roosevelt, the President of the United States during the Depression and WWII. He instituted the New Deal. Served from 1933 to 1945, he was the only president in U.S. history to be elected to four terms
603244646	Eleanor Roosevelt	FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women
603244647	Democratic Party	A political party that favors greater government action than its conservative opposition does, to direct and promote the welfare of the people in the republic it often governs
603244648	Republican Party	One of the two major modern American political parties. It emerged in the 1850s as an antislavery party and consisted of former northern Whigs and antislavery Democrats. Now the party is conservative (pro-life, anti-affirmative action, anti-too much government intervention, anti-taxing on the rich, pro-death penalty)
603244649	Dorothea Lange	United States photographer remembered for her portraits of rural workers during the Depression (1895-1965)
603244650	Grapes of Wrath	John Steinbeck's novel about a struggling farm family during the Great Depression. Gave a face to the violence and exploitation that migrant farm workers faced in America
603244651	Ansel Adams	A twentieth-century American photographer particularly noted for his black-and-white depictions of the American West, including Yosemite National Park. He stressed the importance of straightforward photography and high-quality printing techniques.
603244652	Federal Writer's Project	Federal government project to fund written work and support writers during the Great Depression. It was part of the Works Progress Administration, a New Deal program. It was one of a group of New Deal arts programs known collectively as Federal One. Ex: Grapes of Wrath by Steinbeck
603244653	Huey Long	As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc
603244654	Father Charles Coughlin	A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severely against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.
603244655	William Randolph Hearst	United States newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism (1863-1951)
603244656	FHA	Expanded private home ownership among moderate-income families through federal guarantees of private mortgages, the reduction of down payments from 30 to 10 percent, and the extension of repayment from 20 to 30 years; continues to function today.

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AP US History Chapters 24 and 25 Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary for Chapter 24 and 25 of The American Pageant, 13th Edition.

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602094222	Cornelius Vanderbilt	United States financier who accumulated great wealth from railroad and shipping businesses (1794-1877)
602094223	Thomas Edison	American inventor and physicist who took out more than 1,000 patents in his lifetime. His inventions include the telegraph (1869), microphone (1877), and light bulb (1879). He also designed the first power plant (1881-82), making possible the widespread distribution of electricity. During World War I, he worked on a number of military devices, including flamethrowers, periscopes, and torpedoes.
602094224	Andrew Carnegie	United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education and public libraries and research trusts (1835-1919)
602094225	John D. Rockefeller	An American oil magnate who revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, he founded the Standard Oil Company and aggressively ran it until he officially retired in 1897.
602094226	J. Pierpont Morgan	An American financier, banker and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time. In 1892 he arranged the merger of Edison General Electric and Thomson-Houston Electric Company to form General Electric.
602094227	Samuel Gompers	An English-born American labor union leader and a key figure in American labor history. He founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL), and served as that organization's president from 1886 to 1894 and from 1895 until his death in 1924.
602094228	Vertical integration	A style of management contro in which companies in a supply chain are united through a common owner. Usually each member of the supply chain produces a different product or (market-specific) service, and the products combine to satisfy a common need. It is contrasted with horizontal integration.
602094229	Horizontal integration	A type of ownership and control. It is a strategy used by a business or corporation that seeks to sell a type of product in numerous markets. It is much more common than vertical integration is in production. It occurs when a firm is being taken over by, or merged with, another firm which is in the same industry and in the same stage of production as the merged firm, e.g. a car manufacturer merging with another car manufacturer. In this case both the companies are in the same stage of production and also in the same industry. This process is also known as a "buy out" or "take-over".
602094230	trust-building	A marketing theory based on building consumer relationships through trustworthy dialogue and unbiased information. The concept was originated by Dr. Glen L. Urban, Professor and former Dean of the M.I.T. Sloan School of Management. It focuses on customer advocacy techniques that assist consumers in making informed purchase decisions based on comprehensive marketplace options and equitable advice.
602094231	company town	A town or city in which much or all real estate, buildings (both residential and commercial), utilities, hospitals, small businesses such as grocery stores and gas stations, and other necessities or luxuries of life within its borders are owned by a single company.
602094232	closed shop	A form of union security agreement under which the employer agrees to only hire union members, and employees must remain members of the union at all times in order to remain employed.
602094233	Union Pacific Railroad	The largest railroad in the United States created by the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. It was entangled in the Crédit Mobilier scandal, exposed in 1872, that involved bribing congressmen and stock speculations.
602094234	Bessemer process	The first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron. The process is named after its inventor, Henry Bessemer, who took out a patent on the process in 1855. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten.
602094235	gospel of wealth	An essay written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889 that described the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich.
602094236	Sherman Act	Requires that the United States federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies, and organizations suspected of violating the Act. It was the first Federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies, and today still forms the basis for most antitrust litigation by the United States federal government. However, for the most part, politicians were unwilling to refer to the law until Theodore Roosevelt's presidency.
602094237	Interstate Commerce Act	A United States federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices. The Act required that railroad rates be "reasonable and just," but did not empower the government to fix specific rates. It also required that railroads publicize shipping rates and prohibited short haul/long haul fare discrimination, a form of price discrimination against smaller markets, particularly farmers.
602094238	Haymarket Riot	A demonstration and unrest that took place on Tuesday May 4, 1886, at the Haymarket Square in Chicago. It began as a rally in support of striking workers. An unknown person threw a dynamite bomb at police as they dispersed the public meeting. The bomb blast and ensuing gunfire resulted in the deaths of eight police officers, mostly from friendly fire, and an unknown number of civilians
602094239	American Federation of Labor	One of the first federations of labor unions in the United States. It was founded in 1886 by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the Knights of Labor, a national labor association. Samuel Gompers was elected president of the Federation at its founding convention and was reelected every year except one until his death.
602094240	Jane Addams	The first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In a long, complex, career, she was a pioneer settlement worker, founder of Hull House in Chicago, public philosopher (the first American woman in that role), sociologist, author, and leader in woman suffrage and world peace. She was the most prominent woman of the Progressive Era and helped turn the nation to issues of concern to mothers, such as the needs of children, public health and world peace.
602094241	Florence Kelley	A social and political reformer from Philadelphia. Her work against sweatshops and for the minimum wage, eight-hour workdays, and children's rights is widely regarded today.
602094242	Booker T. Washington	An American educator, author, orator, and political leader. He was the dominant figure in the African American community in the United States from 1890 to 1915.
602094243	William F. Cody	An American soldier, bison hunter and showman. He was one of the most colorful figures of the American Old West, and mostly famous for the shows he organized with cowboy themes. Buffalo Bill received the Medal of Honor in 1872.
602094244	social gospel	A religious movement that arose in the United States in the late nineteenth century with the goal of making the Christian churches more responsive to social problems, such as poverty and prostitution. Leaders of the movement argued that Jesus' message was as much about social reform as about individual approaches to salvation.
602094245	yellow journalism	The type of journalism that relies on sensationalism and lurid exaggeration to attract readers.
602094246	Women's Christian Temperance Union	The oldest continuing non-sectarian women's organization worldwide. Organized at a national convention in Cleveland, Ohio in 1874, the group spearheaded the crusade for prohibition. Members in Fredonia, New York advanced their cause by entering saloons, singing, praying, and urging saloon keepers to stop selling alcohol.
602094247	Trusts	A relationship whereby property (including real, tangible and intangible) is managed by one person (or persons, or organizations) for the benefit of another.
602094248	Lintheads	"Hillbillies;" families who lived in seclusion making cloth.
602094249	Lewis Hine	An American sociologist and photographer. He used his camera as a tool for social reform and his photographs were instrumental in changing the child labor laws in the United States.
602094250	Gibson girl	The personification of a feminine ideal as portrayed in the satirical pen-and-ink-illustrated stories created by illustrator Charles Dana Gibson during a 20-year period spanning the late nineteenth and early twentieth century in the United States.
602094251	Knights of Labor	The largest and one of the most important American labor organizations of the 1880s. Its most important leader was Terence Powderly. They promoted the social and cultural uplift of the workingman, rejected Socialism and radicalism, demanded the eight-hour day, and promoted the producers ethic of republicanism. In some cases it acted as a labor union, negotiating with employers, but it was never well organized, and after a rapid expansion in the mid-1880s, it suddenly lost its new members and became a small operation again.

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AP United States History Midterm Review Flashcards

Mrs. Vann's Midterm Review. Questions with multiple parts have been changed into seperate cards, and questions containing the phrase "all of the following except" have been reworded to eliminate this phrase. Other than that, every question is directly off of her review, word-for-word.

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600357465	One of the traits that made Quakers unpopular in England was...	their refusal to do military service.
600357466	Sugar was called a rich man's crop, but not because...	it could be purchased only the by the wealthy.
600357467	A major reason for the founding of the Maryland colony was to...	create a refuge for Catholics.
600357468	Among the Puritans, it was understood that...	the purpose of government was to enforce God's laws.
600357469	Chief Powhatan had Captain John Smith kidnapped in order to...	impress Smith with his power and show the Indian's desire for peace.
600357470	The colony of South Carolina prospered by...	developing close economic ties with the British West Indies.
600357471	The Proclamation of 1763...	forbade the colonists from going across the Appalachian Mountains.
600357472	For their labor in the colonies indentured servants did not receive...	a head right.
600357473	Throughout the greater part of the seventeenth century, the Chesapeake colonies acquired most of the labor they needed from...	white servants.
600357474	The long-range purpose of the Albany Congress in 1754 was to...	achieve colonial unity and common defense against the French threat.
600357475	English officials tried to "establish" the Church of England in as many colonies as possible because...	the church would act as a major prop for kingly authority.
600357476	The least important economic activity of colonial Americans was...	manufacturing.
600357477	In the colonial wars before 1754, Americans...	demonstrated an astonishing lack of unity.
600357478	The slave culture that developed in America...	was a uniquely New World creation.
600357479	By the mid-eighteenth century, North American colonial governments did not have...	complete democracy.
600357480	While slavery might have begun in America for economic reasons,...	racial discrimination also played a major role in molding the American slave system.
600357481	The Olive Branch Petition...	professed American loyalty to the crown.
600357482	When Parliament passed the Tea Act, colonists thought...	it was a trick to get them to violate their principle of "No taxation without representation."
600357483	African Americans during the Revolutionary War....	fought for both the Americans and the British.
600357484	As a result of American opposition to the Townshend Acts,...	British officials sent regiments of troops to Boston to restore law and order.
600357485	The most drastic measure of the Intolerable Acts was the...	Boston Port Act.
600357486	Thomas Paine argued that all government officials should...	derive their authority from popular consent.
600357487	Britain gave America generous terms in the Treaty of Paris because British leaders were trying to...	persuade America to abandon its alliance with France.
600357488	In some ways, the Navigation Laws were a burden to certain colonists because...	they stifled economic initiative.
600357489	When it came to the Revolution, it could be said that the American colonists were...	reluctant revolutionaries.
600357490	Under mercantilist doctrine, the American colonies were not expected to...	become economically self-sufficient as soon as possible.
600357491	Examples of colonial experience with self-governance, which prepared Americans for a republic, did not include...	militia service.
600357492	One purpose of the Declaration of Independence was to...	explain to the rest of the world why the colonies had revolted.
600357493	By the time the Constitution was adopted in 1789,...	prosperity was beginning to return.
600357494	The Land Ordinance of 1785 did not...	prohibit slavery
600357495	Thomas Jefferson favored a political system in which...	the states retained the majority of political power.
600357496	For its continued success, Hamilton's financial program relied heavily on...	trade with Britain.
600357497	Britain made neutrality very difficult for the United States during the French and British conflicts of the 1790s by...	seizing American merchant ships in the West Indies.
600357498	The issue that finally touched off the movement toward the Constitutional Convention was...	control of commerce.
600357499	The delegate whose contributions to the Philadelphia Convention were so notable that he has been called the "Father of the Constitution" was...	James Madison.
600357500	The immediate cause of the undeclared war between the United States and France was...	the XYZ affair.
600357501	Thomas Jefferson argued that a landless class of voters could be avoided in part by...	continuing slavery.
600357502	Opposition by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison to the financial plan of Alexander Hamilton resulted in...	the formation of permanent political parties.
600357503	Jay's Treaty did not contain the provision of	a promise by the British to stop selling arms to the Indians.
600357504	What was Alexander Hamilton's position on public policy in the 1790s?	Privileges for the upper classes, pro-British, potent central government, and government support for business
600357505	What was Alexander Hamilton's position on public policy in the 1790s?	Sympathy for the common people, pay off the national debt, pro-French, and universal education
600357506	In Jay's Treaty, the British...	promised to evacuate the chain of forts in the Old Northwest.
600357507	The war hawks demanded war with Britain, but not to...	retaliate for the British burning of Washington, D.C.
600357508	With the demise of the Federalist Party,...	the Democratic-Republicans established one-party rule.
600357509	The Battle of New Orleans...	saw British troops defeated by Andrew Jackson's soldiers.
600357510	Lewis and Clark's expedition through the Louisiana Purchase territory did not yield...	treaties with several Indian nations.
600357511	Native American leader Tecumseh was killed in 1813 at...	the Battle of the Thames.
600357512	At the time it was issued, the Monroe Doctrine was...	incapable of being enforced by the United States.
600357513	Thomas Jefferson received the bulk of his support from the...	South and West.
600357514	The most devastating defeat suffered by the British during the War of 1812 took place at the Battle of...	New Orleans.
600357515	After killing Alexander Hamilton in a duel, Aaron Burr...	plotted to divide the United States.
600357516	The purpose behind the spoils system was...	to reward political supporters with public office.
600357517	The spoils system under Andrew Jackson resulted in...	the appointment of many corrupt and incompetent officials to federal jobs.
600357518	The "Father of the Factory System" in the United States was...	Samuel Slater.
600357519	The policy of the Jackson administration toward the eastern Indian tribes was...	forced removal.
600357520	In their treatment of Native Americans, white Americans did not...	argue that Indians could not be assimilated into the larger society.
600357521	While Andrew Jackson and his supporters disliked the Bank of the United States, it was not because...	they wanted to put public service first instead of profits.
600357522	Texans won their independence as a result of the victory over Mexican armies at ...	the Battle of San Jacinto.
600357523	The early factory system distributed its benefits to...	mostly just the owners.
600357524	Most slaves in the South were owned by...	plantation owners.
600357525	In the Oregon treaty with Britain in 1846, the northern boundary of the United States was established to the Pacific Ocean along the line of...	49º.
600357526	One characteristic of the Mormons that angered many non-Mormons was their...	emphasis on cooperative or group effort.
600357527	Weaknesses of the slave plantation system did not include...	its land continued to remain in the hands of the small farmers.
600357528	For free blacks living in the North,...	discrimination was common.
600357529	By 1860, slaves were concentrated in the "black belt" located in the...	Deep South states of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.
600357530	Regarding work assignments, slaves were...	Generally spared dangerous work.
600357531	The largest single addition to American territory was...	the Mexican Cession.
600357532	Perhaps the slave's greatest horror, and the theme of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, was...	the enforced separation of slave families.
600357533	Sexual differences were strongly emphasized in nineteenth-century America because...	the market economy increasingly separated men and women into distinct economic roles.
600357534	In the abolitionist movement, Wendell Phillips was a(n)...	orator and abolitionist.
600357535	Frederick Douglass is well known for his work as...	a black abolitionist leader.
600357536	Elijah P. Lovejoy is known for being a(n)...	martyr for the abolitionist movement.
600357537	Arrange the following in chronological order: (A) annexation of Texas (B) Webster-Ashburton Treaty (C) settlement of the Oregon boundary (D) Aroostook War	(D), (B), (C), (A)
600357538	In his quest for California, President James K. Polk...	advocated war with Mexico from the beginning.
600357539	In 1856, the breaking point over slavery in Kansas came with...	an attack on Lawrence by a gang of proslavery raiders.
600357540	In the Compromise of 1850, Congress determined that slavery in the New Mexico/Utah territories was...	to be decided by popular sovereignty.
600357541	The Union's establishment of the National Banking System...	was the first significant step toward a unified banking network since 1836.
600357542	Napoleon III's attempt to install Maximilian on the Mexican throne was a clear violation of...	the Monroe Doctrine.
600357543	When the people of Britain and France read Uncle Tom's Cabin, their governments realized that...	intervention in the Civil War on behalf of the South would not be popular.
600357544	Nativists in the 1850s were known for their...	anti-Catholic and antiforeign attitudes.
600357545	The Free Soilers condemned slavery because...	it destroyed the chances of free white workers to rise to self-employment.
600357546	The Confederacy's most effective commerce-raider was the...	"Alabama".
600357547	The government of the Confederate States of America was first organized in...	Montgomery, Alabama.
600357548	The Black Codes did not provide for...	voting for blacks.
600357549	The Battle of Antietam was particularly critical because it...	probably prevented intervention by Britain and France on behalf of the Confederacy.
600357550	The controversy surrounding the Wade-Davis Bill and the readmission of the Confederate states to the Union demonstrated...	the deep differences between President Lincoln and Congress.
600357551	During the Civil War Britain and the U.S....	were nearly provoked into war by the Trent affair, involving the removal of Southern diplomats from a British ship.
600357552	In the Civil War, the South won the battle of...	Bull Run.
600357553	The incident that caused the clash between Congress and President Johnson to explode into the open was...	Johnson's veto of the bill to extend the Freedmen's Bureau.
600357554	President Johnson's plan for Reconstruction...	differed radically from Lincoln's.
600357555	Reconstruction might have been more successful if...	Thaddeus Steven's radical program of drastic economic reforms and stronger protection of political rights had been enacted.
600357556	The North's "victory" at Antietam allowed President Lincoln to...	issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
600357557	Methods used by Ku Klux Klan members to achieve their goal of white supremacy included...	beatings, scare tactics, murder, and mutilation.
600357558	In 1865, Southern Blacks...	often began traveling to test their freedom, search family members, and seek economic opportunity.
600357559	Both moderate and radical Republicans agreed that...	freed slaves must be granted the right to vote.
600357560	Which one of the following is least related to the other three? •Ku Klux Klan •scalawags •carpetbaggers •freedmen •the Union League	The Ku Klux Klan.
600357561	Radical congressional Reconstruction of the South finally ended when...	the last federal troops were removed in 1877.
600357562	The white South viewed the Freedmen's Bureau as...	a meddlesome federal agency that threatened to upset white racial dominance.
600357563	The Crédit Mobilier scandal involved...	railroad construction kickbacks.
600357564	At the end of Reconstruction, Southern whites disenfranchised African-Americans with...	literacy requirements, poll taxes, economic intimidation, and grandfather clauses.
600357565	Many feminist leaders were disappointed with the Fourteenth Amendment because it...	failed to give women the right to vote.
600357566	By their actions, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention did not manifested their common beliefs in...	manhood-suffrage democracy.
600357567	What is a compromise in the Constitution?	Continuation of the foreign slave trade.
600357568	What did not influence transcendental thought?	Catholic beliefs.
600357569	Plantation agriculture was wasteful largely because...	its excessive cultivation of cotton despoiled good land.
600357570	William Henry Harrison, the Whig party's presidential candidate in 1840, was made to look like...	a poor western farmer.
600357571	Shays's Rebellion was provoked by...	foreclosures on the mortgages of backcountry farmers.
600357572	In ruling on the Dred Scott case, the United States Supreme Court...	ruled that Congress had no authority to exclude slavery from the federal territories.
600357573	Who received the most popular votes in the election of 1824?	Andrew Jackson.
600357574	Who was eliminated as a candidate when the election of 1824 was thrown into the House of Representatives?	Henry Clay.
600357575	Who was vice president on the ticket of two presidential candidates in 1824?	John C. Calhoun.
600357576	According to the principle of "popular sovereignty," the question of slavery in the territories would be determined by...	the vote of the people in any given territory.
600357577	The main purpose of the Black Codes was to...	ensure a stable labor supply.
600357578	John C. Calhoun's "South Carolina Exposition" was an argument for...	state's rights.
600357579	The Panic of 1837 was not caused by...	taking the country off the gold standard.
600357580	John C. Calhoun's plan to protect the South and slavery involved...	the election of two presidents, one from the North and one from the South.
600357581	Andrew Jackson's inauguration as president symbolized the...	return of Jeffersonian simplicity.
600357582	The prime objective of Manifest Destiny in the 1850s was...	Cuba.
600357583	In the late nineteenth century, those political candidates who campaigned by "waving the bloody shirt" was reminding voters...	of the "treason" of the Confederate Democrats during the Civil War.
600357584	The Crédit Mobilier scandal involved	railroad construction kickbacks, involving the Union Pacific Railroad.
600357585	The Compromise of 1877 resulted in...	end of Reconstruction in the South.
600357586	In the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that...	"separate but equal" facilities were constitutional.
600357587	The United States changed to standard time zones when...	the major rail lines decreed common fixed times so that they could keep schedules and avoid wrecks.
600357588	The first federal regulatory agency designed to protect the public interest from business combinations was the...	Interstate Commerce Commission.
600357589	The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was at first primarily used to curb the power of...	Labor unions.
600357590	The Knights of Labor believed that conflict between capital and labor would disappear when...	labor would operate business and industries.
600357591	The most effective and most enduring labor union of the post-Civil War period was the...	American Federation of Labor.
600357592	Historians critical of the captains of industry and capitalism concede that class-based protest has never been a powerful force in the United States because...	few Europeans brought their political philosophies to the United States.
600357593	The major factor in drawing country people off the farms and into the big cities was...	the availability of industrial jobs.
600357594	Labor unions favored immigration restriction because most immigrants were not...	opposed to factory labor.

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American Pageant-Ch 26 Flashcards

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596138378	West after Civil War	Largely untamed, inhabited by Indians. Indians fought each other (was no single "Indian" identity like white men thought).
596138379	Federal gov't dealings w/ Indians	Treaties made at Fort Laramie (1851) and Fort Laramie (1853). The agreements started the system of reservations where Indians were to live on certain lands unmolested by whites. Whites didn't get that a chief didn't speak for the whole tribe/group.
596138380	US Army's new mission post Civil War	Move Indians off western land, led to Indian Wars.
596138381	Indian Wars	1864-1890. Not one war, skirmishes/altercations. At first Indians had advantages, b/c their bows were faster but with invention of Colt .45 revolver they were quickly outfaced.
596138382	Sand Creek Massacre	1864-400 Indians who had been given immunity (so they whites claimed) were massacred.
596138383	Fetterman Massacre	1868. Killed Capt. William J. Fetterman and his 81 soldiers as retaliation for Sand Creek.
596138384	Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)	Made between the federal government and the Sioux. The government gave up on the Bozeman Trail and the huge Sioux reservation was established. The treaty looked promising but was short-lived.
596138385	Gold discovered in Black Hills	1874, Custer went with his men to check it out. Custer's last stand followed.
596138386	Battle of Little Bighorn (Custer's Last Stand)	1876. Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse led some Sioux who refused to go to reservation. Custer went after them, but the Indians won.
596138387	Nez Perce	Tried to flee into Canada, but were pursued. In Battle of Bear Paw, Chief Joseph surrendered. Nez Perce sent to Kansas reservation
596138388	Apache	Troublesome to the army. Led by Geronimo, the army chased him and his tribe into Mexico, where they were wily adversaries.
596138389	Why the Indians were subdued	(1) railroads, (2) diseases, (3) lack of buffalo, (4) war, and (5) the loss of their land to white settlement.
596138390	Lack of Buffalo	Buffalo killed due to railroads, which cut the Great Plains into sections. Buffalo couldn't roam. Also, whites hunted them for sport and for meat. When buffalo died, so did the Indian way of life.
596138391	Helen Hunt Jackson	Blamed federal gov't for breaking treaties and taking land from Indians. Wrote "A Century of Dishonor" which outlined all the ways the gov't wronged the Indians. Indians had to choose between becoming obsolete or conforming, some whites tried to help Indians but most considered them hostile and thought punishing them way the way to go.
596138392	Battle of Wounded Knee	1890. Not battle, but massacre. More than 200 Indians killed. Ended Indian Wars.
596138393	Dawes Severalty Act	1887, said that Indians no longer needed to be treated as separate nation within the US. No more treaties with them. Overall goal was to erase tribes and eventually "whitenize" Indians. Said Indians could become citizens after 25 years if they behaved well. Succeeded in killing the Indian way of life.
596138394	Carlisle Indian School	Opened in 1879 to train Indian children in white ways. Succeeded. Jim Thorpe graduated from it, was professional athlete.
596138395	Gold in Colorado!	Found at Pike's Peak in 1858. People who went didn't find much gold.
596138396	Comstock Lode	Silver found in Nevada. Very successful, made lots of $.
596138397	Growth of mining towns	Followed pattern: First, gold/silver was found. When word got out, they grew like wild—too fast for their own good. These boomtowns were nicknamed "Helldorados" because of their lawlessness. Saloons and bordellos quickly came to town, and a general store for supplies. Later, if the town remained, a post office, school, sheriff, and an opera house for entertainment might arrive. For many towns, when the minerals ran out, the townsfolk simply left and the town became a ghost town.
596138398	Women in West	Had more independence than women in east. Prostitutes/entertainers. Could vote in Wyoming (1866), Utah (1870), Colorado (1893) and Idaho (1896).
596138399	Railroads and Cattle	Used railroads to get beef from west to east. "Long Drive" cattle run from Texas to Kansas.
596138400	Long Drive	Cattle run from Texas to Kansas. Cowboys rounded up cattle, herded them to railroads. Short lived b/c: Sheep herders came in and nibbled the grass off too short for cattle to feed. Several years of drought dried up the grass and hard freezes took their toll. Mostly, when railroads came to Texas, there was no need to drive cattle. The invention of barbed wire (and wire promoter Samuel Glidden) fenced in the land and the cattle business changed from roaming the open range to staying on a ranch. Ranching had become big business and big power, evidenced by the Wyoming Stock'-Growers Association who controlled the state.
596138401	Homestead Act	1862. Offered 160 acres of free land in west. Many settlers jumped on option, only to find land was really different than in east.
596138402	100th Meridian	20 inch rainfall line, amount necessary to grow crops. Americans pushed past it in order to find new land.
596138403	Dry Farming	How farmers dealt with really dry soil. Farmers plowed dew into first few inches of soil. System worked, but created a dusty top layer of soil (would lead to 1930s dustbowl).
596138404	Far west comes of age	The Dakotas, Wyoming, Idaho, Washington and Montana became states in 1 fell swoop. Mormons banned polygamy in 1890, Utah admitted as state in 1896. Oklahoma became state in 1889.
596138405	Census Bureau in 1890	announced that there was no longer a "frontier" in America.
596138406	Yellowstone	Became national park in 1872, followed by Yosemite and Sequoia in 1890.
596138407	Turner Thesis	Frederick Jackson Turner wrote that the frontier had played an important role in American history and in people's psychology.
596138408	Safety-Valve Theory	People could just pack up and go west if they wanted to! City dwellers didn't (didn't have right skills) but the fact that they could kept wages pretty high.
596138409	Farming changed	Farmers began farming cash crops. Farmers could also order thing via mail order catalog (Montgomery Ward).
596138410	Farms become food factories	Steam driver tractors could do much more than oxen. Combine harvested more wheat Farmers got themselves into shitload of debt. Cali was best--> big and productive. Refrigerator car invented in 1880s, moved goods eastwards.
596138411	Market changes in 1880s	Farmer suffered when food prices dropped, made their goods worth less so they couldn't make the $ they needed to.
596138412	Concerns of farmers	Low crop prices and deflated currency Crop prices dropped b/c machines could make more Deflated currency made it harder to pay off debts (needed to grow more crops and needed more $ in circulation). Farmers often lost their farms due to foreclosure, became tenant farmers. Farmers taxed to death by gov't, lots of natural disasters.
596138413	Contraction	Less money in circulation.
596138414	Farmers biggest enemy	RAILROADS! Farmers relied in them to get their goods to market. At railroads mercy. 1890s: 1/2 Americans still farmers. Weren't organized b/c they were independent minded and spread out too much (geographically).
596138415	The Grange	1869, the Grange started by Oliver H. Kelley. National farmers organization aimed at promoting farmers agenda. Initial goal was to set up meetings between farmers. By 1875 had 800,000 members. Set up co-ops. Tried (and failed) to make own farming machinery. Tried to regulate railroads. Setback by Wabash case. Results: 1. 1878 elected 14 members to Congress 2. 1880 nominated James B. Weaver but he only got 3% of vote.
596138416	Wabash Case	Sup. Court case, said states couldn't regulate interstate commerce.
596138417	Farmer's Alliance	Emerged in 1870s, similar to Grangers. Wanted to socialize and push farmers agenda. By 1890 had over 1,000,000 members but could have had more (excluded blacks, tenant famers and sharecroppers). Blacks made Colored Farmers Alliance.
596138418	Populist PartyT	Wanted to: To fight the "money trust" on Wall Street. To nationalize railroads, telephone, and the telegraph. To start a graduated income tax (graduated meaning steps or levels, where the tax rate is higher the more a person earns). To start a "sub-treasury" to provide loans to farmers. To call for the unlimited coinage of silver. Coinage of silver was muy importante!
596138419	Mary Elizabeth Lease	Said farmers should "raise less corn and raise more hell".
596138420	Congress seats 1892	In 1892, Populist party won seats in Congress. James B. Weaver, their candiate got over 1,000,000 votes. They were hindered by racial tensions in the South. Their challenge was to join the North and join up with city workers to make a political party with a rural/urban one-two punch.
596138421	Panic of 1893	Fueled Populists. Many people went to Washington DC to demand change.
596138422	Jacob Coxey	"Coxey's Army" marched on Washington DC. Called for reliving unemployment but a gov't work program. Also wanted $500 million in paper money. March fizzled out.
596138423	Pullman's Strike	Led by Eugene Debs. Workers of Pullman Palace Company hit hard by depression, wages cut 1/3. Workers went on strike. Debs helped them organize. Attorney General Richard Olney called in fed troops to break strike. Debs went to prison for 6 months.
596138424	Election 1896	Asked: Will US base currency in money, gold or silver or both? Repubs chose William McKinley (pro-tariff). His right hand man was Mark Hanna, who was pro-businesss. Democrats chose William Jennings Bryan (Cross of Gold speech--> wowed them!) Both candidates played on fears of people. McKinley won! a) gold was decided upon as America's economic basis, (b) it was a victory for business, conservatives, and middle class values (as opposed to the working class), and (c) it started 16 years of Republican presidents (and 8 of the next 36 years).
596138425	Dingley Tariff Bill	Raised tariff rates to 46.5%.
596138426	Gold Standard Act	1900. Said people could trade in money for gold.
596138427	McKinley's first year	The 1893 recession had run its course and it was time for growth. McKinley likely brought a sense of calm both in his pro-business policies and by simply having the gold/silver question answered. The economy, and especially Wall Street, never likes uncertainty.

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Biology SAT prep Flashcards

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430077787	semiconservative replication	method of DNA replication in which parental strands separate, act as templates, and produce molecules of DNA with one parental DNA strand and one new DNA strand
430077788	B cells	a white blood cell that make antibodies
430077789	T cells	an immune system cell that coordinates the immune system and attacks many infected cells
430077790	macrophage	an immune-system cell that engulfs pathogens
430077791	promoter	A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA.
430077792	point mutation	gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides
430077793	base-pair substitution	A point mutation; the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand by another pair of nucleotides.
430077794	insertion	A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.
430077795	frameshift	A nucleotide is inserted or deleted, changing where the coding for entirely different amino acids.
430077796	aneuploidy	A chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number.
430077797	polypoidy	condition when an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
430077798	genome	the ordering of genes in a haploid set of chromosomes of a particular organism
430077799	recombinant DNA	genetically engineered DNA made by recombining fragments of DNA from different organisms
430077800	recognition sequences	specific sites on DNA that restriction enzymes cut
430077801	restriction fragments	DNA segment resulting from cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme
430077802	polymerase chain reaction	A method of producing thousands of copies of DNA segment using the enzyme DNA polymerase
430077803	ECOLOGY	...
430077804	clumped	describing a dispersion pattern in which individuals are aggregated in patches
430077805	random spacing	unpredictable, patternless dispersion (relatively rare in nature)
430077806	uniform	evenly spaced
430077807	biotic potential	the maximum reproductive rate of an organism, given unlimited resources and ideal environmental conditions
430077808	limiting factors	Conditions in the environment that put limits on where an organism can live
430077809	density-dependent factors	Limiting factors (such as competition, predation, parasitism, and disease) that are affected by the number of individuals in a given area
430077810	density-independent factors	Limiting factor that affects all populations in similiar ways, regardless of population size.
430077811	commensalism	the relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits from the other without damaging it
430077812	parasitism	the relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it (usually not fatal damage)
430077813	aposematic coloration	conspicuous coloration or markings of an animal serving to warn off predators
430077814	Batesian mimicry	A type of mimicry in which a harmless species looks like a species that is poisonous or otherwise harmful to predators.
430077815	mullerian mimicry	evolution of two species, both of which are unpalatable and, have poisonous stingers or some other defense mechanism, to resemble each other
442391594	Human Physiology	...
442391595	Artery	a blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body
442391596	vein	a blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart
442391597	cappilarie	Smallest blood vessel
442391598	Erythrocytes	red blood cells
442391599	Leukocytes	white blood cells, or WBC, form in the bone marrow and are part of the body's nonspecific defenses and the immune system
442391600	Thrombocytes	platelets, blood-clotting cell fragments
442391601	Thromboplasin	substance released by paltelets; reacts with prothrombin to form thrombin
442391602	Prothrombin	a protein in blood plasma that is the inactive precursor of thrombin
442391603	thrombin	an enzyme that acts on fibrinogen in blood causing it to clot
442391604	Fibrinogen	a protein present in blood plasma
442391605	fibrin	a white insoluble fibrous protein formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen when blood clots
442391606	SA node	a specialized bit of heart tissue that controls the heartbeat
442391607	systolic	measurement of blood pressure taken when the heart is contracting and forcing blood into the arteries
442391608	diastolic	the blood pressure during that part of the heartbeat when the hearts venticles are relaxing
442391609	ductless	Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the blood because they are __________.
442391610	Tropic hormones	hormones that stimulate other glands to release their hormones
442391611	Pheremones	chemical signals released by organisms when they are ready to breed
442391612	urea	waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine
442391613	uric acid	nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine
442391614	ammonia	A small, very toxic molecule (NH3) produced by nitrogen fixation or as a metabolic waste product of protein and nucleic acid metabolism.

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SAT advanced Flashcards

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93257926	catalyst	trigger
93257927	caustic	substance that burns, hurting (comment)
93257928	synthetic	produced artificially
93257929	osmosis	diffusion of a fluid, gradual assimilation
93257930	sedentary	remaining in one area, not moving
93257931	virulent	infectious toxin, hostile (language)
93257932	empirical	based on experiment, practice (experience)
93257933	entomology	study of insects
93257934	gestate	conceive
93257935	paradigm	model of thought

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science vocab Flashcards

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9061992	absolute zero	the lowest possible temperature, about -273 degrees Celsius
9061993	acid	a substance that forms hydronium ions in water; having a pH less than 7
9061994	acid rain	rain made acid by absorbing sulfur and nitrogen oxides from polluted air
9061995	adrenalin	a hormone of the adrenal gland, secreted in times of emergency
9061996	air mass	a large body of air characterized by certain values of temperature and humidity
9061997	algae	simple, green organisms with cell walls, but without the complex structure of plants
9061998	alkali	a strongly basic hydroxide
9061999	alloy	a substance composed of two or more metals
9062000	alternating current	an electric current that reverses direction periodically
9062001	amino acid	organic chemicals with an acid group (-COOH) at one end and an amino group (-NH2) at the other; the constituent molecules of proteins
9062002	anemia	substandard concentration of red blood cells
9062003	antibody	a blood protein that protects the body from foreign chemicals or microorganisms
9062004	aorta	the largest artery, carrying blood out of the left ventricle
9062005	artery	a muscular-walled blood vessel that distributes blood to the body tissues
9062006	atmosphere	the layer of air surrounding the earth
9062007	atom	the smallest part of an element
9062008	bacteria	the smallest and simplest one-celled organisms, having neither nucleus nor other organelles
9062009	barometer	an instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure
9062010	bedrock	the solid rock underlying the loose material at the earth's surface
9062011	boiling point	the temperature at which, at any given pressure, the liquid and gas phases of a substance are in equilibrium
9062012	calorie	a quantity of heat energy, equal to 4.185 joules; the Large Calorie of the nutritionist is a kilocalorie, equal to 1000 calories
9062013	capillary	1) a thin tube into which water can rise by adhesion to the surface 2) a tiny blood vessel connecting an artery to a vein and providing interchange of materials between blood and tissue
9062014	catalyst	a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the reaction
9062015	chemical formula	conventional representation of the atomic composition of a compound
9062016	chemical reaction	a process in which the molecules or ionic composition of one or more substances is altered
9062017	colon	the large intestine
9062018	concentration	the amount of a substance contained in a given volume of a solution or other mixture
9062019	conductor	a material through which heat or electrical current may pass
9062020	digestion	the process of enzymatic breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller, soluble ones
9062021	dilute solution	a solution in which the solute has a low concentration
9062022	DNA	deoxyribose nucleic acid, the substance of the genes
9062023	ductless gland	an endocrine organ
9062024	ecology	the study of the relationships between organisms and with their inorganic environment
9062025	electric charge	the property of particles (such as electrons and protons) by which they exert forces on each other without respect to their mass
9062026	electric current	a flow of electric charge, typically carried by electrons through a metal or by ions through a solution or a plasma
9062027	electromagnetic waves	disturbances in electric and magnetic fields propagating through space
9062028	electron	a particle found in all atoms, having a small mass and a single unit of negative electric charge
9062029	electrostatic force	the force particles exert on each other because of their electric charge
9062030	element	a substance consisting of only one species of atom, so that it cannot be decomposed by chemical means
9062031	embryo	an organism in the earliest stages of its development
9062032	endocrine organ	a gland that secretes hormones into the blood
9062033	energy	a physical quantity having the dimension of work and measured in joules, whose total quantity remains constant through all interactions and transformations
9062034	enzyme	a substance, usually a protein, produced by living cells and acting as a catalyst
9062035	epicenter	the point on the earth's surface directly above the geological shift that causes an earthquake
9062036	erosion	the movement of rock, sand, etc., due to natural forces
9062037	esophagus	the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach; gullet
9062038	evaporation	conversion of a liquid into the gaseous phase by escape of molecules from the surface
9062039	evolution	the process by which species undergo drastic changes over long periods of time
9062040	excretion	the disposal of metabolic wastes from the body, as by urination
9062041	fault	a crack in the earth's crust, along which crustal movement takes place
9062042	fermentation	an enzyme-controlled reaction that takes place in the absence of oxygen, such as the conversion of sugar to alcohol by the action of yeast
9062043	fertilization	1) the process of applying nutrients to the soil to stimulate plant growth 2) the union of a sperm and an egg cell to form a zygote
9062044	fission	1) reproduction of a one-celled organism by splitting into two equal parts 2) the splitting of an atomic nucleus into approximately equal parts, with the release of energy
9062045	flood plain	the flat region around an old river, which becomes covered with water at times of high runoff
9062046	food chain	an array of organisms in which each serves as food for the one above
9062047	fossil	the preserved remains or casts of a long-extinct organism
9062048	frequency	the number of cycles completed in a unit time in any cyclic phenomenon, such as a vibration
9062049	front	the boundary between two air masses
9062050	fusion	1) the melting of a solid 2) a nuclear reaction in which two small nuclei combine to form a larger one, accompanied by the release of energy 3) the union of isogametes of one-celled organisms
9062051	galaxy	an agglomeration of many millions of stars
9062052	gamete	a sex cell, such as egg or sperm
9062053	gas	a substance, usually of very low density, that has no surfaces of its own but will spread to fill its container
9062054	gene	the particle that carries hereditary info from one generation to another and controls the production of proteins in a living cell
9062055	genetics	the study of biological inheritance
9062056	glacier	a large mass of ice moving down a valley or across a continent
9062057	glucose	the simple sugar that forms the fundamental energy supply of all nucleated organisms
9062058	gravity	the mass-dependent force by which any two objects in the universe attract each other
9062059	greenhouse effect	the warming of the earth resulting from atmospheric gases trapping heat that reradiates from the earth's surface
9062060	habitat	the part of an ecosystem that is occupied by a given organism
9062061	heat	energy that passes from one system to another because of a difference in temperature
9062062	helix	a spiral shaped like a spring, characteristics of the DNA molecule
9062063	herbivore	an animal that eats plants only (what Hibari hates the most)
9062064	hormone	a substance, secreted into the blood by an endocrine gland, that controls chemical processes in other parts of the body
9062065	humidity	the amount of water vapor in the air
9062322	igneous rock	rock formed by the hardening of liquid rock emerging from deep within the earth, either to the surface or within the crust
9062323	inertia	the property of objects to remain in a state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless acted on by an outside force
9062324	infrared rays	electromagnetic waves of wavelength longer than those of visible light, but shorter than microwaves
9062325	insulator	a substance that blocks the passage of heat or electric current
9062326	insulin	a hormone, produced in the pancreas, that controls the metabolism of glucose
9062327	ion	an atom or group of atoms that has acquired either a positive charge or a negative charge by gaining/losing electrons
9062328	isobar	a line on a weather map connecting points of equal barometric pressure
9062329	isotope	a variety of an element distinguished by its atomic mass number, but having the same atomic number as all other isotopes of the element
9062330	jet stream	a rapidly flowing mass of air high in the atmosphere
9062331	Kelvin scale	the SI temperature scale, which has its zero at the absolute zero of temperature
9062332	kinetic energy	the energy of an object as measured by its mass and velocity
9062333	latent heat	the heat added or removed from a substance that produces a change of phase with no change in temperature
9062334	latitude	the distance north or south of the equator measured in degrees
9062335	light year	the distance light travels in a year
9062336	liquid	a substance that takes the shape of its container, up to a definite upper surface
9062337	liter	a unit of volume equal to 1000 cubic cm
9062338	longitude	the distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees
9062339	lunar eclipse	condition in which the earth comes between the sun and the moon so that the moon is in the earth's shadow
9062340	magnet	a device made of a ferromagnetic material, such as steel, which can exert forces on other such materials
9062341	magnetism	the excess force exerted on each other by charges in motion
9062342	mass	the quantity of substance in an object measured either by its acceleration when a force is applied or by its gravitational attraction to other objects
9062343	melting	the change of matter from solid to liquid
9062344	melting point	the temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance can exist in equilibrium
9062345	mineral	an earth substance with specified chemical constitution
9062346	molecule	a particle consisting of one or more atoms bound together, and comprising the smallest quantity of a non-ionic substance
9062347	muscle	an organ that controls body functions by carrying electrochemical impulses
9062348	natural selection	the tendency of individuals or species best adapted to a particular environment to leave larger numbers of offspring
9062349	nerve	an organ that controls body functions by carrying electrochemical impulses
9062350	neuron	a nerve cell
9062351	neutron	a neutral particle that is part of the nuclei of atoms, with mass slightly larger than that of a proton
9062352	nitrogen	a gaseous element that makes up 79 percent of the atmosphere
9062353	nucleus	1) the massive, charged center of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons 2) a structure in a cell, surrounded by a membrane and containing the chromosomes 3) a particle of dust in the atmosphere around which water condenses, forming a raindrop
9062354	organic compound	a molecular chemical compound based on carbon
9062355	osmosis	the diffusion of water through a membrane
9062356	outcrop	the part of the bedrock protruding through overlying sediments
9062357	ovary	in animals, an organ that produces egg cells; part of the stigma of a flower that contains the ovules
9062358	thermometer	a device for measuring temperature
9062359	toxin	a poisonous substance produced by bacteria
9062360	vaccine	a material used to induce immunity to a specific disease
9062361	vertebrae	the bones that are arrayed linearly to form the back-bone of vertebrates
9062362	virus	a submicroscopic particle that can become self-reproducing inside a living cell
9062363	volt	the unit of measure of electric potential difference, which provides the condition for the flow of an electric current
9062364	weight	the gravitational force that the earth or other astronomical object exerts on an object near its surface
9062365	X-ray	electromagnetic radiation of wavelength shorter than ultraviolet
9062366	zygote	a cell formed by the fusion of two gametes

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Chapter 7 Campbell Vocab Flashcards

Membranes

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572248149	active transport	The movement of a substance across a cell membrane, with an expenditure of energy, against its concentration or electrochemical gradient; mediated by specific transport proteins.
572248150	ATP (adenosine triphosphate)	An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.
572248151	amphipathic	Having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.
572248152	aquaporin	A channel protein in the plasma membrane of a plant, animal, or microorganism cell that specifically facilitates osmosis, the diffusion of water across the membrane.
572248153	carbohydrate	A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).
572248154	concentration gradient	A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases.
572248155	diffusion	The spontaneous movement of a substance down its concentration gradient, from a region where it is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated.
572248156	electrochemical gradient	The diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by both the concentration difference of the ion across a membrane (a chemical force) and the ion's tendency to move relative to the membrane potential (an electrical force).
572248157	electrogenic pump	An ion transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane.
572248158	endocytosis	Cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane.
572248159	exocytosis	The cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane.
572248160	facilitated diffusion	The spontaneous passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins.
572248161	flaccid	Limp. Lacking in stiffness or firmness, as in a plant cell in surroundings where there is no tendency for water to enter the cell.
572248162	gated channel	A transmembrane protein channel that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus.
572248163	glycogen	An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.
572248164	glycolipid	A lipid with covalently attached carbohydrate(s).
572248165	glycoprotein	A protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it.
572248166	hypertonic	Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water.
572248167	integral protein	Typically a transmembrane protein with hydrophobic regions that extend into and often completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane and with hydrophilic regions in contact with the aqueous solution on either side of the membrane (or lining the channel in the case of a channel protein).
572248168	ion channel	A transmembrane protein channel that allows a specific ion to flow across the membrane down its concentration gradient.
572248169	isotonic	Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, has no effect on the passage of water into or out of the cell.
572248170	ligand	A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one.
572248171	low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	A particle in the blood made up of cholesterol and other lipids surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded. LDL carries more cholesterol than a related lipoprotein, HDL, and high LDL levels in the blood correlate wi
572248172	membrane potential	The difference in electrical charge (voltage) across a cell's plasma membrane due to the differential distribution of ions. Membrane potential affects the activity of excitable cells and the transmembrane movement of all charged substances.
572248173	model	A representation of a theory or process.
572248174	myosin	A type of protein filament that acts as a motor protein with actin filaments to cause cell contraction.
572248175	osmoregulation	Regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism.
572248176	osmosis	The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
572248177	passive transport	The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy.
572248178	peripheral protein	A protein loosely bound to the surface of a membrane or to part of an integral protein and not embedded in the lipid bilayer.
572248179	phagocytosis	A type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances are taken up by a cell. It is carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals (in mammals, mainly macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells).
572248180	pinocytosis	A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.
572248181	plasma membrane	The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell's chemical composition.
572248182	plasmolysis	A phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall; occurs when the cell loses water to a hypertonic environment.
572248183	proton pump	An active transport protein in a cell membrane that uses ATP to transport hydrogen ions out of a cell against their concentration gradient, generating a membrane potential in the process.
572248184	receptor-mediated endocytosis	The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances.
572248185	selective permeability	A property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances.
572248186	sodium-potassium pump	A transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.
572248187	tonicity	The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water.
572248188	transport protein	A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane.
572248189	turgid	Swollen or distended, as in plant cells. (A walled cell becomes turgid if it has a greater solute concentration than its surroundings, resulting in entry of water.)

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AP Biology, Chapter 6, Cell Flashcards

Ap biology cambell edition 7 chapter 6 a tour of the cell

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567545072	cell	-the simplest collection of matter that can live -bound by plasma membrane -contains chromosomes
567545073	Light Microscope	-magnifies effectively but has resolution issues -commonly used in lab -good for study of live cells -limited by the shortest wavelength of light used to illuminate the specimen
567545074	magnification	ration of the object's image size to its real size
567545075	resolution	a measure of the clarity of the image; the minimum distance two points can be separated and still be distinguished
567545076	Electron Microscope	-focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or into it's surface -have much shorter wavelengths than the wavelengths of visible light -reveals cell's ultrastructure -2 kinds scanning transmission
567545077	Scanning Electron Microscope	provides a 3D image (microscope)
567545078	Transmission Electron Microscope	-good for study of ultrastructure -uses energy beam -cannot look at living things
567545079	Cell Fractionation	takes cells apart and separates the major organelles
567545080	centrifuge	separates cell by size and density
567545081	cytosol	semi fluid within the membrane
567545082	prokaryotic cell	-no nucleus -organisms of the domains bacteria and archaea -has nucleoid
567545083	nucleiod	Region of prokaryotic cells where DNA is located
567545084	pili	outside the cell wall used to exchange information
567545085	cell wall	Plant Organelle: ridged outermost cell layer, made of cellulose, provides a sturdy area where cell can thrive
567545086	eukaryotic cell	-true nucleus -protist, fungi, animal and plants -membranous nuclear envelope -bigger than prokaryotic cells
567545087	cytoplasm	the entire region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
567545088	plasma membrane	functions as a selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire volume of the cell
567545089	membrane	fundamental to the organization of the cell - generally consists of a double layer of phospholipids and other molecules (cholesterol, glyoproteins and glycolipids)
567545090	central vacuole	storage unit (one of the largest in the cell) in plants to store water
567545091	plasmodesmata	holes in the cell wall allowing entrance/exit from/to the cell
567545092	nuclear envelope	encloses nucleus separating its contents from the cytoplasm the membrane is a lipid bilayer
567545093	pore complex	intricate protein structure that regulates the entry and exit of certain large macromolecules and particles
567545094	nuclear lamina	-lines nuclear side of envelope near the pores -net-like array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope
567545095	chromosomes	structures that carry genetic info made of chromatin
567545096	chromatin	a complex array of proteins and DNA coiled together
567545097	nucleolus	a structure in the nucleus formed from various chromosomes -active in synthesis of ribosomes
567545098	ribosomes	organelles that carry out protein synthesis -2parts large subunit small subunit -2 locations free bound
567545099	free ribosomes	suspended in cytosol, makes whatever the cell needs
567545100	bound ribosomes	attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope - makes specific proteins
567545101	peroxisome	Organelle: uses enzymes to get rid of the metabolic wastes specifically hydrogen peroxide (numerous in the liver)
567545102	mitochondria	Organelle: (power plant of the cell) takes organic material and turns it into ATP, can be thousands in a single cell
567545103	lysosome	Organelle: aids in waste removal system of cells, puts dead bacteria, organelles, and other matter into a vacuole and fills it with digestive enzymes
567545104	apoptosis	programmed suicide for the cell
567545105	golgi apparatus	Organelle: "Fedex" of the cell. accepts the proteins, sorts them and then sends them where they need to go
567545106	Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum	Organelle: produces lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates and concentrates calcium (makes phospholipids)
567545107	Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum	Organelle: studded with ribosomes, makes transport proteins for the plasma membrane
567545108	Ribosomes on ER	take info from mRNA, make proteins according to what the RNA says
567545109	centrioles	Organelle: forms spindles that aid in the cellular division process, they grab chromosomes and separate them, only in animal cells
567545110	centrisome	Organelle: creates microtubules
567545111	cytoskeleton	Organelle: internal framework of the cell 3 Parts microfilaments intermediate filaments *microtubules
567545112	microfilaments	thin but solid protein in cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells
567545113	intermediate filaments	thicker than microfilaments, used more for structure
567545114	microtubules	hollow but thick tube of protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella and cytoskeleton
567545115	microvilli	Organelle: increases surface area, found in intestines and kidneys
567545116	chloroplast	Plant Organelle: houses photosynthesis, produces ATP for the cell (similar to mitochondria)
567545117	tonoplast	Plant Organelle: membranes that enclose the central vacuole
567545118	central vacuole	Plant Organelle: enclosed sac found in mature plant cells, used for storage, breakdown of waste products and hydrolysis of macromolecules

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AP Biology Chapter 8 Metabolism Flashcards

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471868489	metabolism	set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes
471868490	catabolic pathways	Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
471868491	anabolic pathways	Consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones (store energy)
471868492	energy	the capacity of a physical system to do work
471868493	kinetic energy	the mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its motion
471868494	potential energy	the mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its position
471868495	chemical energy	that part of the energy in a substance that can be released by a chemical reaction
471868496	thermodynamics	the branch of physics concerned with the conversion of different forms of energy
471868497	1st law of thermodynamics	The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
471868498	2nd law of thermodynamics	The principle whereby every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat, and in spontaneous reactions, the free energy of the system also decreases.
471868499	entropy	measure of disorder or randomness, energy that is no longer available to do work
471868500	free energy	energy that is available to do work
471868501	exergonic reaction	A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy.
471868502	endergonic reaction	A non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings.
471868503	ATP	(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
471868504	phosphorylation	The transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. Nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by phosphorylation.
471868505	enzymes	proteins that act as biological catalysts
471868506	catalysts	substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not used up itself or permanently changed
471868507	activation energy	the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction
471868508	substrate	The reactant on which an enzyme works.
471868509	active site	the part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs
471868510	induced fit	The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate.
471868511	coenzyme	a small molecule (not a protein but sometimes a vitamin) essential for the activity of some enzymes
471868512	cofactor	a substance (as a coenzyme) that must join with another to produce a given result
471868513	competitive inhibition	The process of a substance reducing the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics.
471868514	noncompetitive inhibition	the act of binding to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective
471868515	allosteric site	A site on an enzyme other than the active site, to which a specific substance binds, thereby changing the shape and activity of the enzyme.
471868516	feedback inhibition	A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.
471868517	cooperativity	A kind of allosteric regulation whereby a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the others, facilitating binding of subsequent substrate molecules.
471870012	activation energy	in a chemcial reaction, the energy needed to force the electron shells of reactants together piror to the formation of products
471870013	active site	the region of an enzyme molecule that binds substrates and performs the catalytic function of the enzyme
471870014	adenosine diphosphate	a molceulce composed of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and two phosphate groups, a component of ATP.
471870015	allosteric regulation	the process by which enzyme asction is enhanced or inhibited by small organic molecules that act as regulartors by binding to the enzyme and altering active site
471870016	catalyst	a substance that speeds up a chemcial reaction wtihout itself being permantly changed in the process;lowers the activation energy of a reaction
471870017	chemical reaction	the process that forms and breaks chemical bonds that hold atoms together
471870018	coenzyme	an organic molecule that is bound to certain enzymes and is required for the enzmes proper functioning typicall a nucleotide bound to a water soluble vitamin
471870019	competitive inhibition	the process by which two or more molecules that are somewhat similair in structure compete for the active site of an enzyme
471870020	coupled reaction	a pair of reactions, one exergonic and one endergonic, that are linked together such that the energy produced by the exergonic reaction provides the neergy needed to drive the endergonic reaction
471870021	electron carrier	a molecule that can reversibly gain or lose electrons. Electron carriers generally accept high energy electrosn produced during an exergonic reaction and donate the electrons to acceptor molecules that use the energy to drive endergonic reactions
471870022	endergonic	pertaining to a chemical reaction that requires an input of energy to proceed; an uphill reaction
471870023	energy	the capacity to do work
471870024	energy carrier molecule	a molecule that stores energy i high energy chemical bonds and realeases the energy t drive coupled endothermic reactions, IN cells ATP is pled endothermic reactions. in cells atp is the most common energy carrier molecule
471870025	entropy	a measure of the amount of randomness and disorder in a system
471870026	enzyme	a protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions
471870027	exergonic	pertaining to a chemcial reaction that liberates energy either as heat or in the form of increaseted entropy a downhill reaction
471870028	feedback inhibition	in enzyme mediated chemical eactions the condition in which the product of a reaction inhibits one or more of the enzymes involved in synthesizing the product
471870029	first law of thermodynamics	the primciple of phyiscs that states that within any isolated system, energy can be neither created nor destroyed but can be converted from one form to another
471870030	kinetic energy	the energy of movement includes light heat, mechanical movement, and electricty
471870031	laws of thermodynamics	the physical laws that define the basic properties and behavior of energy
471870032	metabolic pathway	a sequence of chemcial reactions within a cell, in which the products of one raction are the reactants for the next reaction
471870033	metabolsim	the sum of all chemncial reactions thatoccur within a single cell or within all the cells of a multicellular organism
471870034	potential energy	stored energy, normaly chemcial energy or energy of posistion within a gravitational field
471870035	product	an atom or molecule that is formed from reactants in a chemical reaction
471870036	reactant	an atom or moelcule that is used up in a chemcial reaction to form a product
471870037	second law of thermodynamics	the principle of physics that states that any change in an isolated sustem caues the quanitity of concentrated, useful energy to decrease and the amount of randomness and disorder (entropy) to increase
471870038	substrate	the atoms or molecules that are the reactants for an enzyme catalyzed chemcial reactoin

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