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AP BIO Ch 16 The molecular Basis of Inheritance Flashcards

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589681300origins of replicationSite where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides.
589681301DNA polymeraseAn enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA (for example, at a replication fork) by the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing chain.
589681302DNA polymerase Iremoves the primer from the 5' end of the second fragment, replacing it with DNA nucleotides that it adds one by one to the 3' end of the thrid fragment
589681303DNA polymerase IIIcontinuously synthesizes the leading strand in the 5' - 3' direction and also completes synthesis of the fourth fragment, when it reaches the RNA primer on the third fragment, it will dissociate, move to the replication fork and adds DNA nucleotides to the 3' end of the fifth fragment primer
589681304replication forkA Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are growing.
589681305leading strandThe new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5'?3' direction.
589681306lagging strandA discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5'3' direction away from the replication fork.
589681307okazaki fragmentsA short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication, many of which are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA.
589681308DNA ligaseA linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of one DNA fragment (such as an Okazaki fragment) to the 5' end of another DNA fragment (such as a growing DNA chain).
589681309primerA polynucleotide with a free 3' end bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand, that is elongated during DNA replication
589681310primaseAn enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer using the parental DNA strand as a template.
589681311helicaseAn enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks, separating the two strands and making them available as template strands.
589681312topoisomeraseA protein that functions in DNA replication, helping to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication
589681313single-strand binding proteinDuring DNA replication, molecules that line up along the unpaired DNA strands, holding them apart while the DNA strands serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA
589681314antiparallelthe opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix
589681315Watson and Crickdiscovered the double-helical model for the structure of DNA
589681316double helixThe form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.
589681317base pairing in DNAA-T C-G
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AP US HISTORY UNIT 2 REVIEW Flashcards

AP US HISTORY

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519599201mercantilisman economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
519599202Stamp Act 1765Was issued in order to raise revenues to support the new British military force. Mandated the use of stamped paper certifying the payment of taxes. Colonist were angrily aroused and felt that this act was jeopardizing the basic right of the colonists as Englishmen.
519599203Sons of LibertyA radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.
519599204Declaratory Act 1766this Act repealed the Stamp Act, but stated that Great Britain can rule the colonies anyway she sees fit (with date)
519599205Boston MassacreThe first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans
519599206Tea Act 1773Allowed East India Company to avoid navigation taxes when exporting tea to colonies and gave them power to monopolize tea trade; this angered colonists and threatened merchants and the colonial economy.
519599207Coercive Acts 17741. Closed Boston port until destroyed tea paid for. 2. stopped town meetings. 3. Appointed a military government for Massachusetts. 4. Trials of government officials will be in England.
519599208First Continental CongressDelegates from all colonies except georgia met to discuss problems with britain and to promote independence
519599209Lexington and Concordthe first battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775)
519599210Battle of Bunker Hillthe first important battle of the American War of Independence (1775)
519599211Paxton BoysThey were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.
519599212writs of assistanceIt was part of the Townshend Acts. It said that the customs officers could inspect a ship's cargo without giving a reason. Colonists protested that the Writs violated their rights as British citizens.
519599213Declaration of IndependenceThis document was adopted on July 4, 1776. It established the 13 American colonies as independent states, free from rule by Great Britain. Thomas Jefferson wrote the majority of this document.
519599214Battle of SaratogaTurning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.
519599215General Cornwallisthe British general who defied an order and was trapped at Yorktown forcing his surrender; he called Washington an old fox
519599216John JayFirst chief justice of the Supreme Court
519599217Articles of ConfederationThis document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the Revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage.
519599218Northwest OrdinanceEnacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states
519599219James MadisonStrict constructionist, 4th president, father of the Constitution, leads nation through War of 1812
519599220Anti-federalistsopponents of a strong central government who campaigned against the ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of independant states
519599221John LockeEnglish philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.
519599222Declaration of Causesa document which was a justification of their taking arms.
519599223Richard Henry LeeMember of the Second Continental Congress who urged Congress to support independence; signer of the Declaration of Independence.
519599224Sugar Act of 1764An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.
519599225virtual representationBritish governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members
519599226Stamp Act Congressgroup of colonists who protested the Stamp Act, saying that Parliament couldn't tax without colonist' consent
519599227Charles TownshendBritish Prime Minister. Influenced Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts.
519599228non-importation agreementsA form of protest against British policies; colonial merchants refused to import British goods.
519599229committees of correspondenceOrganization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies
519599230Intolerable Acts 17741774 closed harbor untio damage were paid and order can be ensued + British official if they killed someone they get trial by jury in Britian where they were likely not to get charged. (in response when the colonist threw the tea)
519599231John AdamsAmerica's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."
519599232Second Continental CongressThey organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence
519599233Thomas PaineRevolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man
519599234Pontiac's RebellionA 1763 conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area
519599235Benjamin FranklinPrinter, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.
519599236Admiral de Grassethe French naval commander/ helped the troops in the Navy trap and cut off Cornwallis
519599237Treaty of Paris 1783The British recognized the independence of the United States. It granted boundaries, which stretched from the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the south. The Yankees retained a share of Newfoundland.
519599238Land Ordinance of 1785A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.
519599239Annapolis ConventionOriginally planning to discuss the promotion of interstate commerce, delegates from five states met at Annapolis in September 1786 and ended up suggesting a convention to amend the Articles of Confederation
519599240Virginia ResolutionWritten anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.
519599241Constitutional Conventionmeeting of delegates in 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation, which produced the new U.S. Constitution
519599242Quartering Act of 1765Act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties.
519599243Proclamation Act 1763Act passed by England prohibiting colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains
519599244Townshend Acts 1767Taxed luxury items imported into the colonies; colonists outraged and started another movement to stop importing Br. goods
519599245George IIIEnglish monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.
519599246Samuel AdamsFounder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence
519599247Quebec ActSigned in 1774, intended to reorganize the way these British territories were governed
519599248George WashingtonVirginian, patriot, general, and president. Lived at Mount Vernon. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States.
519599249Common Sensea pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation
519599250circular letterA letter circulated in 1767 in reaction to the Townshend Act. It urged colonists to jointly sign a petition of protest and was influential in causing colonists to work together against the British.
519599251Battles of Trenton and PrincetonWashington crossed Delaware, surprised Hessians at Trenton, went on to win at Princeton...gave new hope to Americans after defeats in New York
519599252Nathaniel GreeneQuaker-raised American general who employed tactics of fighting and then drawing back to recover, then attacking again. Defeated Cornwallis by thus "fighting Quaker".
519599253YorktownThe last major battle of the war in which Charles Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington. The French helped us. The was over, and colonists had won!
519599254Shay's Rebellionwas led by Daniel Shays it was a protest against the land being taken away and the taxes that they had just worked so hard to get rid of
519599255Alexander HamiltonDelegate to the Constitutional Convention and leader of the Federalists; first secretary of the treasury.
519599256Thomas Hobbeswrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful governemnt could keep an orderly society
519599257Prohibitory ActOn July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.
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AP Biology Ch. 1 Flashcards

AP Biology by Campbell Reece, 7th Edition

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450180719GenomeThe entire "library" of genetic instructions an organism inherits. Located in chromosomes
450180720Systems Biologyto model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems. High-throughput tech analyzes biological materials quickly and gives large volumes of data. Bioinformatics extracts the useful biological info.
450180721Negative vs. Positive FeedbackNegative-accumulation of end product slows the process Positive-end product speeds product
450180722Natural Selection-individual variation -overproduction and competition -unequal reproductive success -evolutionary adaption
450180723Element vs. CompoundElement-can't be broken down Compound-consists of at least 2 different elements in a fixed ratio Trace Element-small quantities required
450180724CHONPSCarbon* Hydrogen* Oxygen* Nitrogen* Phosphorus Sulfur *4 most important
450180725Atomic StructureNucleus-protons and neutrons tightly packed Electron(s)-circle the nucleus
450180726Daltonaka amu-atomic mass unit Neutrons and protons have masses approx. 1 dalton
450180727Atomic Number# of protons In a neutral atom without electrical charge, # of protons=# of electrons
450180728Atomic Mass Number# of protons + # of neutrons
450180729IsotopesAll atoms of an element have the same # of protons, but some have more neurons than others and have a greater mass. Radioactive isotopes' nucleus decays spontaneously and gives off particles and energy. Then it turns into a different element.
450180730Electron Shellsaverage distances of an electron energy level from nucleus. 1st shell(near nucleus) has least energy. Farther from nucleus have more potential, and more energy. Can't stay in-between fixed states of potential energy.
450180731ValenceMost potential energy, where interactions take place. Valence electron- outer electron Valence shell- outermost shell -atom's bonding capacity
450180732ElectronegativityAttraction of a certain type of atom for electrons of a covalent bond. The more electronegativity, the more the atom pulls shared electrons toward itself.
450180733Polar vs. Nonpolar CovalentCovalent bond-sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms Nonpolar-electrons shared equally, balanced and complete(H2, CH4) Polar-electrons not shared equally(H2O)
450180734IonsCharged atom/molecule Cation-positive ion Anion-Negative ion aka electrically charged molecules
450180735Ionic Bond and CompoundAttraction between cations and anions. So unequal in attraction for valence electrons, the more electronegative atom takes an electron away from the other. Forms an ionic compound, salt.
450180736Hydrogen BondHydrogen atom covalently bonds to another electronegative atom. Weak bond
450180737van der Waals Interactionsoccurs when atoms and molecules are very close together. Individually weak, cumulative force when together. Ex: lizard climbing wall
450180738Polar moleculeopposite ends of the molecule have opposite charges(H2O)
450180739Cohesion-attraction between 2 like things -hydrogen bonds hold water together
450180740Adhesion-attraction between 2 different substances -clinging of 1 substance to another
450180741Surface Tension-how hard it is to break or stretch the surface -water's high cohesion(HB)=high surface tension(sticks together)
450180742Specific Heatamount of heat to absorb/lose for 1g to change temperature by 1°C Water= 1cal/1g/1°C Large bodies of H2O holds large amounts of heat without changing much in temperature
450180743Heat of Vaporizationamount of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to evaporate. Water has high SH because it must break HB's first. Evaporation cooling-sweat on skin evaporates, taking heat with it to cool you down
450180744SolutionSolution-mixture of at least 2 substances -solvent: dissolving agent -solute: substance being dissolved -aqueous solution-water is solvent Water is the universal solvent.
450180745Hydrophilic vs. HydrophobicHydrophilic-affinity for water, polar Hydrophobic-repels water, nonpolar
450180746Molecular MassSum of masses of all the atoms in a molecule Ex: Sucrose- C12H22O11 Carbon-12, Hydrogen=1, Oxygen=16 144+22+176=342
450180747Molarity# of moles/solute/liter of solution 6.02x10^23 daltons/1g Ex: 1L of 1mol of sucrose dissolved in water. Measure 342g of sucrose, add water until dissolved and volume=1L
450180748pHAcid- more H+ concentration Base-less H+ concentation pH= -log[H+]; -log 10^7=-(-7)=pH 7
450180749BuffersBalance and maintain pH of human blood at 7.4 increase in pH H2CO3 ================= HCO3- + H+ H+donor decrease in pH H+acceptor H ion (acid) (base)
450180750acid precipitationRain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.6.
450180751Organic Chemistrystudy of carbon compounds
450180752HydrocarbonsOrganic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen (major compounds of petroleum)
450180753Isomerscompounds with same # of atoms of same element but different structures and properties Structural-different covalent partners Geometric-different arrangement about double bond Enantiomer-mirror images
450180754Functional Groups-components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions -attachments that replace H bonded to the C skeleton of hydrocarbon
450180755Hydroxyl Group-OH or HO- -H bonded to O, bonded to C skeleton of organic molecule -alcohol -polar from electronegative O -attracts H2O to help dissolve organic molecules
450180756Carbonyl GroupCO -C double bonded to O -Ketones: within C skeleton -Aldehydes: at end of C skeleton -ketone and aldehyde may be structure isomers
451577081Carboxyl Group-COOH -O double bonded to C thats bonded to hydroxyl group -carboxylic/organic acids -acidic properties because it's a source of H+ -very polar CB between O and H that H+ usually dissociate reversibly -ionic form(carboxylate) in cells
451577082Amino Group-NH^2 -N bonded to 2H and C skeleton -Amines -base; can pick up P+ from surrounding solution -ionized(1+charge) under cellular conditions
451577083Sulfhydryl Group-SH or HS- -sulfur bonded to H -thiols -2 SH groups can interact to help stabilize protein structure
451577084Phosphate Group-OPO'3^2- or -phosphorus bonded to 4O(1 bonded to C skeleton, 2O-) -phosphate group is ionized form of phosphoric acid group(-OPO3H2) -organic phosphates -makes its molecule anion -can transfer energy between organic molecules
451577085Monomer-repeating units - building blocks
451577086Polymer-long molecules -made of monomers covalently bonded
451577087Dehydration Reactionaka condensation reaction -monomerse covalently bonded by loss of H2O molecule
451577088Hydrolysisbreaks bonds between monomers by adding H2O molecule
451592268Carbohydrates-sugar -made of monosaccharides -carbonyl and hydroxyl group -aldose(outside), ketose(inside) -disaccharides-2monosaccharides CB by glycosidic linkage -polysaccharides -storage: starch4plants, glycogen4animals -structure: cellulose4plants, chitin4bugs
451592269Glycosidic Linkagecarbohydrates-dissacharides -CB between 2 monosaccharides by dehydration reaction
451592270Lipids-mostly hydrophobic -hydrocarbons, few O -fat:glycerol(alcohol with 3C) and fatty acid saturated and unsat. Tricylglycerol-3fatty acids join glycerol by ester linkage -phospholipid:hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail cell membranes -steroids: 4-fused membranes on C skeleton (ex. cholesterol)
451592271Ester Linkage3 fatty acids foin to glycerol -bond between hydroxyl and carboxyl group
451592272Saturated vs. UnsaturatedSaturated -unhealthy(butter) -solid at room temperature -straight, no double bond so there's more room for H Unsaturated -healthy(olive oil) -liquid at room temp -bent, double bonds so less room for H
451604415Proteins-made of polypeptides-polymers of amino acids(monomers) -Primary: sequence of amino acids -Secondary: local folding, weak HBs a helix-coiled b pleated sheet-zigzag -Tertiary: whole molecule folding, hydrophobic IE -Quaternary: >1 PP bonded, can function now
451604416Peptide Bond-CB 2amino acids together by dehydration reaction to make polypeptide -amino end bonds with carboxyl end -only goes in 1 direction -amino end=N-terminus -carboxyl end=C-terminus
451613861Enzymes-enzymatic proteins regulate metabolism by acting as catalysts -catalysts: chem agents speed up chem reactions in cell w/o being consumed in process
451613862Denaturation-pH, salt con, temp, is altered -protein unravels and loses its native conformation, bio inactive -shape and structure is altered
451613863Chaperoninsproteins assist proper folding of other proteins -keep new polypeptide secluded, away from bad -doesn't specify correct final structure
451613864Nucleic Acid-stores and transfers info -DNA: inherited genetic info directions for DNA replication and RNA synthesis double helix, antiparallel(opposite 5'->3') -RNA: controls protein synthesis -nucleotide-monomer nitrogenus base, pentose(5C sugar), phosphate group -Polynucleotide-polymer pyrimidine: 6 ring C and N; C, T, U purine: 6-5 ring; A, G
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AP Euro; 10 The French Revolution & Napolean Flashcards

1789-1815

A selection of the bolded terms in the 2008 Princeton Review.

Chapter 10- AP Euro; 10 The French Revolution, Napolean, and the European Reaction

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458567047Louis XVI- King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.
458567048Marie Antoinettequeen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)
458567049Estates GeneralFrance's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. (p. 585)
458567050First EstateThe first class of French society made up of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church.
458567051Second EstateThe second class of French society made up of the noblility
458567052Third Estatea. consisted of the Bourgeoisie and the peasantry b. 98% of the population c. paid all the taxes d. owned 55% of the land
458567053Abbe SieyesWrote an essay called What is the 3rd estate. Argued that lower classes were more important than the nobles and the government should be responsible to the people.
458567054cahiersgrievance petitions
458567055Tennis Court Oaththe national assembly swore to never seperate and to constantly meet until they wrote a fair constitution. it came about because the third estate claimed they were the National Assembly, so they invited people from the other estates to help them write their constitution
458567056Marquis de LafayetteLed the moderates in the French Revolution, headed the national guard
458567057Great FearThe panic and insecurity that struck French peasants in the summer of 1789 and led to their widespread destruction of manor houses and archives.
458567058Ancien RegimeThe old order before revolution in france, filled with class injustices, weakened and almost bankrupt
458567059Constitutional MonarchyA King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution. First phase of revolution. (Liberal phase)
458567060Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen1789, a French document that stated all men were born free and equal in rights
458567061Olympe de Gougesfrench journalist who demanded equal rights for women
458567062JacobinsThe dominant group In the National Convention in 1793 who replaced the Girondist. It was headed by Robespierre. Radical republicans who saw themselves as the voice of the people. Allied with the sans coulette
458567063GirondinsDelegates in the National Convention who favored a republic but feared domination by Paris.
458567064sans culottesin the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages
458567065Reign of Terrorthe historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed
458567066Committee of Public SafetyEstablished and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.
458567067DantonFrench revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror (1759-1794)
458567068RobespierreFrench revolutionary leader of the Jacobins and architect of the Reign of Terror; was himself executed in a coup d'etat (1758-1794)
458567069MaratFrench revolutionary leader (born in Switzerland) who was a leader in overthrowing the Girondists and was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday (1743-1793)
458567070Levee en masseThe creation under the Jacobins, of a citizen army with support from young and old, heralding the emergence of modern warfare.
458567071Republic of VirtueIdeal of French Revolution where all traces of the old order were wiped out
458567072DirectoryNational Convention-middle class writes a constitution in 1795. Elect members of a reorganized legislative assembly-5 man executive. Continued to support French military expansion. Actions reinforced widespread disgust with war and starvation(shown in national elections). Use army to nullify elections, govern dictatorially.
458567073Alexander Ithe czar of Russia whose plans to liberalize the government of Russia were unrealized because of the wars with Napoleon (1777-1825)
458567074Continental SystemNapoleon forbade importation of British goods. He believed it would ruin their economy, but it failed. Europe needed their goods, and there was widespread smuggling. Resentment against this was one of the causes of nationalistic revival, which eventually ended Napoleon’s complete European dominance.
458567075Grand ArmyNapoleon's army which was supposed to crush Russia
458567076Congress of ViennaThe Quadruple Alliance met, to discuss the Balance of Power. Great Britian got to have their conquered colonies, Austria got Venetia and Lombardy and Polis lands, and Prussia and Russia were compensated.
458567077Metternicha German-Austrian politician and statesman, and one of the most important diplomats of his era. He was a major figure on the negotiations leading to and at the Congress of Vienna and is considered both a paradigm of foreign policy management and a major figure on the development of diplomacy.
458567078white terrorroyalist rebellion in Paris, trying to kill all revolutionaries, Napoleon first appears and says "width of a grape shot" and ends rebellion
458567079Battle of Waterloothe battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat
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World War 2 Review Flashcards

Review for World War 2

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546036894Nonaggression pactJoseph Stalin's ten year agreement with Hitler in return of no Russia invasion while Hitler grants Stalin more territory. The secret part of the pact demonstrated that Germany and the Soviet Union agreed on dividing Poland between them, while agreeing that the USSR could conquer Finland , and the Baltic counties of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia.
546036895BlitzkriegGermany's newest military strategy of Poland invasion. In addition this strategy was also classified as "lightning war." This involved fast-moving airplanes, tanks, and massive infantry forces.
546036896Charles de GaulleA French general who set up a government- in exile in London. He committed all his energy toward reconquering France. On a radio broadcast from England, he asked for any French to join him in resisting German
546036897Winston ChurchillThe new British prime minister who declared his nation will never give into the Nazis. In one of his speeches he declared, "We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields, and in the streets.. we shall never surrender."
546036898Battle of BritainThis battle against Hitler continued until May 10, 1941. Due to British resistance, Hitler called off his attacks; instead he chose to focus on the Mediterranean and Eastern Europe. This battle demonstrated that Hitler wasn't indestructible, but his attacks can be blocked.
546036899Erwin RommelThe general of the Afrika Korps, who was sent as a German tank force from Hitler in order to reinforce the Italians from Britain's invasion.
546036900Atlantic CharterBefore the U.S. entered the war, Roosevelt and Churchill secretly issued a joint declaration dubbed Atlantic Charter.
546036901Isoroku YamamotoJapan's greatest strategist and admiral who called for an attack at the U.S. Pearl Harbor located in Hawaii.
546036902Pearl HarborAn assault on the U.S. fleet in Hawaii from Japan on December 7, 1941. The impacts from this assault lead to 19 sunken U.S. ships including 8 battleships. More than 2,300 Americans were killed with over 1,100 wounded. Afterwards, President Roosevelt declared war on Japan.
546036903Battle of MidwayThis battle turned the tables of the war on the Pacific, due to the U.S.' accomplishment of wiping out 332 Japanese Planes, all four aircraft carriers, and one support ship. This forced Yamamoto to order his fleets to fall back.
546036904Douglas MacArthurThe commanding general of the Allied land forces in the Pacific, who created a plan to storm unarmed islands close to Japan by using the "Island Hop" tactic.
546036905Battle of GuadalcanalA six month battle taken place in Guadalcanal where U.S. were attempting to invade their airfield. These battles lead to savage risks on both land/sea. After Japan lost more than 24,00 forces of 36,000 soldiers, they abandoned the island and dubbed it "Island of Death."
546036906KristallnachtOn the night of November 9, Germany massacred close to 100 Jews which is dubbed "Night of Broken Glass."
546036907GhettosThese regions were segregated Jewish areas ordered by Hitler, who's intention was to leave them starving to death or by disease.
546036908Final SolutionHitler's plan of eliminating the Jews faster than watch them die slowly by starvation/disease.
546036909GenocideHitler's program which systematically kills an entire people.
546036910Battle of StalingradThis battle began on August 23, 1942; where Luftwaffe went on bombing raids to defend Stalin's city.
546036911Dwight D. EisenhowerAn American general who launched Operation Torch, which allowed more than 100,100 troops, composed of mostly Americans in Morocco and Algeria on November 8. This tactic crushed Rommel's Afrika Korps on May 1943.
546036912Battle on the BulgeA campaign of German pushing into Allied territory. On December 16, German tanks stormed through weak U.S. defenses along a 75-mile front in the Ardennes. Most likely, the U.S. eventually forced the German's out of their territory. Which forced the German's to retreat.
546036913KamikazesJapanese suicide pilots who fly airplanes into Allied Ships purposely.
546036914Nuremberg TrialsA trial of 22 Nazi leaders who were charged with creating a war with aggression. Who are also accused of committing crimes against humanity. Their arrogant drive leads to the murder of 11 million people. Hitler, SS Chief Heinrich Himmler, and Minister of Propaganda Jospeph Goebbels committed suicide before these trials took place. Hitler's former deputy Rudolf Hess was sentenced to life in prison. Commander of the Luftwaffe Hermann Goring received a death sentence but committed suicide. Ten other Nazi leaders were hanged on October 16, 1946.
546036915DemilitarizationUnder General MacArthur, he ordered to disband the Japanese armed forces in order to ensure peace. This left Japan with a small police force.
546036916DemocratizationThe process of creating a government elected by the people.
546036917HolocaustGermany's extermination of 6 million Jews, over 90% of Polish Jews (3 million) murdered due to the expansion of space required by Hitler; in order to spread his empire.
546036918D-DayAllies were able to liberate France, Belgium, and Luxembourg due to their heavy artillery on June 6, 1944. In additio allied forces were able to capture Normandy beaches as well.
546036919Battle of Leyte GulfThis battle occurred in the October 1944, due to the landing of Allie troops within the Philippines during the fall of 1944. Under the command of General Douglas McArthur, he was able to crush the Japanese navy. In return, the Japanese sent kamikazes afterward.
546036920Battle of AlameinDuring this battle, under General Bernard Montgomery's control, he was able to force the Germany army lead by General Erwin Rommel out of Egypt and back to the West.
546036921Operation TorchAllied forces lead by General Dwight D. Eisenhower landed within Morocco and Algeria. Thus Rommel's troops were finally forced out of Africa on May 1943.
546036922Invasion of ItalyAllied soldiers of America/Britain invaded Italy, which resulted in the capture of Sicily in August 1943. Therefore Mussolini was cut off from Italy's power along with the surrendering of the new Italian government.
546036923Propaganda campaigns on home frontsAmericans produced more weapons/equipment for the Allies during the war.
546036924Battle of OkinawaAllies capture japan's stronghold island along with Iwo Jima.
546036925What major victories did the Allies win?North African campaign, and the battle of Stalingrad.
546036926Name three events that led directly to Germany's surrender?D-Day, Battle of the Bulge, and Soviet troops surrounding Hitler's headquarters in Berlin.
546036927Name two events that led directly to Japan's surrenderAtomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Hydrogen bombs on Nagasaki.
546036928Bombing of Hiroshima/NagasakiJapan's surrendering due to the Atomic bombs in Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 (over 75,000 die immediately). While the Hydrogen bombs in Nagasaki on August 9, 1945 (70,000 die immediately). which lead to Allie's victorious achievement of the war.
546036929What were the economic, political, and social effects of World War II?World war 2's economic resulted in hundreds of destroyed cities, political outcomes in the rise of communist parties, and socially all the nations were miserable.
546036930What were the conditions in Europe after World war 2?The outcome resulted in destroyed cities, disrupted agriculture, scarce amounts of food, and destroyed transportation.
546036931What were General McArthur's changes in Japan?His provisions of Japan lead to their governments elected by their people, farmers/workers gained more power, and workers allowed to create their own independent labor unions.
546036932Battle of the Coral SeaOn May 1942, Allies suffered heavy losses during this battle. Afterward, the Allies were able to stop the Japanese advance and save Australia.
546036933What countries lost territory to Japan in the war?Guam, Wake, Philippines, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Malaya, and Singapore.
546036934Name three Allied victories against Japan?Battle of the Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal.
546036935Fall of Southeast Asian coloniesJapan continued to strike at British Asian possessions. Japan seizes Burma, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaya, Philippines, and New Guinea.
546036936Why did Poland fall to the Germans so quickly?Hitler had a surprise attack on Sept. 1 1939. German tanks/trucks rumbled the Polish border. Along with the bombing of Poland's capital Warsaw.
546036937What happened on September 17, 1939?Stalin's invasion of eastern Poland after his secret agreement with Hitler. In addition Stalin began annexing the regions of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia covered in the second half of the contract.
546036938What countries did Hitler invade?He captured Greece and Yugoslavia in April 1941, parts of the Soviet Union, Denmark, and Norway.
546036939Red ArmyA Russian army that retaliated from Hitler's reign in the soviet union, in return they destroyed everything leaving nothing behind.
546036940Name two ways the U.S. aided the Allies?President Roosevelt allowed Britain/France to buy U.S. weapons, along with creating the Atlantic charter statement allowing free trade rights of people to form their own government.
546036941Japanese-AmericansJapanese-Americans face prejudice and fear within the U.S. Thus the governments created relocation camps for the sanctuary and protection of these citizens in Manzanar of Sierras.
546036942President Harry S. TrumanThe next president after Roosevelt ordered that atomic bombs are required to drop on Hiroshima/Nagasaki.
546036943Manhattan ProjectA secret program in developing Atomic bombs by Dr. Oppenheimer.
546036944Who were the Axis powers?Germany, Italy, Japan, Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary, Romania, and Yugoslavia.
546036945Who were the allies?Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, China, Chile, Columbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, France, India, Iraq, Lebanon, Mexico, New Zealand, Paraguay, South Africa, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and U.S.
546036946Why did Hitler persecute Jews?Jews were covered 1% percent within Europe. Which drove Hitler to strategically form tactics to expand his empire by eliminating them either by working/gassing/cremating them to death within concentration camps.
546036947Who were the main leaders of France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, and U.S.?The leaders of France was Charles de Gaulle, Germany's was Adolf Hitler, Italy was Benito Mussolini, Japan was Emperor Hirohito, and the U.K was Neville Chamberlain to 1940; until Winston Churchill took over from 1940. In the U.S. Franklin Roosevelt died in 1945, until Harry Truman took over in 1945 as leader.
546036948How long was World War 2?1939-1945
546036949What happened in the year of 1939?Germany invades Poland annexes Danzig; Britain and France gives Hitler ultimatum (Sept. 1), declare war (Sept. 3). Disabled German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee blown up off Montevideo, Uruguay, on Hitler's orders (Dec. 17). Limited activity ("Sitzkrieg") on Western Front.
546036950What happened in the year of 1940?Nazi invades Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg (May 10). Chamberlain resigns as Britain's prime minister; Churchill takes over (May 10). Germans cross French Frontier (may 12) using air/tank/infantry "blitzkrieg" tactics. Dunkerque evacuation > about 335,000 out of 400,000 allied soldiers rescued from Belgium by British civilian/naval craft (May 26-June 3). Italy declares war on France and Britain; invades France (June 10). Germans enter Paris city undefended (June 14). France and Germany sign armistice at Compiegne (June 22). Nazi bomb Conventry, England (Nov. 14).
546036951What happened in the year of 1941?Germans launch attacks in Balkins. Yugoslavia surrenders- General Mihajlovic continues guerrilla warfare, Tito leads left-wing guerrillas (April 17). Nazi tanks enter Athens; remnants of British army quit Greece (April 27). Hitler attacks Russia (June 22) Adriatic Charter-FDR and Churchill agree on war aims (Aug. 14). Japanese attacks on Pearl Harbor, Philippines, Guam force U.S. into war, Pacific fleet crippled (Dec 7). U.S. and Britain declare war on Japan. Germany and Italy delcare war on U.S; Congress declares war on those countries (Dec 11).
546036952What happened during the year of 1942?British surrender Singapore to Japanese (Feb 15). Roosevelt orders Japanese and Japanese Americans in Western U.S. to be exiled to relocation centers, many for the remainder of the war (Feb 19). U.S. forces on Bataan peninsula in Philippines surrendered (April 9). U.S. and Filipino troops on Corregidor island in Manila Bay surrenders to Japanese (may 6). Village of Lidice in Czechoslovakia razed by Nazis (June 10). U.S. and Britain land in French North Africa (Nov. 8).
546036953What happened during the year of 1943?Casablanca Conference-Churchill and FDR agree on unconditional surrender goal (Jan 14-24). German 6th Army surrenders at Stalingrad- turning point of war in Russia (Feb 1-2). Remnants of Nazis trapped on Cape Bon, ending war in Africa (May 12). Mussolini desposed; Badoglio named premier (July 25). Allied troops land on Italian mainland after conquest of Sicily (Sept. 3). Italy surrenders (Sept 8). Nazis seize Rome (Sept. 10). Cairo Conference: FDR, Churchill, Chiang Kiashek pledge defeat of Japan, free Korea (Nov. 22-26). Tehran conference: FDR, Churchill, Stalin agreed on invasion plans (Nov. 28-Dec. 1).
546036954What happened during the year of 1944?U.S. and British troops land in Anzio on west Italian coast and hold beachhead (Jan. 22). U.S. and British troops enter Rome (June 4). D-Day -Allies launch Normandy invasion (June 6). Hitler wounded in a bomb plot (July 20). Paris liberated (Aug. 25). Athens freed by Allies (Oct. 13). Americans invade Philippines (Oct. 20). Germans launch counteroffensive in Belgium- battle of the Bulge (Dec. 16).
546036955What happened during the year of 1945?Yalta agreement signed by FDR, Churchill, Stalin- establishes basis for occupation of Germany, returns to Soviet Union lands taken by Germany and Japan; USSR agrees to friendship pact with China (Feb. 11). Mussolini killed at Lake Como (April 28). Admiral Doenitz takes command in Germany; suicide of Hitler announced (May 1). Berlin falls (May 2). Germany signs unconditional surrender terms at Rheims (May 7). Allies declare V-E Day (May 8). Potsdam Conference - Truman, Churchill, Atlee (after July 28), Stalin establishes council of foreign ministers to prepare peace treaties; plan German postwar government and reparations (July 17-Aug. 2). A-Bomb dropped on Hiroshima by U.S. (Aug. 6). USSR declares war on Japan (Aug.8). Nagasaki hit by A-Bomb (Aug. 9). Japan agrees to surrender (Aug. 14). V-J day- Japanese sign surrender terms aboard battleship Missouri (Sept. 2).
546036956What were the causes of World war 2?Russia taken over by Stalin in 1920. Mussolini becomes dictator of Italy in 1922. Japan is taken over by Warlords in 1922. Japanese invade Manchuria in 1931.
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AP World History Unit Three Flashcards

Unit three chapter 13. Traditions and Encounters.

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574865461Golden HorneNatural harbor.
574865462BosporusStrait of water leading form the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara and beyond to the Dardanelles, Aegean Sea, and the Mediterranean.
574865463Byzantion site ofNew capital, Constantinople, "city of Constantine." Built becaues the eastern Med was wealthier and more productive of the Roman empire because of relocation being able ot watch of the Sasanid empire in Persia, and Germanic peoples by Danube R.
574865464Constantinople fell into who in 1453Ottoman Turks, who renamed it Istanbul.
574865465The seventh and eigth centuries the southern regoing fell intoArab Muslim
574865466Challenges for the eastern half of the Roman empire wereThe Sasanid dynasty in Persia and invasions frrom migratory peoples from north and east. Migratory peoples like Germanics were big threats because the empire did not have resources to respond strong.
574865467Used what kind of ruleTightly centralized, concentrating power on the emperor.
574865468CaesaropapismWhereby the emperor rules as secular lord but also played active and prominenet role in ecclesiastical affairs.
574865469Justinian was known asThe sleepless emperor, with his wife theodora to be a sagacious advisor, offering advice.
574865470Hagia Sophia wasChurch that became a museum an example of CHristian architecture. Thought to have made cures to help the ill.
574865471Corpus iuris civilisBody of the Civil Law, Roman law. Which was Justinian's code.
574865472In 533Justinian sent Belisarius to milimtary campaigns reconstituting most of the classical Roman empire.
574865473Justinian withdrew becauseHe devoted his attention to the western Mediterranean, while the Sasanids threatened Byzantium from the east, adn Slavic from the north.
574865474By the mid- seventh centuryArab peoples because of their Islamic faith conq the Sasanid empire adn overran some of Byzantine empire, gotten under Islamic rule.
574865475Used the weaponGreek fire made of sulphur, lime, and petroleum.
574865476Theme system placedAn imperial province under the jurisdiction of a general, who had responsiblityfor its military defense and civil administration. It enabled forces to moblize quickly and resist further Islamic advances.
574865477Basil II known asBasil the BulgarSlayer made the kingdom of Balkans.
574865478Largest city in EuropeConstantinople.
574865479Strongest economy and society whenThe empire supported large class of free peasants who owned small plots of land.
574865480Most important addiction to the economy wasSilk.
574865481BezantGold coin.
574865482Silk and porcelain came fromChina.
574865483Spices fromIndia and sw Asia.
574865484Most famous sculptureGold fountain in the shape of a pineapple that spouted wine.
574865485Housing in ConstantinopleWomen lived in sperate apartments and had no male visitors, not go to parties.
574865486Hippodrome hadChariot races, the Greens and the Blues had rivalry taht also fought in streets, faded when messed with Justinian.
574865487The language changed fromLatin to Greek.
574865488Drew inspiration fromNew Testament composed in Greek, and the philosphy and literature of classical Greece than Rome.
574865489Scholars concentrated onHumaninites like literature, history, and philosophy.
574865490Council of NiceaMade by COnstantine that brought together bishops, spokesmen, and leaders form Christian churches to consiter views of Arians.
574865491Alexandria or Arius believedThat Jesus had been a mortal human being, and was a creation of God.
574865492Iconoclasm by Emperor Leo IIIBreaking of the icons, destroying religious things prohibited in churches.
574865493Christianity came formJewish sources.
574865494St. Basil of CaesareaPatriarch of Constantinople during the mid-fourth century urged some to adopt reforms that enhanced their effectiveness in asceticism, going to great depths to worship.
574865495Mt. AthosSite of monasteries, off limit for females.
574865496Issues dividing Christain communities of Constantinople and RomeIconoclatic comm were religious and theological, they regarded religious images as perfectly appropriate aids to devotion.
574865497SchismRelations between partiarch and pope split.
574865498Byzantines called themselvesRomaioi, Romans.
574865499In the eleventh century challenges came fromNormans, Scandinavian people who seized Normandy, and later controlled southern Italy and got Byzantine authorities.
574865500In the twelfth and thirteenth centuriesNormans made crusades, mililtary campaigns to recapture Jerusalem from Muslims.
574865501Saljuqs defeated Byzantine whereBattle of Manzikert.
574865502Loss of Anatolia to Saljuqs meantLoss of grain, wealth, and military forces.
574865503Saints Cyril and MethodiusBrothers from Thessaloniki in greece. They conducted misssions in Bulgaria and Moravia devising alphabet, the Cyrillic alphabet.
574865504Orthodoz Christianity influencedSlavic peoples because it helped to explain Christian scriptures and rituals.
574865505Kiev wasMain trade route linking Scandinavia and Byzantium, wealthy and powerful center.
574865506Inspiration of Orthodox church byByzantine legal tradition and written law code.
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