sleep/arousal - reticular formation in brain stem controls consciousness
- less stimuli >> less active reticular formation >> easier to sleep
- sleep = active process, not lack of consciousness
- electroencephalogram (EEG) - records electrical activity in the brain
- alpha waves - 8-13 hertz, found in relaxed/awake people
- beta waves - 13-30 hertz, found in alert people
- theta/delta waves - found in sleeping people
- REM sleep - rapid eye mov’t sleep
- EEG like that of relaxed, awake person
- difficult to wake up
- when dreams occur
language/spatial recognition - hemispheres each responsible for different jobs
- left hemisphere = dominant language area for 9/10 of right-handed people, 2/3 of left handed people
- Wernicke’s area - found in parietal lobe between auditory/visual areas
- controls language comprehension, formation of thoughts
- Broca’s area - found near motor cortex controlling the face
- controls motor skills needed for language communication
- aphasias - language disorder where words lack meaning, due to damage in Wernicke/Broca areas
- right hemisphere = nondominant hemisphere, good at spatial reasoning and musical ability
- damaged inferior temporal cortex >> inability to recognize faces
memory/learning - doesn’t take place in any specific part
- short-term memory - temporary memory
- possibly stored electrically as neural excitation
- can be forgotten w/ electrical shock
- long-term memory - involves structural changes in neural connections
- converted from short-term memory by hippocampus/amygdala
- long-term potentiation (LTP) - frequently used neurons become more sensitive after each transmission
Alzheimer disease - condition where memory/thought processes become dysfunctional
- nerve cells either killed from outside in or inside out
- beta-amyloid peptides - external proteins that could plaque and fill in brain when mutated
- tau protein - internal protein that normally maintain transport microtubules
- could cause tangles when mutated
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