regulation of digestive tract - controlled by nervous/endocrine systems
- nervous system stimulates salivary/gastric secretions in response to food
- food in stomach >> gastrin secreted >> pepsinogen, HCl secreted (cycle controlled by negative feedback)
- chymes goes into duodenum >> inhibits stomach contractions >> no additional chyme enters small intestine
- enterogastrones - duodenal hormones in blood that controls stomach, gastric inhibition
- liver regulatory functions - can modify absorbed substances from digestive tract before they get to other part of body
- removes toxins, poisons from body
- produces most of proteins in blood plasma
- edema - when concentration of plasma proteins drops too low
- regulation of blood glucose concentration - neurons get energy from glucose in blood plasma
- insulin - stimulates conversion of glucose to glycogen
- blood glucose level decrease >> liver secretes glycogen, gets broken down by glucagon through glycogenolysis to make glucose
- gluconeogenesis - makes glucose from other molecules
energy expenditure - eat food >> provides energy source, raw materials
- basal metabolic rate (BMR) - minimum rate of energy use
- obesity - having so much fat that it’s unhealthy
- regulation of food intake - adipose tissue secretes satiety factor to decrease appetite
- obesity due to lack of sensitivity to protein created by satiety factor?
- anorexia nervosa - people starve themselves
- bulimia - people gorge themselves, then vomit everything
- essential nutrients - cannot be made by animal, but necessary for health
- vitamins - organic substances needed in humans (humans can not longer made vitamin C)
- not enough vitamin C >> scurvy
- 9 essential amino acids for humans
- essential minerals - calcium, phosphorus, inorganic substances
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