chemistry of water - no organism can survive/reproduce w/o water
- carries no net charge or unpaired electrons
- can form weak chemical associations w/ a fraction of covalent bonds' strength
- oxygen atom portion has partial negative charge
- hydrogen atoms portion have partial positive charge
- polar molecules - has charge separation and partially charged poles
- hydrogen bonds - very weak bonds that last for a short while between hydrogen atoms
- cohesion - attraction between water molecules
- adhesion - attraction between water molecules and other molecules
- surface tension - causes water to cling together, allowing some insects to walk on it
- capillary action - water rises in very narrow tubes due to adhesion
heat storage in water - temperature measures how fast the molecules move
- specific heat - energy needed to change 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C
- heats up more slowly than most compounds, holds heat longer
- heat of vaporization - energy needed to change 1 gram of liquid into gas
- 586 calories needed to change 1 gram of water into water vapor; causes cooling on the surface
- ice is less dense than liquid water because hydrogen atoms space out the molecules
water as a solvent - forms hydrogen bonds to break up ions or polar molecules
- hydration shell - formed around molecules to prevent it from associating with other molecules of its kind
- hydrophobic - nonpolar molecules that don't form hydrogen bonds w/ water
- hydrophilic - molecules that readily form hydrogen bonds w/ water
- hydrophobic exclusion - tendency for nonpolar molecules to group together in water
ionization - separationg of H20 into hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion
- ph scale - based on the hydrogen ion concentration
- each ph level is 10 times as much acidic/basic than the surrounding levels
- acids - increases hydrogen ion concentration; ph values below 7
- bases - lowers hydrogen ion concentration; ph values above 7
- buffer - minimalizes pH changes; acts as a resevoir for hydrogen ions
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