- Geography: The Indus River Valley Civilization depended on the unpredictable flooding of the Indus and Ganges Rivers. Fertile plains allowed for prosperity. Monsoons (seasonal winds sometimes accompanied with heavy rain). The Hindu Kush Mountains provided protection as well as isolation.
- Major cities were Mohenjo Daro and Harappa. Cities were centralized and grid-like. They had plumbing, sewage systems and were built from oven baked bricks.
- Akbar (1542-1605) was said to be the ‘true’ founder of the Mughal empire. He took the throne at the age of 13 and one of his first policies (which lead to his success) was to rule with generosity, tolerance and force. In doing so, he accepted the Hindu culture, which was a step not taken by his predecessors, hindering their triumph. In his reign, Akbar established an efficient administrative system that held the empire together and stimulated trade and economic development.
- Gupta Dynasty (4c – 6c) In their Golden Age (under Chandra Gupta II) the majority of the people living there were farmers and merchants. Trade with other cultures was the major point of success and the reason of success. Part of this was from the cultural diffusion. With it came new religions, such as Buddhism. There were achievements in art, math and astronomy: 1 year > 365 days, Lunar Calander and Pi.
- Sepoy Rebellion: While the British controlled India as one of its colonies, they employed many Hindu’s and Muslims in their military. Rumors began circulating that the cartridges for their rifles were made with the fat of cows, which are sacred to Hindus, and pigs, which Muslims believe are unclean. Consequently, any Hindu or Muslim soldier would be breaking a tradition when he bit off the end of a cartridge (Which was necessary before loading the rifle). There were several groups of soldiers uprising in the army refusing to use these cartridges. But when the issue exploded in Meerut, 85 soldiers refused to use the cartridges. They were convicted of mutiny, sentenced to prison terms, publicly fettered, and stripped of their military insignia. This harsh treatment of their comrades made even more soldiers revolt, eventually causing a nationwide rebellion. After a year of combat, the British subdued the rebels and the war ended in 1859.
- Independence (Post WWII): The new Labor government in Britain decided that the time to end British rule of India had come, and in early 1947 Britain announced its intention of transferring power no later than June 1948. As independence approached and Hindus and Muslims continued to fight and kill each other, Gandhi once again put his belief in nonviolence into play. He went on his own to a Muslim-majority area of Bengal, placing himself as a hostage for the safety of Muslims living among Hindus in western Bengal. With the British army unable to deal with the threat of mounting violence, it was decided to advance the schedule of the transfer of power, leaving just months for the parties to agree on a formula for independence. Finally in June 1947 Congress and Muslim League leaders, against Gandhi's wishes, agreed to a partition of the country along religious lines, with predominantly Hindu areas allocated to India and predominantly Muslim areas to Pakistan.
- Nehru, Jawaharlal (1889-1964) Indian nationalist leader and statesman who was the first prime minister of independent India and a leader of the Nonaligned Movement during the Cold War. That was, a loose association of countries that, during the Cold War, had no formal commitment to either of the two power blocs. As neutral countries, they took neither the side of the United States nor that of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
- Monsoons: Very strong seasonal winds that often carry heavy rains.
- Caste system: Rigid social class system. Little mobility is allowed amongst social classes and the classes are maintained generation after generation.
- Hinduism: A religion that is practiced by most of the people living in India. Followers believe in Dharma and Karma and that a person must devote their life to prayer in their quest to be released from this world and end the cycle of rebirths.
- British Colonialism: British East India Company first started to colonize India under the mandate of the Queen Elizabeth I in the 1600s. The British took over all governmental operations in India and developed the country. They also took many natural resources from the nations and treated the inhabitants unfairly to the point where the people rose up against the government.
- Mahatma Gandhi: The leader of the Indian movement for self government. Through nonviolent protest Gandhi campaigned against British colonialism in India and gained large support amongst other Indians. Satyagraha was when Gandhi led a mass protest in which many Indian people marched barefoot to the sea to make salt out of evaporated ocean water. This was a protest against the tax on salt by the British government. Gandhi was in favor of religious unity and wanted a government that would fairly take care of all the citizens of the nation.
- Partition: The Muslims wanted to partition the subcontinent and create their own separate state.
- Green Revolution: Government sponsored high yielding crops being planted all throughout India. Over time this helped in raising the agricultural production of the nation.
- Conflicts with Pakistan: Throughout their histories, Pakistan and India have been enemies. They are very competitive and resent each other because of differences in religious beliefs. Both India and Pakistan claim all of Kashmir. When the partition between India and Pakistan was first formed, Kashmir was alone. The Muslim population within Kashmir wanted to become part of Pakistan so the Pakistani government invaded the region. As a result the ruler of Kashmir signed an Instrument of Accession to the Indian Union.
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