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| Primary succession often begins with ______ flows. | ||
| ___________ succession begins with soil. | ||
| Lichens are often the first inhabitants of newly formed land. They are called ________ organisms. | ||
| Plants and animals build up the _____, allowing for larger plants and animals to grow and live there. The gradual formation of ____ is known as pedogenesis. | ||
| The first stage of succession is a _______ community. The type of organisms that exist in this ___________ depend upon the _______. Many ecosystems are halted from or revert from a climax community by environmental changes such as fires, _______, climate change, and the impact of foundation species. | ||
| _____________ _______ have the ability to take out a large amount of producers at one time. (ex. elephants and beavers) | ||
| Pioneer organisms in a new body of water are usually ______ and bacteria. | ||
| Algae and microorganisms produce _______ which builds up the hydrosoil. | ||
| With hydrosoil in place, __________ plants can take _____ and further stabilize the soil. | ||
| Submersed plants form habitats and _______ runoff. | ||
| As ___________ continuously drain into a lake, it will get increasingly shallow. | ||
| If there is no outflow, a lake will eventually become a marsh, bog, or ____ forest. | ||
| The stages from beginning to end are oligotrophic, mesotrophic, and __________. | ||
| Biomes are ________ communities that have worldwide distributions. | ||
| Biomes are defined by the predominant __________ which are adapted to the climate (temperature and precipitation). | ||
| The six major biomes are desert, _______, grassland, taiga, deciduous forest, and ____ forest. | ||
| __________ may have multiple biomes as changes in elevation bring changes in temperature and precipitation is affected by the rainshadow effect. | ||
| Biomes also vary in their gross primary productivity (GPP) - the rate at which photosynthesis occurs - and their ____ primary productivity (NPP) - the rate at which food is produced for consumers. Tropical rainforests have the highest GPP and ______ have the lowest. | ||
| ____________: Large organisms that have _____ life spans, low _______ rates, and care for their young | ||
| Populations tend to follow __-shape growth curves where the population reaches a ___________ capacity. | ||
| Carrying capacity is determined by density-__________ limiting factors. | ||
| Density-dependent limiting factors: factors that occur because a population is too ________ | ||
| resource depletion: water, ______, oxygen, shelter | ||
| ___________: due to increased crowding | ||
| pollution: due to build up of _______ products | ||
| ___________: due to increased exposure | ||
| _________: ______ organisms (insects, microorganisms) that have _____ reproductive rates and little or no care for offspring | ||
| Populations tend to have a J-shaped ______ curve followed by a rapid decline. Also known as _____ or bust cycle. | ||
| May decimate a _______ in an area and then disappear | ||
| Populations are ________ by density-independent factors. | ||
| natural disasters: _____, flood, wind, etc | ||
| _______ and weather changes | ||
| _____pogenic activities | ||
| Human population growth is most influenced by ____ distribution. | ||
| Societies where the majority of the population is entering the reproductive years (____-40) will show the greatest rate of increase in the near future. | ||
| The second highest will be the societies concentrated in the ______________ years. | ||
| Societies where the majority of the population is _____ the reproductive age will have a shrinking population. | ||
| The age structure of a population is mostly due to the _________ conditions or _____graphics of that society as well as the _____________ and empowerment of ______ in that society. | ||
| pre-industrial: Economics are predominantly ______________. High _______ rates (average number of children per family) insure workers for the farm. Lack of ________ care leads to high infant mortality and short life span. | ||
| transitional: Economy is starting to _____, better healthcare is available, high fertility rates are still valued. | ||
| ____________: Majority of the economy is industrial, women ______ later and are often employed, and fertility rate drops below replacement fertility of 2.1%. | ||
| post-industrial: _______ population with a ________ growth rate | ||
| __________ the annual ______________ growth rate into the number ___ will give you the number of ______ it takes for the population to ________. | ||
| For example, if a population has an annual growth rate of 3.5__, how many _______ will it take for the population to double? Answer: _____ | ||
| The three main uses of water in order of ________ are: ______________, industrial, and __________. | ||
| Water is not used up; it loses _______ and/or is displaced. | ||
| The source of fresh water for any region is the _____________ within its watershed and _________ area. | ||
| The three man sources of freshwater are surface water, ________water, and de_____________. | ||
| ______ use of surface water and groundwater can lead to: destruction of ____lands and dependent ecosystems, desertification as grasslands become desert, _____ erosion, salinization of soil as _________ concentrate, _____ holes, saltwater intrusion and other groundwater _______________. | ||
| agriculture water conservation: reduce loss through _______tion, by using pipes instead of open _______, using drip systems and delivering the water closer to the plants' _____ | ||
| reduce overuse by: monitoring ______ moisture, repairing leaks | ||
| reduce loss through _____-off, leveling and terracing | ||
| plant crops that are more suited to that area's ________ | ||
| industrial conservation: reduce ____________ by cooling water before discharge, reduce volume by reuse | ||
| domestic conservation: recycle water through graywater systems, reduce water used for _____________ by xeriscaping, good habits such as _______________, ___________________, and _______________, and increasing the ______ decreases the use (economics) | ||
| Soil is crucial for _______ and as a foundation for buildings and other structures. | ||
| Soil is depleted by poor ________ techniques, land clearing, and acid deposition. | ||
| Plant's _____ structure holds soil and water. | ||
| Exposed soil is subject to wind and water ________. | ||
| Soil can be stripped of its minerals by over-farming, ______culture, and acid deposition | ||
| De-mineralized soil doesn't support _______ life. | ||
| Once the plants are gone, the soil is exposed to _____ and water ________. | ||
| low ______ irrigation: drip and mist | ||
| contour plowing: soil is plowed following the ______ of the land | ||
| terracing: common in _____side rice farms | ||
| strip farming: close sown crops such as ________ are alternated with row crops such as ______ | ||
| no _____ farming: old crop is killed (herbicide) but not turned under | ||
| In construction, use silt barriers and ____ bales. | ||
| wind breaks: _____ are planted perpendicular to prevailing _____ patterns | ||
| Planting _____cultures with a variety of crops in an area | ||
| crop rotation: planting yearly alternating plants particularly with ____umes: corn, _________, wheat > soy beans > repeat | ||
| use organic _________ and composting | ||
| ______ deposition control: limit burning fuels that contain ______, add a _____ chemical: CaO (_____), use low ________ irrigation | ||
| traditional: ____ productivity ____ labor organic fertilizer __________ pest management _____culture crop variety ____ soil depletion | ||
| industrial: high productivity ___ labor _________ fertilizer pest control: ____________________ _____culture crop variety ____ soil depletion | ||
| Pre-industrial and ___________ diets are grain-based; industrial diets are ____-based. | ||
| Livestock is less efficient because grain has to be grown to ______ the livestock. | ||
| It is roughly _____ as efficient because livestock is _______ on the food chain. | ||
| Extensive grazing leads to _____ erosion and desertification of grasslands. | ||
| Animal waste (manure) is a major source of _____ pollution. | ||
| Pests are not completely eliminated but are _______ed. | ||
| _____ rotation reduces food supply | ||
| _______cally altered engineered crops are resistant to pests | ||
| _______ical means such as vacuuming are used to physically remove pests | ||
| Biological controls such as _____tors and para____. | ||
| Pesticieds are used sparingly. Persistant pesticides such as ____ and other chlorinated hydrocarbons have been banned in the U.S. because of pervasiveness in the environment. | ||
| ____-persistant such as organophosphates and carbamates have replaced persistent ones. However, they are much more toxic. |
