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America: A Narrative History Chapter 3 Flashcards

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7352045986Social Migration During 17th and 18th CenturiesFarms to villages, villages to cities, and homelands to colonies0
7352048348Average settlers-Young -Male -Poor -Indentured servants -Slaves -Convicts -Mostly British1
7352051661Waves of British migration to US-Puritans -Royalist Cavaliers and their indentured servants -Quakers -Celtic Britons and Scotch-Irish2
7352055546Ecology at time of Settler ArrivalHunting meant loss of wild species, slash-and-burn created rich soil and ideal grazing3
7352057835Ecology after Settler ArrivalSettlers viewed resources as privately owned commodities, free-roaming livestock turned feral, fertility declined, increased friction with Natives4
7352061297Population Growth in ColoniesRapid because land was plentiful and labor was scarce5
7352064259Birth and Death Rates in ColoniesMarried younger, more children and higher longevity than Europe, average age in teens6
7352065989DiseaseAs cities grew, disease approached European levels, Southern humidity and ships brought diseases7
7352068337Sex RatioNorthern colonies/English settlers meant more women8
7352070373Attitudes towards WomenWeak and inferior, required submission but better than Europe9
7352073291Elizabeth Lucas PinckneyCelebrated horticulturalist, introduced indigo to US10
7352076422Quaker Attitudes towards WomenViewed as equal, allowed authority in church11
7352077515Puritan Attitudes towards WomenRequired to be quiet and separate from church affairs12
7352078840African-American ReligionMost tried to continue traditional African religion, excluded from Church membership13
7352080123Southern AgricultureBased on staple crops such as tobacco and rice, pine forestry and cattle, large-scale production, profits eaten up by English middlemen14
7352083887Indentured Servants1/2 of white settlers in colonies, many died before completing terms and most remained poor afterwards, convicts could escape hanging15
7352086266SlavesMore than three times as many slaves as free immigrants, Africans started as indentured servants before slavery became law16
7352090966West African CulturesMatrilineal, hierarchical, animist, preyed on other tribes to sell as slaves17
7352094613Slave Revolt of 1712Manhattan, slaves set fires then killed whites as they fought fires, strict slave code passed afterwards18
7352097204Conspiracy of 1741Suspicious fires provoked frenzy, Mary Burton accused slaves and people with connections to Spain, "New York's Salem Witch Trials"19
7352101770Colonial GentryVirginia and South Carolina, imitated English aristocracy20
7352103569Religion in colonies-Southern Anglicans -New England Puritans -Pennsylvanian Quakers21
7352107270Township SystemLand was given to church then divided among themselves22
7352108807Lifestyle of New EnglandHard living, no profitable crops, turned to fishing, shipbuilding and whaling, clash between increasing cosmopolitanism and Puritan ideals23
7352111709Apprentice-Journeyman SystemMaster craftsman taught apprentice craft for wages, apprentices became journeymen then master craftsmen themselves24
7352114389Trade in the ColoniesColonies imported manufactured goods from England and exported the raw materials England allowed, balance of trade unfavorable for colonies25
7352116735Triangular TradeTrade between Americas, African slave trade, Europe and West Indies26
7352121061CurrencyLack of hard currency so wampum or tobacco, rice, etc. used instead, Parliament banned promissory notes27
7352123451Social Tensions in New EnglandSociety became litigious, poverty28
7352125686Salem Witch TrialsPreteen girls accused others of witchcraft, those then accused others, people killed until they accused the governor's wife and he disbanded the court29
7352127917Economy of Middle ColoniesSurplus food sold to Southern colonies and West Indies, headright30
7352132298Great Pennsylvania RoadPrimary internal migration route during colonial period, used instead of crossing Appalachians31
7352134010Colonial CitiesLocation based on access to Europe, high centrality32
7352139502PovertyUrban poor more visible, replicated English policy of public responsibility for indigent with almshouses33
7352143637RoadsBegan as Native paths, widened into treacherous dirt roads34
7352146375TavernsMost important social and democratic institution, regulated by local ordinances35
7352151039Postal ServiceLetters initially entrusted to travelers, postal system established and radically improved by Franklin36
7352155734NewspapersSpread in 18th century thanks to more reliable post, important social institution37
7352159850John Peter ZengerImprisoned for criticizing New York's governor, acquitted on grounds that he published truth, trial emboldened newspapers38
7352164131EnlightenmentStandard of living and education rose, people thought of themselves as American, America especially receptive to new science39
7352167959Newton's Challenge to Accepted ThoughtShowed universe governed by natural laws, this idea reduced God to remote presence40
7352171772Benjamin FranklinOwned a print shop, edited Pennsylvania Gazette, inventor, wrote Poor Richard's Almanack, founded UPenn and American Philosophical Society, Deist41
7352179157EducationSeen as responsibility of family and church, most schools in New England42
7352181662Great AwakeningGovernment supported churches and didn't allow outside preachers, in 1740s itinerant evangelists arrived and renewed spiritual devotion and fragmented religious life43
7352189130Jonathan EdwardsRestored deeply felt spirituality at Northampton Congregationalist church, graduated valedictorian of Yale at 1744
7352193301William and Gilbert TennentScotch-Irish Presbyterians, aggressive and often illegal practices45
7352195845George WhitefieldCatalyst of Awakening, immensely popular because of eloquence46
7352198571Women during Great AwakeningTargeted for greater spirituality47
7352199867Bathsheba KingsleyStole her husband's horse to spread the gospel48
7352200697Sarah OsburnOrganized large, influential, diverse prayer group49
7352202640Mary ReedAllowed to give testimonials to church50
7352203800Reverend James DavenportNew England Congregationalist, told listeners to renounce church and seek own salvation51
7352206972Critics of AwakeningDisliked intense emotion and women's voices being heard52
7352208411Dissolution of PuritanismBalance between emotionalism and reason impossible to maintain after Awakening53

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