Cell Structures and Their Functions
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| 226452257 | Cell | Basic living units of all organisms | 0 | |
| 226452258 | Light Microscope(s) | Allows us to visualize the general features of a cell | 1 | |
| 226452259 | Electron Microscope(s) | Used to study the fine structures of a cell Higher magnification than an light microscope | 2 | |
| 226452260 | Scanning Electron Microscope(s) | Microscope that allows us to see the features of a cell's surface as well as the surfaces of internal structures | 3 | |
| 226452261 | Transmission Electron Microscope(s) | Microscope that allows us to see "through" parts of a cell to help determine cell structure | 4 | |
| 226452262 | Plasma Membrane | Forms the outer boundary of a cell Also called the cell membrane | 5 | |
| 226452263 | Organelle(s) | Specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions | 6 | |
| 226452264 | Nucleus | Contains the genetic material of a cell Directs cell activity Centrally located | 7 | |
| 226452265 | Cytoplasm | Located between the nucleus and the plasma membrane Contains many organelles | 8 | |
| 226452266 | Structure and Function | The number and type of organelles within each cell type determines the cells specific _____ and _____ | 9 | |
| 226531349 | Cell Metabolism | The chemical reactions that occur within cells are referred to collectively as? | 10 | |
| 226531350 | Heat | This by-product produced during cell metabolism helps to maintain body temperature | 11 | |
| 226531351 | Communicate | Cells produce and receive chemical and electrical signals which allow them to? | 12 | |
| 226531352 | Gamete(s) | Specialized cells of the body responsible for transmitting genetic information to the next generation | 13 | |
| 226531353 | Main Functions of a Cell | Cell metabolism and energy use Synthesis of molecules Communication Reproduction and inheritance | 14 | |
| 226531354 | Intracellular Substance(s) | Substances inside of the cell | 15 | |
| 226531355 | Extracellular Substance(s) | Substances outside of the cell | 16 | |
| 226531356 | Intercellular | Another name for extracellular substances Meaning "between cells" | 17 | |
| 226531357 | Phospholipid(s) Cholesterol | Predominant lipids of the plasma membrane | 18 | |
| 226531358 | Lipid Bilayer | Double layer of phospholipid molecules Forms a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell | 19 | |
| 226531359 | Hydrophilic | Polar, phosphate-containing ends ("heads) of the phospholipid bilayer | 20 | |
| 226531360 | Hydrophobic | Nonpolar, fatty acid ends ("tails") of the phospholipid bilayer | 21 | |
| 226531361 | Fluid-Mosaic Model | Modern concept of the plasma membrane suggesting it is highly flexible and can change its shape and composition through time | 22 | |
| 226531362 | Marker Molecules | Cell surface molecules that allow cells to identify one another or other molecules Allow immune cells to distinguish between self-cells and foreign cells | 23 | |
| 226531363 | Glycoprotein(s) | Proteins with attached carbohydrates | 24 | |
| 226531364 | Glycolipid(s) | Lipids with attached carbohydrates | 25 | |
| 226531365 | Attachment Protein(s) | Allow cells to attach to other cells or to extracellular molecules Can also attach to intracellular molecules | 26 | |
| 226531366 | Cadherin(s) | Proteins that attach cells to other cells | 27 | |
| 226531367 | Integrin(s) | Proteins that attach cells to extracellular molecules Also function in cellular communication | 28 | |
| 226531368 | Transport Protein(s) | Extend from one surface of the plasma membrane to the other and move ions or molecules across the plasma membrane Include: Channel Proteins, Carrier Proteins, ATP-Powered Pumps | 29 | |
| 226531369 | Membrane Channel(s) | Channel proteins form these, which are like small pores extending from one surface of the plasma membrane to the other | 30 | |
| 226531370 | Receptor Protein(s) | Proteins or glycoproteins in the plasma membrane with an exposed receptor site on the outer cell surface which can attach to specific chemical signals | 31 | |
| 226531371 | Enzymes | Protein catalysts which increase the rate of chemical reactions on either the inner or outer surface of the plasma membrane | 32 | |
| 229176095 | Selectively Permeable | Plasma membranes are this... allowing some substances, but not others, to pass into or out of a cell | 33 | |
| 229176096 | Enzymes Glycogen Potassium Ions | 3 Substances found at higher concentrations INTRACELLULARLY | 34 | |
| 229176097 | Sodium Calcium Chlorine | 3 Substances found at higher concentrations EXTRACELLULARLY | 35 | |
| 229176098 | Diffusion Osmosis Mediated Transport Vesicular Transport | 4 Methods ions and molecules use to cross the plasma membrane | 36 | |
| 229176099 | Diffusion | The tendency for ions and molecules to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration in a solution | 37 | |
| 229176100 | Solution | Any mixture of liquids, gases, or solids in which substances are uniformly distributed with no clear boundaries between the substances | 38 | |
| 229176101 | Solute | In a solution, it is the substance that is dissolved | 39 | |
| 229176102 | Solvent | In a solution, it is the substances that is doing the dissolving | 40 | |
| 229176103 | Concentration Gradient | The concentration difference between two points divided by the distance between the two points | 41 | |
| 229176104 | Down (or with) | Molecules are said to move this way with their concentration gradient | 42 | |
| 229176105 | Equilibrium | Diffusion stops when molecules are uniformly distributed throughout a solution. This means that the solution has achieved what? | 43 | |
| 229176106 | Rate of Diffusion | As the concentration gradient increases, so does this | 44 | |
| 229176107 | Osmosis | The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane | 45 | |
| 229176108 | Aquaporin(s) | Another name for water channels | 46 | |
| 229176109 | Water Channel(s) | In some cells, rapid movement of water occurs through these | 47 | |
| 229176110 | Osmotic Pressure | The force required to prevent the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane | 48 | |
| 229176111 | Hydrostatic Pressure | Pressure exerted by a volume of fluid against a wall, membrane, or some other structure that encloses the fluid | 49 | |
| 229176112 | Isosmotic | Solutions having the same concentration of solute particles and the same osmotic pressure | 50 | |
| 229176113 | Hyperosmotic | A solution having a greater concentration of solute particles and osmotic pressure than another solution | 51 | |
| 229176114 | Hyposmotic | A solution having a lower concentration of solute particles and osmotic pressure than another solution | 52 | |
| 229176115 | Hypotonic | When comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes and higher concentration of water Cell will SWELL in this solution | 53 | |
| 229176116 | Hypertonic | When comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes and lower concentration of water Cell will SHRINK in this solution | 54 | |
| 229176117 | Lysis | Process in which a cell ruptures | 55 | |
| 229176118 | Isotonic | When comparing two solutions, the solutions have the same concentration of solutes and the same concentration of water Cell will REMAIN UNCHANGED in this solution | 56 | |
| 229176119 | Mediated Transport | The process by which transport proteins assist in the movement of ions and molecules across the plasma membrane | 57 | |
| 229176120 | Specificity | This means that each transport protein moves only particular ions or molecules, but not others Example: Transport protein moves glucose, but not amino acids | 58 | |
| 229176121 | Competition | This occurs when similar molecules or ions can be moved by a transport protein. The ion or molecule in the greater concentration, or for which the transport protein is MORE specific would be moved first | 59 | |
| 229176122 | Saturation | The rate of movement across the membrane is limited by the number of available transport proteins Once the concentration of the substance is increased so that all transport proteins are in use, the rate of movement remains constant, even if the concentration continues to increase This means that the cell has reached this level | 60 | |
| 229176123 | Channel Protein(s) | These proteins form membrane channels | 61 | |
| 229176124 | Ion Channel(s) | Membrane channels that transport ions | 62 | |
| 229176125 | Carrier Protein(s) | Membrane proteins that move ions or molecules from one side of the plasma membrane to the other They have specific binding sites They change shape to move bound ions or molecules, then resume their original shape | 63 | |
| 229176126 | Transporter(s) | Another name for carrier proteins | 64 | |
| 229176127 | Uniport | Movement of ONE specific ion or molecule across the membrane | 65 | |
| 229176128 | Symport | Movement of TWO or MORE different ions or molecules, in the SAME direction, across the plasma membrane | 66 | |
| 229176129 | Antiport | Movement of TWO or MORE different ions or molecules, in DIFFERENT directions, across the plasma membrane | 67 | |
| 229176130 | Facilitated Diffusion | When carrier proteins combine with substances and move them across the plasma membrane No ATP is used | 68 | |
| 229176131 | ATP-Powered Pump(s) | Transport proteins that use energy derived from the breakdown of ATP to move specific ions or molecules from one side of the plasma membrane to the other | 69 | |
| 229176132 | ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate | 70 | |
| 229176133 | Active Transport | The movement of ions or molecules by an ATP-powered pump | 71 | |
| 229176134 | ADP | ATP breaks down to this substance | 72 | |
| 229176135 | Sodium-Potassium Pump(s) | Pump that moves Na out of a cell and K into a cell Requires ATP | 73 | |
| 229176136 | Secondary Active Transport | The concentration gradient established by active transport can provide enough energy to move a second substance by this method | 74 | |
| 229176137 | Vesicular Transport | The movement of materials by vesicles into, out of, or within cells | 75 | |
| 229176138 | Endocytosis | Vesicular transport INTO a cell | 76 | |
| 229176139 | Exocytosis | Vesicular transport OUT of a cell | 77 | |
| 229176140 | Phagocytosis | "Cell-eating" The elimination of harmful substances by macrophages | 78 | |
| 229176141 | Pinocytosis | "Cell-drinking" The uptake of small droplets of extracellular fluid by the formation of small endocytic vesicles | 79 | |
| 229176142 | Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis | When a specific molecule binds to its specific receptor BOTH the molecule and receptor are transported into the cell by this process | 80 | |
| 229176143 | Hypercholesterolemia | Common genetic disorder Reduction or absence of LDL receptors on cell surfaces resulting in inadequate uptake of cholesterol Excess cholesterol accumulates in blood vessels, resulting in heart attack or stroke | 81 | |
| 229176144 | DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid Mostly found within the nucleus (small amounts can also be found in the mitochondria) | 82 | |
| 229176145 | Chromosome(s) | Threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next | 83 | |
| 229176146 | Histone(s) | Protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin | 84 | |
| 229176147 | Chromatin(s) | Long strands of DNA found in the cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes | 85 | |
| 229176148 | Chromatid(s) | Each chromosome consists of two of these | 86 | |
| 229176149 | Centromere(s) | Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached | 87 | |
| 229176150 | Kinetochore(s) | A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle | 88 | |
| 229176151 | RNA | Ribonucleic Acid | 89 | |
| 229176152 | Nucleoli | 1 to 4 per nucleus Rounded, dense, well-defined nuclear bodies with no surrounding membrane | 90 | |
| 229176153 | Cisternae | Interior spaces of sacs and tubules in the Endoplasmic Reticulum | 91 | |
| 229176154 | Cristae | Inner membrane (folded) of the Mitochondria | 92 | |
| 229176155 | Matrix | The space between the cristae of the Mitochondria | 93 | |
| 229176156 | Spindle Fiber(s) | Microtubules that extend out in all directions fro the centrosome | 94 | |
| 229193331 | Nucleotide(s) | DNA and RNA are made of these | 95 | |
| 229193332 | Double-Stranded | DNA is this shape (resembles ladder) | 96 | |
| 229193333 | Single-Stranded | RNA is this shape | 97 | |
| 229193334 | Gene | All the "triplets" necessary to make a functional RNA molecule or protein | 98 | |
| 229193335 | Messenger RNA | mRNA | 99 | |
| 229193336 | Ribosomal RNA | rRNA | 100 | |
| 229193337 | Transfer RNA | tRNA | 101 | |
| 229193338 | mRNA | Copy of DNA sequence used to make proteins by means of translation | 102 | |
| 229193339 | tRNA | Carries amino acids to the ribosomes to make proteins by means of translation | 103 | |
| 229193340 | Transcription | The process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA | 104 | |
| 229193341 | RNA Polymerase | Enzyme used to make mRNA | 105 | |
| 229193342 | Posttranscriptional Processing | Process that modifies mRNA before it leaves the nucleus in the form of mRNA Removes introns Splices exons together | 106 | |
| 229193343 | Exon(s) | Sequence of nucleotides on a gene that gets transcribed and translated | 107 | |
| 229193344 | Intron(s) | Sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein | 108 | |
| 229193345 | Alternative Splicing | Process combining exons into mRNA Allows single gene to produce more than one specific protein | 109 | |
| 229193346 | Genetic Code | Total information contained in mRNA | 110 | |
| 229193347 | Codon(s) | Set of 3-nucleotide sequence found in mRNA | 111 | |
| 229193348 | Start Codon | Specific codon that codes for the beginning of a protein Signals the beginning of translation AUG - Methionine | 112 | |
| 229193349 | Stop Codon(s) | Specific codon that codes for the end of a protein Signals the end of translation UAA, UGA, or UAG | 113 | |
| 229193350 | Translation | The synthesis of proteins in response to the codons of mRNA | 114 | |
| 229193351 | Anticodon(s) | Set of 3-nucleotide sequence found in tRNA Complementary to mRNA | 115 | |
| 229193352 | Polyribosome | Cluster of ribosomes attached to the mRNA | 116 | |
| 229193353 | Posttranslational Processing | Process where modifications are made to proteins after they are produced | 117 | |
| 229193354 | Ribosome(s) | Consist of rRNA and proteins Align the codons of mRNA and the anticodons of tRNA | 118 | |
| 229193355 | Proprotein(s) | Longer proteins Before extra pieces of the molecule are cleaved off | 119 | |
| 229193356 | Cell Division | The formation of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell | 120 | |
| 229193357 | Gamete(s) | Sex cells | 121 | |
| 229193358 | Egg Cell(s) | Female gamete | 122 | |
| 229193359 | Sperm Cell(s) | Male gamete | 123 | |
| 229193360 | Diploid Number | The normal number of chromosomes in a somatic cell is called its? | 124 | |
| 229193361 | Haploid Number | The normal number of chromosomes in a gamete is called its? | 125 | |
| 229193362 | Somatic Cell(s) | All cells of the body except sex cells are called these | 126 | |
| 229193363 | 46 | Number of diploid chromosomes in a human | 127 | |
| 229193364 | 23 | Number of haploid chromosomes in a human | 128 | |
| 229193365 | XX (Chromosomes) | Female sex chromosomes | 129 | |
| 229193366 | XY (Chromosomes) | Male sex chromosomes | 130 | |
| 229193367 | Meiosis | Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms | 131 | |
| 229193368 | Mitosis | Cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes | 132 | |
| 229193369 | Interphase | The period between cell divisions | 133 | |
| 229193370 | Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase | 4 Phases of Mitosis | 134 | |
| 229193371 | Prophase | 1st phase of mitosis (longest phase) Chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus | 135 | |
| 229193372 | Metaphase | 2nd phase of mitosis Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell | 136 | |
| 229193373 | Anaphase | 3rd phase of mitosis Chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle | 137 | |
| 229193374 | Telophase | 4th phase of mitosis Nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes | 138 | |
| 229193375 | Cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm during cell division | 139 | |
| 229193376 | Cleavage Furrow | The first sign of cytokinesis | 140 | |
| 229193377 | Differentiation | Process by which cells develop specialized structures and functions | 141 |
