AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

Animal Nutrition Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
4976963339the study of feedstuffs and their efficiency utilization by livestock in producing animal products such as: meat, milk wool and workanimal nutrition0
4976969863_______ is the largest production cost in the livestock industry (60-75%)feed costs1
4976978292a feed constituent that is absorbed from the digestive tract and metabolized by the body to support lifenutrient2
49769919696 classes of nutrientswater fats vitamins carbohydrates proteins minerals3
4976999532nutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be supplied though the dietessential nutrients4
4977005046water comprises ____% of the body weight70-75%5
4977005196functions of watertransport media for metabolic Rxns Thermoregulation lubricant gives cells shape6
4977015730what is the most highly consumed nutrient?water7
4977023835animals will die more quickly from lack of _________ than lack of any other nutrientwater8
4977029129the older the animals is and the fatter the animal is the less ___________ is retainedwater9
4977031994average daily consumption of water in swine1.5 - 3 gal / day10
4977037428average daily consumption of water in cattle10 - 14 gal / day11
4977042424average daily consumption of water in horses10 - 14 gal / day12
4977047218average daily consumption of water in sheep1 - 3 gal / day13
4977081873elements in carbsC H O(low)14
4977087158nutrient whose primary function is to provide energy (ATP)carbohydrate15
4977108569heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degrees CelsiusCalorie (1 kcal =1000cal = 1 Cal)16
4977148032energy content of carbohydrates4.2 kcal / g17
4977172607simple sugars consisting of 5-6 carbonsmonosaccharides18
49771808314 prominent monosaccharidesglucose fructose galactose ribose/deoxyribose19
4977193954process of turning glucose into energy (ATP)glycolysis20
49772013093 prominent disaccharidessucrose (Glu+Fru) lactose (Glu+Gal) maltose (Glu+Glu)21
49772353645 prominent polysaccharidesstarch glycogen cellulose hemicellulose lignin22
4977259466bonded by a 1-4 linkages broken down by amylase energy storage in plants found in concentratesstarches (Glu)n23
4977280179high energy, low fiber feedstuff that is highly digestible (ex. corn, grain, sorghum, wheat)concentrate24
4977288546animal starch; stored in liver and muscleglycogen25
4977297964bonded by B 1-4 linkages broken down by cellulase found in cell wall lowly digestible found in roughagescellulose (Glu)n26
4977302954high fiber, low energy feedstuff that is lowly digestible (ex. hay, pasture, and silage)roughage27
4977309083indigestible carblignin28
4977313336a and B 1-4 linkages in this carbhemicellulose29
4977317949energy source of fats/lipids9.45 kcal / g30
4977326423functions of carbs (2)energy source fiber content31
4977333974_______% of dry matter in feedstuff is carbs50-75%32
4977343715laxative effect healthy lining and muscle tone of digestive tract correct fx of GI tractfiber33
4977347180elements in fats/lipidsC H O(low)34
4977360684simple lipids; composed of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids; formed by condensation Rxntriglycerides35
49773788502 Carbon fatty acid =acetic acid36
49773834042 types of fatty acidssaturated (no C=C) unsaturated (>1 C=C)37
4977400321primarily saturated and/or long chain fatty acids; come from animalsfats (solid)38
4977405330short chain and/or unsaturated fatty acids; come from plantsoils (liquid)39
4977431494________ _________ can impact the physical characteristics of carcass fat in monogastrics (ex. peanuts to pigs)dietary lipids40
49774391403 essential fatty acidslinoleic acid linolenic acid arachidonic acid41
4977446342linoleic acid synthesizes __________ acidarachidonic acid42
49774502443 compound lipidsglycolipids lipoproteins phospholipids43
49774608093 classifications of fats/lipidssimples lipids compound lipids sterols44
4977468165involved in membrane structure and a precursor for other compoundscholesterol45
4977470595steroid hormonestestosterone, estrogen46
49774784753 types of sterolscholesterol steroid hormones vitamin precursors (D)47
4977485024functions of fats/lipidsstorage form of metabolic fuel transport energy absorb vitamins protect/insulate vital organs hormone precursors juiciness and flavor48
4977515740feedstuffs generally contain _______% fat/lipid, except for oilseed which contain up to _____%1-4% and 18%49
4977520855elemental components of proteinsC H O N S50
4977525977primary function to provide building blocks for animal proteinsprotein in feedstuff51
4977531191essential amino acids (20 total)Methionine Arginine Threonine Tryptophan Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Valine Phenylalanine52
4977558162glycine, tyrosine, cysteinesemi-essental amino acids53
4977565193alanine, aspartic acid, glutamine, glutamic acid, serine, asparagine, prolinenon-essential animo acids54
4977573478proteins are chains of amino acids that are linked by ___________ _________; formed by condensation Rxnpeptide bonds55
49775760042 amino acidsdipeptide56
4977576005more than 2 amino acidspolypeptide57
4977584164functions of proteinsstructure (muscle, hair, feather, cell wall) regulation protection energy58
4977600324energy of proteins4 kcal / g59
4977607622regulation and protection proteinsenzymes hormones antibodies hemoglobin60
4977612337determined by the ability of an animal to digest and utilize the proteinprotein quality61
4977620673crude protein of feedstuffs is calculated based on _____________ contentNitrogen62
4977624553protein contains about _____% Nitrogen16%63
4977627017%CP =%Nitrogen x 6.2564
4977637617urea, uric acid, and molasses based supplementsnon-protein nitrogen65
4977654529mammals cannot use _______________ __________ but microorganisms in the rumen can use them to synthesize microbial proteinsnon-protein nitrogen66
4977664085large organic molecules needed in small amounts by animalsvitamins67
49776683762 categories of vitaminsfat soluble water soluble68
4977671767list of fat soluble vitaminsA D E K69
4977681481mainly B vitamins, biotin, choline, folic acid, niacin, ....water soluble vitamins70
4977686760vitamin requirements for monogastricsALL (fat+water)71
4977692798vitamin requirements for ruminantsfat soluble only (except for K bc it can be synthesized in rumen)72
4977696819functions of vitaminsmetabolism absorption digestion73
4977705869vitamin important in maintaining body liningsA74
4977708218vitamin thats a blood clotting factorK75
4977710050vitamin that prevents white muscle diseaseE76
4977713106vitamin that stimulates bone metabolismD77
4977719261chemical elements other than C H O and N needed for metabolismminerals78
4977719262categories of mineralsmacro micro/trace79
4977733639minerals needed and found in large quantities; Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, SMacro80
4977740105minerals needed and found in small quantities; Cr, Co, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, ZnMicro/trace81
4977740113functions of mineralsstructure (bone growth) metabolism (cofactors/coenzymes, energy storage) fluid balance (osmotic pressure) part of other compounds (Co->B12, I->thyroid, Fe->globin) nerve and muscle fxn82
49777651273 types of concentratescereal grains (energy) oilseeds (protein) by-products83
4977785740examples of cereal grainscorn oats wheat sorghum barley rye84
4977790029examples of oilseedssoybean cottonseed linseed85
4977798189examples of by-productsbeet pulp molasses whey animal fat chicken litter86
49778043522 types of roughageslegumes (^protein) grasses (^fiber)87
4977811579examples of legumesclover alfalfa88
4977815438examples of grassesbermuda grass bahia grass fescue89
4977821389forms of roughagespasture hay (dried) silage/haylage (wet -> fermentation)90
4977836054separation of feed components into groups based on their feeding valueproximate analysis91
49778448476 components of proximate analysismoisture (water) crude protein crude fat (fat soluble vita) crude fiber (carbs) nitrogen-free extract (carbs, polysacc, water soluble vita) ash (minerals)92
4977867232the amount of a nutrient that is absorbed in the digestive tract; difference in nutrient content btw intake and excretiondigestibility93
4977875074% digestibility =( nutrient in feed - nutrient in feces ) / nutrient in feed x 10094
4977882292digestibility of fat70%95
4977884675digestibility of protein77%96
4977889948which nutrients contribute to energy content of feeds?carb fat protein97
49778931492 methods to estimate energy content of feedstotal digestible nutrients metabolize energy and net energy (more accurate)98
4977909727based on the proximate analysis and digestibility measures for a feed; = digestible protein + d fat(x2.25) + d fiber + d N-free extracttotal digestible nutrients (TDN)99
49779179555 processes in proximate analysisDrying Cooking N-Analyzer/Combustion Ether Extraction Polarizer Acid/base Extraction100
4977927148drying process in proximate analysis100 C for 4 hrs separates moisture and dry matter101
4977930199cooking process in proximate analysis600 C for 4-6 hrs separates ash and organic matter102
4977946717N-analyzer/Combustion in proximate analysis%N x 6.25 = CP separates protein and non-nitrogen material103
4977951637Ether extraction Polarizer in proximate analysistakes out non-polar fat separates fat and carbs104
4977959902Acid/base extraction in proximate analysisseparates fiber and N-free extract105
5122310430the amount of a nutrient that is absorbed in the digestive tractdigestibility106
5122313180digestibility is the difference in nutrient content between ________ and ____________intake and excretion107
5122314044equation for digestibility(nutrient in feed - nutrient in feces) / nutrient in feed x 100%108
5122323634factors influencing TDNdry matter content nutrient digestibility ash content fat content109
51223633311st step in MENETotal Energy ---> Digestible Energy 20-40% loss in Feces110
51223674542nd step in MENEDigestible Energy ---> Metabolize Energy 5-12% loss in Urine and Gases111
51223698723rd step in MENEMetabolize Energy ---> Net Energy 25% loss in form of Heat112
5122371822last step in MENENet Energy ---> Maintenance or Net Energy ---> Production (gain, lactation)113
5122376385nutrients for livestock provided from a mixture of multiple feedstuffsdiet114
5122380906_______ _________ is used to calculate a specific percentage diet from concentrate feedstuffs by using a diagrampearson square115
5122389239maintenance requirements of the animal are based on ________ and __________ ___________size and metabolic weight116
51223910103 functions of Maintenance Requirementsmaintain tissue balance provide energy replace nutrients lost through basal metabolism117
5122394029metabolic weight =( body weight ) ^ 0.75118
5122398920about _____________ of the nutrients fed to livestock are used for maintenance50% / half119
5122403858nutrient % for maintenance in feedlot situation30-40%120
5122405018nutrient % for maintenance in mature breeding animal>85%121
5122408393nutrients provided in excess of maintenance requirements can be used for ________________production122
51224105944 ways Nutrient Utilization is used for ProductionSkeletal & Muscle Growth Reproduction Milk/Wool Production Work123
5122416735simple stomach animals usually with an acid environment; ex pig, horse, chicken, humanmonogastrics124
51224193062 component functions of the Mouthchewing/mastication, and salivation125
5122420778functions of salivationadds moisture lubricates source of enzymes for monogastrics buffers pH (bicarbonate salts)126
5122423541component function of Esophaguspassageway for food from mouth to stomach (or mouth to reticulo-rumen in ruminants)127
5122424150component function of Stomachstorage and digestion of food muscle contractions-> physical breakdown128
5122431424fiction of HCl in stomachlowers pH kills bacteria activates enzymes (pepsin and rennin)129
5122433801enzymes in the stomachPepsin Rennin limited Lipase130
5122434545pepsin functionprotein degredation131
5122435984rennin functioncoagulates milk protein132
5122441651name of food content moving from stomach --> small intestinechyme133
5122443450component function of small intestinemain point of digestion and absorption134
51224443643 sections of the small intestine1st - duodenum middle - jejunum end - ileum135
5122447431digestion transitions in the small intestinepolypeptides --> animo acids starch --> monosaccharides lipids --> fatty acids136
5122451265digestive organs associated with small intestineGall Bladder Bile Pancreas137
5122452807secretes bile produced in the liver; horses don't have onegall bladder138
5122453417encapsulates and degrades fatsbile139
5122454808secretes enzymes into the duodenum to breakdown macromolecules ; also secretes insulin and glucagon to control blood glucose levelspancreas140
5122457672food sources of carbs (4)starch maltose lactose sucrose141
5122460115starch .....amylase saliva , pancreas maltose142
5122462303maltose ....maltase small intestine / duo glucose143
5122463053lactose....lactase small intestine/ duo glu + galactose144
5122464798sucrose .....sucrase small intestine/ duo glu +fructose145
5122468047food source of fats (1)lipids146
5122469070lipid ......lipase stomach, pancreas monoglycerides, glycerol, fatty acids147
5122471596food sources of proteins (6)milk protein protein polypeptides peptides dipeptides nucleoproteins148
5122474385milk protein ....rennin stomach coagulated milk protein149
5122475700protein.....pepsin + HCl stomach polypeptides150
5122478807polypeptides (ends-peptidase) .......trypsin, and chymotrypsin pancreas peptides151
5122484383peptides (eco-peptidase) ......carboxypeptidase || aminopeptidase pancreas || small intestine/ duo peptides + Amino Acid152
5122487941dipeptides .......dipiptidase small intestine/ duo amino acids153
5122490809nucleoproteins .....nucleotidase || nucleosidase small intestine " nucleotides, nucleosides || purines , pyrimidines154
5122506838metabolites travel to the _________ and are further metabolized or detoxifiedliver155
51225075373 components of large intestinececum colon rectum156
5122510268blind end of the anterior large intestinececum/ proximal colon157
5122511198importance of proximal colon/cecum in horsessite of microbial digestion microbes digest cellulose and produce volatile fatty acids158
5122513440major site of water absorptioncolon159
5122513935expels material out of the bodyrectum160
51225152784-footed, even-toed, cud-chewing animals which have a stomach congestion of four divisionsruminants161
51225152794 chambers of ruminant stomach (in order)rumen reticulum omasum abomasum162
5122518333foregut fermenterscattle, sheep, goat163
5122519233hind-gut fermentershorse, rabbit164
5122521996describe cow's mouthdental pad, no upper teeth long papillae tongue for no enzymes165
5122523089describe sheep/goat mouthsplit lip = close grazers dental pad no enzymes166
5122534035anaerobic cat; ~60% of stomach capacity (cow = 40gal); major site of fermentationrumen167
5122535848functions of Papillae in Rumenabsorption inc surface area ionophores (buffer) fatty acid saturase (unsat --> sat)168
5122540474separates reticulum from rumenreticulo-rumen fold169
5122543226when foreign objects migrate through rumen to abdominal cavity/thoracic cavity and cause infectionhardware disease170
5122544398distribution of particles in the Reticulumheavy particles settle and stay light particles float to rumen171
51225468535% of ruminant stomach capacity; honeycomb tripereticulum172
5122547462functions of omasumwater absorption sorting/grinding hard173
5122551124glandular / true / acid stomach in ruminantsabomasum174
5122551789secretions of the abomasumHCl pepsin lysozyme (break down cell wall)175
5122558476structure present in baby ruminants where milk passes directly to the abomasumreticular/esophageal groove176
5122561939rumen ______________ occurs when mothers groom their calves or when cows groom other cows and transfer their enzymes and bacteria to other cowsimmunization177
5122562424symbiosis in the rumenRuminants provide home and food for anaerobic microbes, and microbes give proteins, vitamins, and digestibility178
5122567914aka cud chewing ; regurgitation of ingesta from the reticulum --> remastication --> reswallowingrumination179
5122572458burping in cows, to prevent bloatingeructation180
5122575319Beta 1-4 bonded glucose chains that require cellulase to break downcellulose181
5122578652microbes produce __________ ___________ __________ as they breakdown cellulose and other fibrous food componentsvolatile fatty acids182
5122583964VFA usage =energy requirements183
5122586573converts VFAs to glucose (energy) through gluconeogenesis for use in fatty acid synthesisliver184
5122594099how can RUP (rumen undigestible proteins) bypass the rumenacid soluble coatings185
5122601094in most ruminants, and horses, chewing occurs only on ____ ______one side186
5122606195muscle that keeps the food in the stomach from coming back up the esophaguspyloric valve187
51226091851st stop at digestion for chickenscrop188
5122609851true stomach in chickensproventriculous189
5122612261highly muscular, hard organ that grinds and breaks down feed in chickensgizzard190
5122614712organ of ruminants that is similar to appendix in humanscecum191

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!