4976963339 | the study of feedstuffs and their efficiency utilization by livestock in producing animal products such as: meat, milk wool and work | animal nutrition | 0 | |
4976969863 | _______ is the largest production cost in the livestock industry (60-75%) | feed costs | 1 | |
4976978292 | a feed constituent that is absorbed from the digestive tract and metabolized by the body to support life | nutrient | 2 | |
4976991969 | 6 classes of nutrients | water fats vitamins carbohydrates proteins minerals | 3 | |
4976999532 | nutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be supplied though the diet | essential nutrients | 4 | |
4977005046 | water comprises ____% of the body weight | 70-75% | 5 | |
4977005196 | functions of water | transport media for metabolic Rxns Thermoregulation lubricant gives cells shape | 6 | |
4977015730 | what is the most highly consumed nutrient? | water | 7 | |
4977023835 | animals will die more quickly from lack of _________ than lack of any other nutrient | water | 8 | |
4977029129 | the older the animals is and the fatter the animal is the less ___________ is retained | water | 9 | |
4977031994 | average daily consumption of water in swine | 1.5 - 3 gal / day | 10 | |
4977037428 | average daily consumption of water in cattle | 10 - 14 gal / day | 11 | |
4977042424 | average daily consumption of water in horses | 10 - 14 gal / day | 12 | |
4977047218 | average daily consumption of water in sheep | 1 - 3 gal / day | 13 | |
4977081873 | elements in carbs | C H O(low) | 14 | |
4977087158 | nutrient whose primary function is to provide energy (ATP) | carbohydrate | 15 | |
4977108569 | heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degrees Celsius | Calorie (1 kcal =1000cal = 1 Cal) | 16 | |
4977148032 | energy content of carbohydrates | 4.2 kcal / g | 17 | |
4977172607 | simple sugars consisting of 5-6 carbons | monosaccharides | 18 | |
4977180831 | 4 prominent monosaccharides | glucose fructose galactose ribose/deoxyribose | 19 | |
4977193954 | process of turning glucose into energy (ATP) | glycolysis | 20 | |
4977201309 | 3 prominent disaccharides | sucrose (Glu+Fru) lactose (Glu+Gal) maltose (Glu+Glu) | 21 | |
4977235364 | 5 prominent polysaccharides | starch glycogen cellulose hemicellulose lignin | 22 | |
4977259466 | bonded by a 1-4 linkages broken down by amylase energy storage in plants found in concentrates | starches (Glu)n | 23 | |
4977280179 | high energy, low fiber feedstuff that is highly digestible (ex. corn, grain, sorghum, wheat) | concentrate | 24 | |
4977288546 | animal starch; stored in liver and muscle | glycogen | 25 | |
4977297964 | bonded by B 1-4 linkages broken down by cellulase found in cell wall lowly digestible found in roughages | cellulose (Glu)n | 26 | |
4977302954 | high fiber, low energy feedstuff that is lowly digestible (ex. hay, pasture, and silage) | roughage | 27 | |
4977309083 | indigestible carb | lignin | 28 | |
4977313336 | a and B 1-4 linkages in this carb | hemicellulose | 29 | |
4977317949 | energy source of fats/lipids | 9.45 kcal / g | 30 | |
4977326423 | functions of carbs (2) | energy source fiber content | 31 | |
4977333974 | _______% of dry matter in feedstuff is carbs | 50-75% | 32 | |
4977343715 | laxative effect healthy lining and muscle tone of digestive tract correct fx of GI tract | fiber | 33 | |
4977347180 | elements in fats/lipids | C H O(low) | 34 | |
4977360684 | simple lipids; composed of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids; formed by condensation Rxn | triglycerides | 35 | |
4977378850 | 2 Carbon fatty acid = | acetic acid | 36 | |
4977383404 | 2 types of fatty acids | saturated (no C=C) unsaturated (>1 C=C) | 37 | |
4977400321 | primarily saturated and/or long chain fatty acids; come from animals | fats (solid) | 38 | |
4977405330 | short chain and/or unsaturated fatty acids; come from plants | oils (liquid) | 39 | |
4977431494 | ________ _________ can impact the physical characteristics of carcass fat in monogastrics (ex. peanuts to pigs) | dietary lipids | 40 | |
4977439140 | 3 essential fatty acids | linoleic acid linolenic acid arachidonic acid | 41 | |
4977446342 | linoleic acid synthesizes __________ acid | arachidonic acid | 42 | |
4977450244 | 3 compound lipids | glycolipids lipoproteins phospholipids | 43 | |
4977460809 | 3 classifications of fats/lipids | simples lipids compound lipids sterols | 44 | |
4977468165 | involved in membrane structure and a precursor for other compounds | cholesterol | 45 | |
4977470595 | steroid hormones | testosterone, estrogen | 46 | |
4977478475 | 3 types of sterols | cholesterol steroid hormones vitamin precursors (D) | 47 | |
4977485024 | functions of fats/lipids | storage form of metabolic fuel transport energy absorb vitamins protect/insulate vital organs hormone precursors juiciness and flavor | 48 | |
4977515740 | feedstuffs generally contain _______% fat/lipid, except for oilseed which contain up to _____% | 1-4% and 18% | 49 | |
4977520855 | elemental components of proteins | C H O N S | 50 | |
4977525977 | primary function to provide building blocks for animal proteins | protein in feedstuff | 51 | |
4977531191 | essential amino acids (20 total) | Methionine Arginine Threonine Tryptophan Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Valine Phenylalanine | 52 | |
4977558162 | glycine, tyrosine, cysteine | semi-essental amino acids | 53 | |
4977565193 | alanine, aspartic acid, glutamine, glutamic acid, serine, asparagine, proline | non-essential animo acids | 54 | |
4977573478 | proteins are chains of amino acids that are linked by ___________ _________; formed by condensation Rxn | peptide bonds | 55 | |
4977576004 | 2 amino acids | dipeptide | 56 | |
4977576005 | more than 2 amino acids | polypeptide | 57 | |
4977584164 | functions of proteins | structure (muscle, hair, feather, cell wall) regulation protection energy | 58 | |
4977600324 | energy of proteins | 4 kcal / g | 59 | |
4977607622 | regulation and protection proteins | enzymes hormones antibodies hemoglobin | 60 | |
4977612337 | determined by the ability of an animal to digest and utilize the protein | protein quality | 61 | |
4977620673 | crude protein of feedstuffs is calculated based on _____________ content | Nitrogen | 62 | |
4977624553 | protein contains about _____% Nitrogen | 16% | 63 | |
4977627017 | %CP = | %Nitrogen x 6.25 | 64 | |
4977637617 | urea, uric acid, and molasses based supplements | non-protein nitrogen | 65 | |
4977654529 | mammals cannot use _______________ __________ but microorganisms in the rumen can use them to synthesize microbial proteins | non-protein nitrogen | 66 | |
4977664085 | large organic molecules needed in small amounts by animals | vitamins | 67 | |
4977668376 | 2 categories of vitamins | fat soluble water soluble | 68 | |
4977671767 | list of fat soluble vitamins | A D E K | 69 | |
4977681481 | mainly B vitamins, biotin, choline, folic acid, niacin, .... | water soluble vitamins | 70 | |
4977686760 | vitamin requirements for monogastrics | ALL (fat+water) | 71 | |
4977692798 | vitamin requirements for ruminants | fat soluble only (except for K bc it can be synthesized in rumen) | 72 | |
4977696819 | functions of vitamins | metabolism absorption digestion | 73 | |
4977705869 | vitamin important in maintaining body linings | A | 74 | |
4977708218 | vitamin thats a blood clotting factor | K | 75 | |
4977710050 | vitamin that prevents white muscle disease | E | 76 | |
4977713106 | vitamin that stimulates bone metabolism | D | 77 | |
4977719261 | chemical elements other than C H O and N needed for metabolism | minerals | 78 | |
4977719262 | categories of minerals | macro micro/trace | 79 | |
4977733639 | minerals needed and found in large quantities; Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, S | Macro | 80 | |
4977740105 | minerals needed and found in small quantities; Cr, Co, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, Zn | Micro/trace | 81 | |
4977740113 | functions of minerals | structure (bone growth) metabolism (cofactors/coenzymes, energy storage) fluid balance (osmotic pressure) part of other compounds (Co->B12, I->thyroid, Fe->globin) nerve and muscle fxn | 82 | |
4977765127 | 3 types of concentrates | cereal grains (energy) oilseeds (protein) by-products | 83 | |
4977785740 | examples of cereal grains | corn oats wheat sorghum barley rye | 84 | |
4977790029 | examples of oilseeds | soybean cottonseed linseed | 85 | |
4977798189 | examples of by-products | beet pulp molasses whey animal fat chicken litter | 86 | |
4977804352 | 2 types of roughages | legumes (^protein) grasses (^fiber) | 87 | |
4977811579 | examples of legumes | clover alfalfa | 88 | |
4977815438 | examples of grasses | bermuda grass bahia grass fescue | 89 | |
4977821389 | forms of roughages | pasture hay (dried) silage/haylage (wet -> fermentation) | 90 | |
4977836054 | separation of feed components into groups based on their feeding value | proximate analysis | 91 | |
4977844847 | 6 components of proximate analysis | moisture (water) crude protein crude fat (fat soluble vita) crude fiber (carbs) nitrogen-free extract (carbs, polysacc, water soluble vita) ash (minerals) | 92 | |
4977867232 | the amount of a nutrient that is absorbed in the digestive tract; difference in nutrient content btw intake and excretion | digestibility | 93 | |
4977875074 | % digestibility = | ( nutrient in feed - nutrient in feces ) / nutrient in feed x 100 | 94 | |
4977882292 | digestibility of fat | 70% | 95 | |
4977884675 | digestibility of protein | 77% | 96 | |
4977889948 | which nutrients contribute to energy content of feeds? | carb fat protein | 97 | |
4977893149 | 2 methods to estimate energy content of feeds | total digestible nutrients metabolize energy and net energy (more accurate) | 98 | |
4977909727 | based on the proximate analysis and digestibility measures for a feed; = digestible protein + d fat(x2.25) + d fiber + d N-free extract | total digestible nutrients (TDN) | 99 | |
4977917955 | 5 processes in proximate analysis | Drying Cooking N-Analyzer/Combustion Ether Extraction Polarizer Acid/base Extraction | 100 | |
4977927148 | drying process in proximate analysis | 100 C for 4 hrs separates moisture and dry matter | 101 | |
4977930199 | cooking process in proximate analysis | 600 C for 4-6 hrs separates ash and organic matter | 102 | |
4977946717 | N-analyzer/Combustion in proximate analysis | %N x 6.25 = CP separates protein and non-nitrogen material | 103 | |
4977951637 | Ether extraction Polarizer in proximate analysis | takes out non-polar fat separates fat and carbs | 104 | |
4977959902 | Acid/base extraction in proximate analysis | separates fiber and N-free extract | 105 | |
5122310430 | the amount of a nutrient that is absorbed in the digestive tract | digestibility | 106 | |
5122313180 | digestibility is the difference in nutrient content between ________ and ____________ | intake and excretion | 107 | |
5122314044 | equation for digestibility | (nutrient in feed - nutrient in feces) / nutrient in feed x 100% | 108 | |
5122323634 | factors influencing TDN | dry matter content nutrient digestibility ash content fat content | 109 | |
5122363331 | 1st step in MENE | Total Energy ---> Digestible Energy 20-40% loss in Feces | 110 | |
5122367454 | 2nd step in MENE | Digestible Energy ---> Metabolize Energy 5-12% loss in Urine and Gases | 111 | |
5122369872 | 3rd step in MENE | Metabolize Energy ---> Net Energy 25% loss in form of Heat | 112 | |
5122371822 | last step in MENE | Net Energy ---> Maintenance or Net Energy ---> Production (gain, lactation) | 113 | |
5122376385 | nutrients for livestock provided from a mixture of multiple feedstuffs | diet | 114 | |
5122380906 | _______ _________ is used to calculate a specific percentage diet from concentrate feedstuffs by using a diagram | pearson square | ![]() | 115 |
5122389239 | maintenance requirements of the animal are based on ________ and __________ ___________ | size and metabolic weight | 116 | |
5122391010 | 3 functions of Maintenance Requirements | maintain tissue balance provide energy replace nutrients lost through basal metabolism | 117 | |
5122394029 | metabolic weight = | ( body weight ) ^ 0.75 | 118 | |
5122398920 | about _____________ of the nutrients fed to livestock are used for maintenance | 50% / half | 119 | |
5122403858 | nutrient % for maintenance in feedlot situation | 30-40% | 120 | |
5122405018 | nutrient % for maintenance in mature breeding animal | >85% | 121 | |
5122408393 | nutrients provided in excess of maintenance requirements can be used for ________________ | production | 122 | |
5122410594 | 4 ways Nutrient Utilization is used for Production | Skeletal & Muscle Growth Reproduction Milk/Wool Production Work | 123 | |
5122416735 | simple stomach animals usually with an acid environment; ex pig, horse, chicken, human | monogastrics | 124 | |
5122419306 | 2 component functions of the Mouth | chewing/mastication, and salivation | 125 | |
5122420778 | functions of salivation | adds moisture lubricates source of enzymes for monogastrics buffers pH (bicarbonate salts) | 126 | |
5122423541 | component function of Esophagus | passageway for food from mouth to stomach (or mouth to reticulo-rumen in ruminants) | 127 | |
5122424150 | component function of Stomach | storage and digestion of food muscle contractions-> physical breakdown | 128 | |
5122431424 | fiction of HCl in stomach | lowers pH kills bacteria activates enzymes (pepsin and rennin) | 129 | |
5122433801 | enzymes in the stomach | Pepsin Rennin limited Lipase | 130 | |
5122434545 | pepsin function | protein degredation | 131 | |
5122435984 | rennin function | coagulates milk protein | 132 | |
5122441651 | name of food content moving from stomach --> small intestine | chyme | ![]() | 133 |
5122443450 | component function of small intestine | main point of digestion and absorption | 134 | |
5122444364 | 3 sections of the small intestine | 1st - duodenum middle - jejunum end - ileum | 135 | |
5122447431 | digestion transitions in the small intestine | polypeptides --> animo acids starch --> monosaccharides lipids --> fatty acids | 136 | |
5122451265 | digestive organs associated with small intestine | Gall Bladder Bile Pancreas | 137 | |
5122452807 | secretes bile produced in the liver; horses don't have one | gall bladder | 138 | |
5122453417 | encapsulates and degrades fats | bile | 139 | |
5122454808 | secretes enzymes into the duodenum to breakdown macromolecules ; also secretes insulin and glucagon to control blood glucose levels | pancreas | 140 | |
5122457672 | food sources of carbs (4) | starch maltose lactose sucrose | 141 | |
5122460115 | starch ..... | amylase saliva , pancreas maltose | 142 | |
5122462303 | maltose .... | maltase small intestine / duo glucose | 143 | |
5122463053 | lactose.... | lactase small intestine/ duo glu + galactose | 144 | |
5122464798 | sucrose ..... | sucrase small intestine/ duo glu +fructose | 145 | |
5122468047 | food source of fats (1) | lipids | 146 | |
5122469070 | lipid ...... | lipase stomach, pancreas monoglycerides, glycerol, fatty acids | 147 | |
5122471596 | food sources of proteins (6) | milk protein protein polypeptides peptides dipeptides nucleoproteins | 148 | |
5122474385 | milk protein .... | rennin stomach coagulated milk protein | 149 | |
5122475700 | protein..... | pepsin + HCl stomach polypeptides | 150 | |
5122478807 | polypeptides (ends-peptidase) ....... | trypsin, and chymotrypsin pancreas peptides | 151 | |
5122484383 | peptides (eco-peptidase) ...... | carboxypeptidase || aminopeptidase pancreas || small intestine/ duo peptides + Amino Acid | 152 | |
5122487941 | dipeptides ....... | dipiptidase small intestine/ duo amino acids | 153 | |
5122490809 | nucleoproteins ..... | nucleotidase || nucleosidase small intestine " nucleotides, nucleosides || purines , pyrimidines | 154 | |
5122506838 | metabolites travel to the _________ and are further metabolized or detoxified | liver | 155 | |
5122507537 | 3 components of large intestine | cecum colon rectum | 156 | |
5122510268 | blind end of the anterior large intestine | cecum/ proximal colon | 157 | |
5122511198 | importance of proximal colon/cecum in horses | site of microbial digestion microbes digest cellulose and produce volatile fatty acids | 158 | |
5122513440 | major site of water absorption | colon | 159 | |
5122513935 | expels material out of the body | rectum | 160 | |
5122515278 | 4-footed, even-toed, cud-chewing animals which have a stomach congestion of four divisions | ruminants | 161 | |
5122515279 | 4 chambers of ruminant stomach (in order) | rumen reticulum omasum abomasum | 162 | |
5122518333 | foregut fermenters | cattle, sheep, goat | 163 | |
5122519233 | hind-gut fermenters | horse, rabbit | 164 | |
5122521996 | describe cow's mouth | dental pad, no upper teeth long papillae tongue for no enzymes | 165 | |
5122523089 | describe sheep/goat mouth | split lip = close grazers dental pad no enzymes | 166 | |
5122534035 | anaerobic cat; ~60% of stomach capacity (cow = 40gal); major site of fermentation | rumen | 167 | |
5122535848 | functions of Papillae in Rumen | absorption inc surface area ionophores (buffer) fatty acid saturase (unsat --> sat) | 168 | |
5122540474 | separates reticulum from rumen | reticulo-rumen fold | 169 | |
5122543226 | when foreign objects migrate through rumen to abdominal cavity/thoracic cavity and cause infection | hardware disease | 170 | |
5122544398 | distribution of particles in the Reticulum | heavy particles settle and stay light particles float to rumen | 171 | |
5122546853 | 5% of ruminant stomach capacity; honeycomb tripe | reticulum | 172 | |
5122547462 | functions of omasum | water absorption sorting/grinding hard | 173 | |
5122551124 | glandular / true / acid stomach in ruminants | abomasum | 174 | |
5122551789 | secretions of the abomasum | HCl pepsin lysozyme (break down cell wall) | 175 | |
5122558476 | structure present in baby ruminants where milk passes directly to the abomasum | reticular/esophageal groove | 176 | |
5122561939 | rumen ______________ occurs when mothers groom their calves or when cows groom other cows and transfer their enzymes and bacteria to other cows | immunization | 177 | |
5122562424 | symbiosis in the rumen | Ruminants provide home and food for anaerobic microbes, and microbes give proteins, vitamins, and digestibility | 178 | |
5122567914 | aka cud chewing ; regurgitation of ingesta from the reticulum --> remastication --> reswallowing | rumination | 179 | |
5122572458 | burping in cows, to prevent bloating | eructation | 180 | |
5122575319 | Beta 1-4 bonded glucose chains that require cellulase to break down | cellulose | 181 | |
5122578652 | microbes produce __________ ___________ __________ as they breakdown cellulose and other fibrous food components | volatile fatty acids | 182 | |
5122583964 | VFA usage = | energy requirements | 183 | |
5122586573 | converts VFAs to glucose (energy) through gluconeogenesis for use in fatty acid synthesis | liver | 184 | |
5122594099 | how can RUP (rumen undigestible proteins) bypass the rumen | acid soluble coatings | 185 | |
5122601094 | in most ruminants, and horses, chewing occurs only on ____ ______ | one side | 186 | |
5122606195 | muscle that keeps the food in the stomach from coming back up the esophagus | pyloric valve | 187 | |
5122609185 | 1st stop at digestion for chickens | crop | 188 | |
5122609851 | true stomach in chickens | proventriculous | 189 | |
5122612261 | highly muscular, hard organ that grinds and breaks down feed in chickens | gizzard | 190 | |
5122614712 | organ of ruminants that is similar to appendix in humans | cecum | 191 |
Animal Nutrition Flashcards
Primary tabs
Need Help?
We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.
For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.
If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.
Need Notes?
While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!