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| 7147474099 | Inter Atrial septum | What are the two atria separated by? | 0 | |
| 7147474555 | Inter ventricular septum | What are the two ventricles separated by? | 1 | |
| 7147475357 | Mitral and tricuspid | What are the two AV valves? | 2 | |
| 7147476739 | Aortic and pulmonary valves | What are the two semilunar valves? | 3 | |
| 7147478945 | The mitral valve | Which AV valve is on the left? | 4 | |
| 7147479275 | The tricuspid valve | Which AV valve is on the right? | 5 | |
| 7147483782 | Aortic valve | Which semilunar valve goes from the left ventricle through the aorta? | 6 | |
| 7147484310 | Pulmonary valve | Which semilunar valve goes from the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery? | 7 | |
| 7147486616 | In line with the 2nd rib | Where is the base of the heart? | 8 | |
| 7147487157 | 5th intercostal space | Where is the apex of the heart? this is also where you can hear your apical pulse (point of maximal intensity) | 9 | |
| 7147490204 | Pericardium | What is the outer wall of the heart? | 10 | |
| 7147491207 | Myocardium | What is the middle and muscular layer of the heart? | 11 | |
| 7147491675 | Endocardium | What is the innermost layer of the heart? | 12 | |
| 7151411367 | It is inflammation of the pericardium. Symptoms include chest pain, friction rub (as pericardial fluid can dry out), cough and fever. It can be caused by viral/bacterial infection. Treatments include anti-biotics, cardiac tampnade - draining fluid from the cavity. | Explain pericarditis. | 13 | |
| 7151420444 | The contractile cells. | What is contained in the myocardium? | 14 | |
| 7151420646 | inflammation of the myocardium. symptoms include chest pain, heart failure and arrhythmias. Causes include viral/bacterial infection, autoimmune reaction. treatment include and inotropes and diuretics which increase urine output and decrease blood volume and workload on the heart | Explain myocarditis. | 15 | |
| 7151422983 | The left ventricle as it needs to pump blood around systemic circuit so generates much higher pressure. | Which ventricle has the thicker wall thickness and why is this? | 16 | |
| 7151434157 | 1. Maintain the shape of the heart, 2. act as attachment point for muscle fibres. | What are 2 functions of the fibrous cardiac skeleton? | 17 | |
| 7151482610 | Inflammation of the endocardium, cordae tendinae, IV septum and valves. Symptoms include leaky valves - heart failure, blood clotting on valve leaflets. Caused by infective bacteria and non infective endocarditis. Treatment - antibiotics or surgery | Explain endocarditis. | 18 | |
| 7151490590 | Edwards Sapien THV, Artificial Heart Valves | Examples of valve replacements | 19 | |
| 7151493274 | Yes they are, despite different pressures. | Are blood volumes leaving the right ventricle and left ventricle equal? | 20 | |
| 7151527280 | The right atrium | Where does the coronary sinus drain into? | 21 | |
| 7151544316 | Angina pectoris | Thoracic/chest pain due to an inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle | 22 | |
| 7151558032 | Myocardial ischaemia | What is inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle called? | 23 | |
| 7151558703 | NO | Do cells die if ischaemia is only brief? | 24 | |
| 7151559820 | Myocardial infarct (dead muscle) | Coronary artery occlusion occurs and heart is deprived of blood for a long time | 25 | |
| 7151562467 | Decreased heart/cardiac function | What does myocardial infarction lead to? | 26 | |
| 7151573040 | 1. How contraction is initiated - by pacemakers that are specialized to generate APs. 2. Organ vs motor unit contraction 3. Length of absolute refractory period - in cardiac muscle fibre contracts and them immediately relaxes. | 3 major differences of cardiomyocytes compared to skeletal muscle cells? | 27 | |
| 7151587674 | 100 | The SA node (pacemaker) generates how many APs/min? | 28 | |
| 7151588285 | 50 | The AV node generates how many APs/min if isolated from functional SA node? | 29 | |
| 7151588811 | It is the only connection between atria and ventricles that conducts the AP. | Why does AV bundle run down the IV septum and not in the ventricular wall? | 30 | |
| 7151589386 | 220 msecs | Time for AP to reach last cells in the ventricle is..? | 31 | |
| 7151668195 | Damage to Av node or AV bundle. causes AP to move really slowly | What is a heart block or bundle branch block? | 32 | |
| 7151671759 | When cells other than the SA node take over the pacemaker function | What is ectopic focus? | 33 | |
| 7151675912 | When other cells in the heart become excitable - can be caused by caffeine or nicotine | What are ventricular extrasystoles? | 34 | |
| 7151682156 | generate a strong contraction millions of times a lifetime, ensure that while rate can be changed, it should not be fast enough to leave insufficient filling time | Signals that initiate a contraction need to: | 35 | |
| 7151685220 | The role of calcium | What is a main difference between myocardial APs and neural APs? | 36 | |
| 7151689201 | Yes | Do both sympathetic and parasympathetic vagus nerve innervate the pacemaker cells? | 37 | |
| 7151692045 | Sympathetics | Which innervates the contractile cells of the myocardium? | 38 | |
| 7151814205 | Heart rate, heart rhythm, presence of hypertrophy or atrophy of ventricles, abnormal conduction patterns | What things does an ECG help to determine? | 39 | |
| 7151816513 | Bradycardia | What is a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute? | 40 | |
| 7151821453 | Tachycardia | What is a heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute? | 41 | |
| 7151834057 | diastole | period of relaxation | 42 | |
| 7151834219 | systole | Period of contraction | 43 | |
| 7151834703 | Ventricular filling, atrial contraction, isovolumetric contraction phase, ventricular ejection phase, isovolumetric relaxation, ventricular filling | Order of cardiac cycle? | 44 | |
| 7151837947 | 25mmHg | Right ventricle systolic pressure in pulmonary circulation? | 45 | |
| 7151838976 | Ductus arteriosus | Circulation in utero, connection between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta | 46 | |
| 7151839394 | Foramen ovale | In utero, hole between two atria, allows blood to flow from left to right atrium | 47 | |
| 7151841807 | Ductus venosus | In utero, bypasses the liver | 48 | |
| 7151842292 | Atrial septal defect | Blood goes from right to left right, pressures in pulmonary circulation are abnormally high | 49 | |
| 7156356217 | Tunica intima | Inside layer of blood vessel, contains endothelium, subendothelial layer (connective tissue) and internal elastic lamina |  | 50 |
| 7156361140 | Tunica media | Middle layer of blood vessel, contains external elastic lamina | | 51 |
| 7156362281 | Tunica externa | Outside layer of blood vessel, vaso vasorum can be found here | | 52 |
| 7156364888 | Arteries | Transport high pressure blood, are thick walled, pressure reservoirs | 53 | |
| 7156365961 | Elastic (conducting) arteries | Largest arteries (e.g. aorta & pulmonary trunk), distendable - lots of elastin | 54 | |
| 7156366489 | They ensure blood flow continues when they stretch e.g. aorta and p. trunk stretch when ventricles eject blood into arteries | Functional significance of elastic arteries? | 55 | |
| 7156374692 | Muscular (distributing arteries) | Smaller arteries, can vasoconstrict or vasodilate (change in diameter in response to signals from nerves), control blood pressure and distribution | 56 | |
| 7156384667 | Common carotid artery, brachial artery, radial artery, femoral artery and popliteal artery | What are the arterial pulse sites? | 57 | |
| 7156537948 | Plaque/occlusion in artery | What is atherosclerosis? | 58 | |
| 7156541687 | Normal arterial wall | Normal arterial wall consists of smooth muscle and connective tissue with an endothelial cell lining | 59 | |
| 7156547725 | Early stages of atherosclerosis, called a fatty streak | Excess LDL cholesterol accumulates between endothelium and connective tissue. It is oxidised and phagocytosed. Macrophages produce paracrines that attract smooth muscle cells | 60 | |
| 7156549901 | Fibrous plaque, angina | Cholesterol accumulates, fibrous scar tissue forms around it. Migrating smooth muscle cells divide and thicken arterial wall, narrowing lumen. Stage is known as.... and can lead to....? | 61 | |
| 7156550188 | Hypertension, dyslipidaemia, high blood sugar, lack of exercise, obesity, cigarette smoke and stress | Risk factors that are preventable for atherosclerosis? | 62 | |
| 7156557667 | Can lead to myocardial infarction | Advanced stage of atherosclerosis, calcified scar tissues form. Endothelium can become damaged and collagen can be exposed, platelets can stick to the damaged area and a blood clot can form. This can lead to? | 63 | |
| 7156559129 | Increased blood pressure | In atherosclerosis, increased stiffening of arterial walls means.... | 64 | |
| 7156560221 | Treats atherosclerosis, inflated balloon inserted into artery and widens it | What does a coronary angioplasty do? | 65 | |
| 7156562238 | arteriosclerosis | Increased intravascular pressure due to decreased compliance of elastic arteries. also inability to decrease peripheral resistance with vasodilation can have effect | 66 | |
| 7156563176 | 140/90 mmHg | What is the HT and BP of artery with arteriosclerosis? | 67 | |
| 7156571253 | capillaries | microscopic tubes lined by a single layer of squamous endothelium, ~9um, wide, deforming red blood cells that pass, the largest of the vessels | 68 | |
| 7156572045 | very close, 20 microns from furthest cells | how close are capillaries to other cells? | 69 | |
| 7156573087 | Separate blood from tissue fluid, while allowing ready exchange of materials between them, must be highly permeable to things smaller than proteins | What do capillaries need to do? | 70 | |
| 7156714423 | Continuous capillaries | Capillaries: very common, least permeable. typical of muscle, skin, CNS and lungs, allow ions and water but not protein | 71 | |
| 7156716041 | Fenestrated capillaries | Capillaries: common, large amount of exchange, GI tract, kidneys, endocrine organs | 72 | |
| 7156717951 | Fenestrae | Have a diaphragm, allow ready movement of glucose, amino acids etc. channels THROUGH the cells themselves (as opposed to between cells) | 73 | |
| 7156719625 | Open or sinusoidal capillaries | Found where proteins and even cells need to be moved in or out of blood. e.g. spleen, liver bone marrow. very permeable | 74 | |
| 7156733060 | Veins | Largest diameter vessels, low resistance to flow, lowest pressure | 75 | |
| 7156753808 | also veins | known as capacitance vessel, or blood reservoirs, at rest contain 60-70% of blood volume | 76 | |
| 7165407004 | vasovagal reflex | overactivation of vagal nerve resulting in very low heart rate, causes people to faint at the sight of blood. | 77 | |
| 7165407547 | chemoreceptors | respond to changes in blood pH, CO2 and O2, located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus, more important in control of respiratory rate than bp. | 78 | |
| 7165412906 | lower pressure | do veins generally have high or low pressure? | 79 | |
| 7165413460 | 60-70% | what percentage of blood volume do veins contain at rest? | 80 | |
| 7165415516 | To return blood to the heart | in veins, larger vessels have valves. Why are valves and muscle pumps necessary? | 81 | |
| 7165419171 | paper bag, balloon | vein is like a .... artery is like a ..... because of a difference in elasticity? | 82 | |
| 7165420176 | The muscle pump, pulse pump and respiratory | The three valve mechanisms in veins... what are they? | 83 | |
| 7165424967 | muscle pump | skeletal muscle surrounding deep veins contracts and relaxes, 'milking' blood toward the heart | 84 | |
| 7165428798 | respiratory pump | moves blood to the heart as pressure changes in the ventral cavity during breathing. as we inhale, abdominal pressure increases, squeezing local veins and forcing blood to the heart | 85 | |
| 7165430916 | not sure if this is pulse pump or respiratory pump | diaphragm drops pushes on ab organs, pushes on inferior vena cava, blood towards heart. | 86 | |
| 7165434038 | hepatic portal vein | blood draining from the stomach to the lower gut in the hepatic portal vein is all directed into the? | 87 | |
| 7165435509 | two capillary beds follow on from each other | why is the hepatic portal system a bit different? | 88 | |
| 7165453200 | so that they will not be directed to the portal vein and therefore the liver, to be removed from circulation. they will go straight to the inferior vena cava | why are some drugs introduced as suppositories? | 89 | |
| 7165454462 | Union or joining of nerves, blood vessels or lymphatics | What is anastomosis? | 90 | |
| 7165457766 | anastomosis are plentiful in legs and compensate for veins that have been removed | why can veins be stripped and patient still be ok? | 91 | |
| 7165460471 | Venous valves fail, pressure builds up from blood exerted from column above. | how do varicose veins form? | 92 | |
| 7165460966 | great saphenous, it is superficial and in the leg | which vein is your typical varicose vein? | 93 | |
| 7165461325 | genetic, obesity and pregnancy | three causes of varicose veins? | 94 | |
| 7165462415 | compress inferior vena cava. high pressures. | how does obesity and pregnancy cause varicose veins? | 95 | |
| 7165463384 | thrombus. deep vein thrombosis | clot that forms because of physical inactivity, e.g. sitting on a plane | 96 | |
| 7165475490 | an embolus | what is a thrombus known as once it becomes dislodged? | 97 | |
| 7165476912 | peripheral resistance | resistance blood experiences in the circulation (in blood vessels) | 98 | |
| 7165478677 | CO = HR (heart rate) X SV (stroke volume) | formula for cardiac output? | 99 | |
| 7165482494 | it stays the same | how is blood distribution changed from rest to exercise in the brain? | 100 | |
| 7165484948 | blood flow increases 3-fold to the heart | how is blood distribution changed from rest to exercise in the heart? | 101 | |
| 7165498533 | Increases ten-fold | how is blood distribution changed from rest to exercise in skeletal muscle? | 102 | |
| 7165499640 | a lot of heat is generated and the heat needs to be removed | why does skin blood distribution change from rest to exercise? | 103 | |
| 7165500045 | kidney, abdomen and other | which organs all decrease by half from rest to exercise? | 104 | |
| 7165500412 | amount of blood in ventricle at end of diastole | what is end diastolic volume? | 105 | |
| 7165502629 | amount of blood left in ventricle at end of systole | what is end systolic volume? | 106 | |
| 7165503572 | SV = EDV - ESV | what is the stroke volume equation? | 107 | |
| 7165506131 | diastolic (filling time) and venous pressure | what can determine EDV? | 108 | |
| 7165513805 | force of ventricular contraction and arterial blood pressure, pressure against which heart must eject blood into the arteries | what can determine ESV? | 109 | |
| 7165514089 | venous return | what is pre load? | 110 | |
| 7165516830 | diastolic time and venous pressure, the more the heart is filled the it is stretched, and the stronger the contractions | what can determine pre load? | 111 | |
| 7165530925 | Starlings Law | Preload: determines the degree of stretch of the heart muscle | 112 | |
| 7165531226 | ^ venous return, increased blood entering the heart, increased stretch of myocardial fibres, greater force of myocardial contraction, greater stroke volume, greater cardiac output | Describe Starlings Law | 113 | |
| 7165550990 | Contractility | Increase in strength of contraction affected only by external factors, e.g. inotropes | 114 | |
| 7165553933 | negative. they reduce amount of calcium coming in | are calcium channel blockers positive or negative inotropes? | 115 | |
| 7165556361 | change heart rate | what do chronotropes do? | 116 | |
| 7165557506 | less calcium removed in diastole, more calcium in the heart, which means stronger contractions | general effects of digitalis? | 117 | |
| 7165566523 | afterload | pressure against which the heart (ventricle) must eject blood into the aorta/pulmonary artery | 118 | |
| 7165588543 | It increases, as valves will open later, less stroke volume | increase in afterload: what happens to end systolic volume? | 119 | |
| 7165589726 | it will increase also | increase in afterload: what happens to end diastolic volume? | 120 | |
| 7165592087 | eventually it will be normal, as starlings law will come into effect (stronger contractions) so will only decrease for one cycle | increase in afterload: what will happen to stroke volume? | 121 | |
| 7165594026 | increase it | what do adrenaline and thyroxine do to the heart rate? | 122 | |
| 7165595956 | make it abnormal, lead to arrhythmias | what do elevated calcium levels do to heart rate? | 123 | |
| 7165597123 | lower it as it lowers the gradient and resting membrane potential, can be very dangerous. SA node stops generating APs | what will elevated k+ levels (outside the cell) do to heart rate? | 124 | |
| 7165599923 | arrhythmias | low k+ levels increase risk of.... | 125 | |
| 7165600381 | yes | does HR decline with age? | 126 | |
| 7165600793 | females heart is smaller so has to compensate for less CO | why is HR higher in females? | 127 | |
| 7165602296 | heart muscle is weak, SV is small, to compensate heart rate i increased | why is tachycardia such a high resting heart rate? | 128 | |
| 7165608908 | When weakened heart muscle cannot make appropriate CO and blood accumulates in the veins | What is congestive heart failure (CHF)? | 129 | |
| 7165611169 | coronary artery disease and MI, persistent high blood pressure (increased afterload on heart), dilated cardiomyopathy | causes of congestive heart failure? | 130 | |
| 7165613007 | blood cannot push to pulmonary circuit so accumulates in systemic circulation | what occurs in right heart failure? | 131 | |
| 7165615465 | fluid will accumulate in the lungs | what occurs in left heart failure? | 132 | |
| 7165616208 | increase fluid excretion, reduce pressure and load on heart | how do diuretics treat heart failure? | 133 | |
| 7167079888 | Flow rate | Amount of fluid flowing past a certain point per unit time (L/min) | 134 | |
| 7167081440 | Flow velocity | Distance a fixed volume of blood/fluid will travel in a given period of time (cm/min or sec) | 135 | |
| 7167087956 | Blood pressure | Force per unit area exerted on the vessel wall by the blood - expressed in mmHg | 136 | |
| 7167095233 | velocity = flow rate/cross-sectional area | equation for flow velocity? | 137 | |
| 7167098976 | when aorta divides into arterioles and arterioles divide into capillaries | where does flow velocity decrease the most? | 138 | |
| 7167104703 | so exchange of nutrients can occur | why does flow velocity need to be so slow in capillaries? | 139 | |
| 7167106165 | in a directly proportional way | how does increased vessel length increase resistance? | 140 | |
| 7167106741 | in a non-linear way | how does increased radius decrease resistance? | 141 | |
| 7167108425 | higher blood viscosity | what else can increase resistance? | 142 | |
| 7167110371 | doubled, halved | if L2 is twice the length of L1, resisitance in L2 is ..... and flow rate is.... | 143 | |
| 7167140720 | 16 fold, and so does blood flow | how much does resistance reduce with an increase in diameter? | 144 | |
| 7167193804 | no | do parasympathetic nerves play a role in the control of blood flow? | 145 | |
| 7167195363 | sympathetic nervous systsem | at rest all arterioles are stimulated by.... | 146 | |
| 7167200088 | B2 receptors on arterioles | which receptors does epinephrine/adrenaline from adrenal medulla bind to? | 147 | |
| 7167211077 | F= MAP /R | formula for flow, pressure & resistance? | 148 | |
| 7167216092 | = diastolic pressure + (systolic pressure - diastolic pressure)/3 | formula for mean arterial pressure? | 149 | |
| 7167218582 | Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance | MAP is a function of? | 150 |
