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| 3418268124 | signal transduction pathway | a signal on a cells surface is converted unto a specific cellular response | 0 | |
| 3522177533 | each cell secreted a "factor", binding of the factors occurs | 1 | ||
| 3418268125 | cell junctions | gap junctions in animals and plasmodesmata in plants | 2 | |
| 3418268126 | cell-cell recognition | cells communicate with help of molecules on their surfaces | 3 | |
| 3418268127 | local signaling | only specific target cells recognize and respond to a given chemical signal | 4 | |
| 3418268128 | synaptic signaling | nerve cells release neurotransmitters to jump a synapse (neuron to neuron, not sending to far away.) | 5 | |
| 3522177534 | paracrine signaling | secreting cell released molecules into the environment which react with nearby cells allows for "talking" to several cells at one time. | 6 | |
| 3418268129 | endocrine signaling | hormones are released into blood and reach all body cells, but only react with target cells | 7 | |
| 3418268130 | sutherland | studied epinephrine and how it stimulates breakdown of glycogen in liver and muscle cells and contribute to knowledge of the stages of cell signaling | 8 | |
| 3522177535 | reception | target cell detects signal molecules, signals are only recognized by specific cells. -receptor protein is needed, may change shape to induce reaction | 9 | |
| 3522177536 | intercellular receptors | enter cell and go to nucleus or cytoplasm -typically hydrophobic or small -steroid and thyroid hormones | 10 | |
| 3522177537 | transduction | attaching of signal molecule to receptor proteins triggers the conversion of the signal to a cellular response. | 11 | |
| 3522177538 | kinase | enzyme which causes phosphorylation | 12 | |
| 3522177539 | phosphatases | enzymes which cause dephosphorylation turn off signal | 13 | |
| 3522177540 | second messengers | ions or nonproteins, small, water soluble -transmit information from plasma membrane to cytoplasm -ca+ and cAMP are examples | 14 | |
| 3522177541 | response | cellular response takes place | 15 | |
| 3522177542 | amplification | may occur allowing for a large response with limited signals | 16 | |
| 3522177543 | specificity | proteins determine which signals the cell responds to and how they respond | 17 | |
| 3522177544 | hypothalamus | control center of endocrine system, where ADH is synthesized | 18 | |
| 3522177545 | negative feedback | message to shut something down | 19 | |
| 3522177546 | positive feedback | message to continue a process | 20 | |
| 3524107713 | posterior pituitary gland | releases neuron probes made in hypothalamus. ocytocin: uterus contraction ADH: kidney water retention | 21 | |
| 3524107714 | anterior pituitary gland | growth hormone (protein) prolactin follicle stimulating hormone thyroid stimulating hormone luteinizing hormone ACTH: peptide | 22 | |
| 3524330730 | tropic hormones | substances that stimulate another endocrine gland to secrete its hormones. | 23 | |
| 3524107715 | thyroid gland | thyroxine: amine, metabolism calcitonin: amine, lowers calcium level | 24 | |
| 3524107716 | pancreas | insulin, glucagon both proteins lower and raise blood glucose levels -functions as both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland | 25 | |
| 3524107717 | adrenal glands | epinephrine and norepinephrine (amines) raise blood glucose level, metabolism, constrict vessels | 26 | |
| 3524107718 | testes | androgens (steroid) support sperm development | 27 | |
| 3524107719 | ovaries | estrogens (steroid) stimulate uterine lining growth and development of female sex characteristics progestins (amine) promote uterine lining growth | 28 | |
| 3524107720 | pineal gland | melatonin (amine) involved in biological rhythms. | 29 | |
| 3524330731 | the adrenal cortex produces only.. | amines | 30 | |
| 3524330732 | hormones directly affect the | anterior pituitary gland | 31 | |
| 3524330733 | which two hormones are essential for survivial | parathyroid hormone and aldosterone | 32 | |
| 3524330734 | a target tissue for leuteinizing hormone is... | gonads | 33 | |
| 3524330735 | which hormone has no function in mammals? | MSH | 34 | |
| 3524330736 | adrenal medulla | produces epinephrine and norepinephrine | 35 | |
| 3524330737 | epinephrine and norepinephrine are | both hormones and neurotransmitters in the sympathetic nervous system | 36 | |
| 3524330738 | anterior pituitary | develops from an outgrowth of epithelium lining the roof of the mouth | 37 | |
| 3524330739 | steroids | types of hormones that enter target cells, bind with a receptor protein, penetrate the nucleus, and influence the transcription of genes (because they are hydrophobic) | 38 | |
| 3524330740 | lipophilic hormones | fat soluble hormones | 39 | |
| 3524330741 | posterior pituitary | releases oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) | 40 | |
| 3524330742 | calcitonin | -promotes the formation of the bone matrix -is produced by the thyroid gland -will decrease the absorption of calcium from the digestive tract -stimulates osteoblast activity -decreases the serum calcium levels | 41 | |
| 3524330743 | advantages of chemical messengers over electrical signals (endocrine system vs nervous system) | -chemical messengers spread to all tissues -chemical signals can persist longer -different chemicals can target diff tissues | 42 | |
| 3524330744 | second messengers | triggered as a response to peptide hormones | 43 | |
| 3524330745 | protein kinases | enzymes which stimulate the production of second messenger molecules | 44 |
