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| 193455 | capsid | a protein shell enclosing the viral genome is called a ________ | |
| 193456 | viral envelopes | a membrane that cloaks the capsid that in turn encloses a viral genome | |
| 193457 | host range | each type of virus can infect only a limited range of host cells, called its _______ ________ | |
| 193458 | lytic cycle | a phage reprodductive cycle that culminates in death of the host cell is known as a ______ _______ | |
| 193459 | virolent phage | a phage that reproduces only by a lytic cycle is a ________ ________ | |
| 193460 | restriction enzymes | when phage DNA successfully enters a bacterium, the DNA is often recognized as foreign and gets cup up by cellular enzymes called restriction endonucleases, or _________ ________ | |
| 193461 | lysogenic cycle | the ______ ______ replicates the phage genome without destroying the host | |
| 193462 | temperate phages | phages capable of using both modes of reproduction within a bacterium are called _______ ________ | |
| 193463 | prophage | when integrated into the bacterial chromosome, the viral DNA is known as a ___________ | |
| 193464 | retroviruses | the RNA animal viruses with the most complicated reproductive cycles are the ___________ | |
| 193465 | reverse transcriptase | retroviruses are equipped with an enzyme called _________ ___________, which transcribes an RNA template into DNA, providing an RNA --> DNA info flow | |
| 193466 | vaccines | _____ are harmless variants or derivatives of pathogenic microbes that stimulate the immune system to mount defenses agaianst the actual pathogen | |
| 193467 | viroid | a plant pathogen composed of molecules of naked circular RNA only several hundred nucleotides long | |
| 193468 | prion | an infectious form of protein that may increase in number by converting related proteins into more of these | |
| 193469 | nucleoid | without a bacterium, certain proteins cause the chromosome to tightly coil, densely packing it so that it fills only part of the cell, called the _____________ | |
| 193470 | transformation | the process of _________ is the alternation of a bacterial cell's genotype and phenotype by the uptake of naked, foreign DNA and from the surrounding environment. | |
| 193472 | transduction | in the process of _______, phages carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another as a result of aberrations in the phage reproductive cycle | |
| 193473 | conjugation | somoetimes referred to as bacterial "sex", __________ is the direct transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells that are temporarily joined | |
| 193474 | F factor | the ability to form sex pili and donate DNA during conjugation results from the presence of a special piece of DNA called an _ ________. this can exist either as a segment of DNA within the bacterial chromosome, or as a plasmid | |
| 193475 | plasmid | a ________ is a small, circular, self-replicating DNA molecule separate from the bacterial chromosome | |
| 193476 | episome | a genetic element that can replicate either as part of the bacterial chromosome or independently of it is called an _______ | |
| 193477 | F plasmid | when the F factor and its plasmid form, it's called the _ _________ | |
| 193478 | R plasmids | bacterial plasmids carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics | |
| 193479 | transposable elements | the RNA of a single cell can under recombination owning to movement of _______ __________ within a cell's genome | |
| 193480 | insertion sequences | the simplest transposable elements; they exist only in bacteria | |
| 193481 | transposons | transposable elements longer and more complex than insertion sequences, called __________, also move in the bacterial genome | |
| 193482 | operator | the switch that can control the whole cluster of functional related genes | |
| 193483 | operon | the operator, promoter, and genes they contro constitute an ________ | |
| 193484 | regulatory gene | the trp repressor is the product of a _____ ______ called trpR, which is located some distance away from the operon it controls | |
| 193485 | corepressor | a small molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off |
