Terms : Hide Images
| 207179719 | acetyl CoA | Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme. | |
| 207179720 | aerobic | Containing oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that requires oxygen. | |
| 207179721 | alcohol fermentation | The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol. | |
| 207179722 | anaerobic | Lacking oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it. | |
| 207179723 | ATP synthase | A cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial crista (and bacterial plasma membrane) that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases provide a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matrix of a mitrochondrion. | |
| 207179724 | beta oxidation | A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA. | |
| 207179725 | cellular respiration | The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel. | |
| 207179726 | chemiosmosis | An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis. | |
| 207179727 | citric acid cycle | A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration. | |
| 207179728 | cytochrome | An iron-containing protein, a component of electron transport chains in mitochondria and chloroplasts. | |
| 207179729 | electron transport chain | A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. | |
| 207179730 | facultative anaerobe | An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions. | |
| 207179731 | fermentation | A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. | |
| 207179732 | glycolysis | The splitting of glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis is the one metabolic pathway that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration. | |
| 207179733 | lactic acid fermentation | The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide. | |
| 207179734 | NAD+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism. | |
| 207179735 | oxidation | The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction. | |
| 207179736 | oxidative phosphorylation | The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain. | |
| 207179737 | oxidizing agent | The electron acceptor in a redox reaction. | |
| 207179738 | proton-motive force | The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis. | |
| 207179739 | redox reaction | A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction. | |
| 207179740 | reducing agent | The electron donor in a redox reaction. | |
| 207179741 | reduction | The addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction. | |
| 207179742 | substrate-level phosphorylation | The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism. |
