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| 9612586944 | Thermodynamics | the study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter | 0 | |
| 9612586945 | Spontaneous Process | one that proceeds on its own without an input of energy, processes that are spontaneous in one direction are non-spontaneous in the opposite direction | 1 | |
| 9612586946 | Entropy | heat per temperature, A quantitative measure of disorder or randomness, symbolized by S, as entropy increases, the system's disorder increases, a measure of how many microstates are associated with a particular microscopic state, entropy increases as the # of microstates increase | 2 | |
| 9612586947 | Reversible Process | a system is changed in such a way that the system & surroundings can be restored to their original state by exactly reversing the change, produces the max amount of work that can be achieved by the system on the surroundings | 3 | |
| 9612586948 | Irreversible Process | a process that can't simply be reversed to restore the system & its surroundings to their original states | 4 | |
| 9612586949 | The Second Law of Thermodynamics | any spontaneous change is always accompanied by an overall increase in entropy, every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy | 5 | |
| 9612586950 | As temperature increases, what does entropy do? | it increases
Ssolid| 6 | | |
| 9612586951 | Gibbs Free Energy | predicts if a reaction occurring at constant temperature and pressure will be spontaneous, the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when the temperature & pressure are uniform throughout the system |  | 7 |
| 9612586952 | When Gibbs Free Energy is positive, negative, or zero, what does it mean about the reaction? | G<0, forward reaction is spontaneous G=0, reaction is at equilibrium G>0, forward reaction is non-spontaneous and reverse reaction is spontaneous | 8 | |
| 9612586953 | What type of reaction is typically thermodynamically favored? | exergonic reactions because they don't require energy | 9 | |
| 9612586954 | The First Law of Thermodynamics | the energy of the universe is constant, energy can be transferred & transformed, but cannot be created or destroyed | 10 | |
| 9612586955 | Exergonic Reaction | proceeds with a net release of free energy, results in negative deltaG |  | 11 |
| 9612586956 | Endergonic Reaction | absorbs free energy from its surroundings, results in positive deltaG |  | 12 |
| 9612586957 | Catabolic Pathways | metabolic pathways released by breaking down complex molecules to simpler ones, breakdown pathways o Cellular respiration |  | 13 |
| 9612586958 | Anabolic Pathway | consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones, biosynthetic pathways |  | 14 |
| 9612586959 | Bioenergetics | the study of how energy flows through living organisms |  | 15 |
| 9612586960 | Energy | the capacity to cause change | 16 | |
| 9612586961 | Kinetic Energy | the energy of motion | 17 | |
| 9612586962 | Thermal Energy | kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules | 18 | |
| 9612586963 | Heat | thermal energy in transfer from one object to another | 19 | |
| 9612586964 | Potential Energy | energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure o Energy in chemical bonds due to the arrangement of electrons in the bonds between their atoms | 20 | |
| 9612586965 | Chemical Energy | refers to the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction | 21 | |
| 9612586966 | Energy Coupling | the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one o ATP is typically responsible for this process |  | 22 |
| 9612586967 | Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | the immediate source of energy that powers cellular work, contains the sugar ribose, with the nitrogenous base adenine & a chain of 3 phosphate groups bonded to it o Also used to make RNA o Hydrolysis of ATP: ATP+H2O-->ADP+Phosphate (releases 7.3 kcal/mol) |  | 23 |
| 9612586968 | Phosphorylated Intermediate | has a covalently bonded phosphate group that was received from phosphorylation, more reactive than the original unphosphorylated molecule | 24 | |
| 9612586969 | Catalysts | molecules that speed up the rate of a reaction without themselves being used up or permanently altered, reduces the reaction's activation energy o Platinum causes CO to react with oxygen more readily to form carbon dioxide & to reduce air pollution | 25 | |
| 9612586970 | Enzymes | macromolecules (mostly proteins) that are specific biological catalysts, lowers activation energy o Synthase catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP o Function is determined by structure | 26 | |
| 9612586971 | Active Site | a pocket that each enzyme has where catalysis occurs |  | 27 |
| 9612586972 | Substrates | reactant molecules | 28 | |
| 9612586973 | Activation Energy | the initial investment of energy for starting a reaction |  | 29 |
| 9612586974 | Enzyme-Substrate Complex | the enzyme & the substrate |  | 30 |
| 9612586975 | Induced Fit | brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that cause the active site to fit more snugly around the substrate to enhance the ability to catalyze the chemical reaction |  | 31 |
| 9612586976 | Cofactors | nonprotein helpers for catalytic activity, may be bound tightly to the enzyme as permanent residents, or they may bind loosely & reversibly along with the substrate | 32 | |
| 9612586977 | Coenzyme | a cofactor that is an organic molecule o vitamins | 33 | |
| 9612586978 | Metabolism | the sum of all of the cell's chemical reactions | 34 | |
| 9612586979 | Metabolic Pathways | sequences in which a starting reactant molecule is converted, with the help of an enzyme, into a slightly different molecule, which is modified by another enzyme into a different molecule and so on, a specific molecule is altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a product o Photosynthesis o Glycolysis o Cells regulate their metabolic pathways by controlling the type, quantity & activity levels of the enzymes they produce | 35 | |
| 9612586980 | Competitive Inhibition | a substance that is not the enzyme's normal substrate can also bind to the active site of the enzyme o A competitor inhibitor molecule usually has structural similarities to the usual substrate Citrate Drugs |  | 36 |
| 9612586981 | Noncompetitive Inhibition | a molecule binds to a site on the enzyme that is distinct from the active site |  | 37 |
| 9612586982 | Allosteric Regulation | can either activate or inhibit the enzyme Allosteric means "other shape" | 38 | |
| 9612586983 | Allosteric Enzymes | enzymes that participate in metabolic pathways, enzymes that can switch easily & spontaneously between 2 different configurations • ADP activates allosteric enzymes under certain conditions | 39 | |
| 9612586984 | Cooperativity | another kind of allosteric regulation where a substrate molecule binding to 1 active site in a multisubunit enzyme triggers a shape change in all the subunits, increasing catalytic activity at the other active sites |  | 40 |
| 9612586985 | Feedback Inhibition | causes a metabolic pathway to stop producing its end product when the product concentration reaches an optimal level | 41 | |
| 9612586986 | Denatured | when an enzyme loses its exact 3-D structure required for it to function properly o pH changes o temperature changes |  | 42 |
