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| 13360370507 | catabolic pathways | release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds | 0 | |
| 13360567559 | anabolic pathways | consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones | 1 | |
| 13360596563 | how can the active site lower the activation energy? | -orienting substrates correctly -straining substrate bonds -providing a favorable microenvironment -covalently bonding to the substrate | 2 | |
| 13586070002 | NAD+ and FAD | vitamin derivatives; coenzymes that carry protons or electrons from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to the ETC | 3 | |
| 13586084830 | NAD dehydrogenase and FAD dehydrogenase | enzymes that facilitate the transfer of hydrogen atoms from a substrate, such as glucose, to its coenzyme NAD+ | 4 | |
| 13617474805 | theory of endosymbiosis | the idea that eukaryotic cells emerged when mitochondria and chloroplasts, once free living prokaryotes, took up residence inside other larger cells | 5 | |
| 13617586390 | what are the functions of the smooth ER? | 1. assist in synthesis of steroid hormones 2. stores calcium ions in muscle cells 3. detoxifies drugs and poisons | 6 | |
| 13617597403 | what is the function of peroxisomes? | they contain catalase, which converts hydrogen peroxide to water, releasing oxygen | 7 | |
| 13617611493 | what is the function of lysosomes? | contains hydrolytic enzymes with functions in autophagy and apoptosis | 8 | |
| 13617620454 | autophagy | the process by which a cell renews itself by breaking down and recycling cell parts | 9 | |
| 13617633431 | endosymbiotic theory | the idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotes that took up residence inside larger prokaryotic cells billions of years ago | 10 | |
| 13617663525 | microtubules | hollow tubes made of tubulin that make up the cilia, flagella, and spindle fibers | 11 | |
| 13617671008 | microfilaments | assembled from actin filaments and help support the shape of the cell enabling formation of the cleavage furrow, amoeba movement, and skeletal muscle contraction | 12 | |
| 13617695285 | middle lamella | the thin, gluey layer formed between the two cell walls during division, keeps daughter cells attached | 13 | |
| 13617702552 | integral proteins | proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer; transport substances across the membrane | 14 | |
| 13617702553 | peripheral proteins | appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane, often exposed to parts of integral proteins | 15 | |
| 13617702554 | function of glycolipids and glycoproteins | functions as a marker to distinguish one cell from another | 16 | |
| 13617819993 | function of cholesterol | makes the plasma membrane less soluble to small molecules, stabilize the membrane from within it | 17 | |
| 13617831437 | integrins | receptors used by animals cells to bind to the matrix | 18 | |
| 13617996208 | pinocytosis | the uptake of large dissolved particles; particles are enclosed by a vesicle | 19 | |
| 13618015417 | phagocytosis | the engulfing of large particles or small cells by psueudopods; membrane encloses particle into a vacuole | 20 | |
| 13618044015 | receptor mediated endocytosis | enables a cell to take up large quantities of very specific substances; how cholesterol is taken up by the blood |  | 21 |
| 13618068030 | bulk flow | general term for the overall movement of fluid in one direction in an organism | 22 | |
| 13618205577 | intracellular receptors | found in the cytoplasm or nucleus of cells | 23 | |
| 13618211592 | intracellular ligands | steroid, thyroid hormones, nitric oxide | 24 | |
| 13618295895 | caspases | enzymes involved in apoptosis | 25 | |
| 13632812204 | cofactors | nonprotein enzyme helpers that may be inorganic, such as an ionic metal or organic | 26 | |
| 13632813794 | coenzyme | an organic cofactor, for instance vitamins | 27 | |
| 13632823124 | cooperativity (as seen in hemoglobin) | a form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity | 28 | |
| 13634475337 | chlorophyll a | absorbs light in the violet, blue, and red range, reflecting green, orange, and yellow light | 29 | |
| 13634520526 | noncyclic phosphorylation | electrons enter two electron transport chains and ATP and NADPH are produced | 30 | |
| 13634604676 | cyclic phosphorylation | sole purpose is to produce ATP to replenish ATP levels | 31 | |
| 13641618268 | what is the purpose of the hydrocarbon tail on chlorophyll? | it interacts with the hydrophobic regions of proteins inside thylakoid membranes fo chloroplasts | 32 | |
| 13648872113 | cleavage | rapid cell division of the zygote that occurs immediately after fertilization, producing a blastula | 33 | |
| 13648888611 | gastrulation | process that involves rearrangement of the blastula or blastocyst and begins with the formation of the blastopore | 34 | |
| 13648895620 | ectoderm | develops into the skin and nervous system | 35 | |
| 13648896880 | endoderm | forms the viscera including the lungs, liver, and digestive organs | 36 | |
| 13648901673 | mesooderm | develops into muscle, blood, and bones | 37 | |
| 13648903307 | organogenesis | the regions of the three embryonic germ layers develop into initial structures of organs | 38 | |
| 13648956704 | embryonic induction | the ability of one group of embryonic cells to influence the development of another group of embryonic cells | 39 | |
| 13648972192 | hox genes | master regulatory genes that control the expression of genes that regulate the placement of specific anatomical | 40 | |
| 13649013214 | follicle stimulating hormone | released by the anterior pituitary and stimulates ovary to mature secondary oocyte and sperm production | 41 | |
| 13649017702 | oxytocin | causes labor | 42 | |
| 13649018837 | gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) | released by hypothalamus and stimulates the anterior pituitary | 43 | |
| 13649019836 | estrogen | released by the anterior pituitary and is responsible for thickening the endometrial lining of the uterus | 44 | |
| 13654810530 | virulent phage | a phage that replicates only by the lytic cycle | 45 | |
| 13654815866 | lysogenic cycle | allows for the replication of a viral genome without the destruction of a host | 46 | |
| 13654817681 | temperate phages | are capable of using both the lytic and lysogenic cycle to reproduce | 47 | |
| 13654829700 | provirus | integrated viral DNA that never leaves the host cell's genome | 48 | |
| 13654830978 | retroviruses | an RNA virus that replicates by transcribing its RNA into DNA and inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome | 49 | |
| 13737468690 | maturation promoting factor | triggers mitosis; a Cdk-cyclin complex that is activated by the presence of cyclin | 50 |
