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| 11561915631 | metabolism | the totality of an organism's chemical reactions manages material and energy resources of a cell | 0 | |
| 11561924113 | catabolic pathways | leads to the release of energy by the breakdown of complex molecules to simplify compounds. ex. digestive enzymes break down food and release energy | 1 | |
| 11562487226 | anabolic pathways | consumes energy to build up complex molecules from simple ones ex: your body links together amino acids to form muscle protein in response to physical exercise | 2 | |
| 11562508180 | energy | the capacity to do work | 3 | |
| 11562511338 | kinetic energy | anything thats moving | 4 | |
| 11562514008 | potential energy | stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object - resting | 5 | |
| 11562598545 | chemical energy | a form of potential energy that is stored in molecules, amount of energy depends on chemical bonds | 6 | |
| 11562638721 | themodynamics | energy transformations that occur in matter | 7 | |
| 11562673205 | first law of thermodynamics | energy is constant, energy can be transferred and transformed but not created or destroyed | 8 | |
| 11562685621 | second law of thermodynamics | every energy transfer increases the entropy of the universe | 9 | |
| 11562689393 | entropy | the amount of disorder or randomness | 10 | |
| 11562707636 | free energy change in a reaction tells us whether or not | the reaction occurs spontaneously | 11 | |
| 11562746357 | free energy | the part of a systems energy that is able to preform work when the temperature of the system is uniform | 12 | |
| 11562792646 | symbol for free energy | ΔG ; delta g | 13 | |
| 11562838372 | exergonic reaction | energy is released, occur spontaneously (not necessarily quickly) and release free energy to the system ^G<0 | 14 | |
| 11562859796 | endergonic reaction | requires energy, absorbs free energy, require free energy from a system | 15 | |
| 11562899705 | atp powers cellular work by | coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions | 16 | |
| 11562903820 | energy coupling | The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. | 17 | |
| 11562908513 | primary source for cells energy in energy coupling | atp (adenosine triphosphate) | 18 | |
| 11563009180 | when a phosphate group is hydrolyzed | energy is released in a exergonic reaction | 19 | |
| 11563062978 | work in the cell is done by the release | of a phosphate group from atp | 20 | |
| 11563089183 | the exergonic release of the phosphate group is used to | do the endergonic work of the cell | 21 | |
| 11563098472 | When ATP transfers one phosphate group through hydrolysis, it becomes | adp | 22 | |
| 11563153772 | catalyst | substances that speed up a chemical process without actually changing the products of reactions | 23 | |
| 11563156321 | enzymes | macromolecules that are biological catalysts | 24 | |
| 11563161867 | activation energy | amount of energy needed to start a reaction - amount of energy it takes to break the bonds of the reactant molecules | 25 | |
| 11563181048 | How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions? | by lowering the activation energy - without changing the free energy change of the reaction | 26 | |
| 11563193540 | the reactant that the enzyme works on is the | substrate | 27 | |
| 11563272810 | effect of enzyme on reaction rate |  | 28 | |
| 11563318826 | active site | the part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate | 29 | |
| 11563322716 | enzyme-substrate complex | When an enzyme binds to its substrate, it forms: held by weak interactions (ex. hydrogen and ionic bonds) | 30 | |
| 11563335786 | substrates, after binding to enzymes | is converted into products , and released from the enzyme | 31 | |
| 11563378744 | after the product is released | active site is available for new substrates, enzymes can be reused | 32 | |
| 11563391674 | protein enzymes 3 dimensional shape is drastically affected by | changes in ph and tempreture | 33 | |
| 11563430390 | changes in precise shape of an enzyme | means that the enzyme will not be as effective | 34 | |
| 11563442173 | when the temperature and ph are not optimal | reaction rate is altered | 35 | |
| 11563465054 | Many enzymes require | nonprotein helpers called cofactors | 36 | |
| 11563471438 | cofactors include | metal ions like zinc, iron, and copper | 37 | |
| 11563478427 | cofactors function | to allow catalysts so occur | 38 | |
| 11563485632 | If the cofactor is an organic molecule, it is called a? | coenzyme | 39 | |
| 11563489190 | Coenzymes | organic cofactors (vitamins) | 40 | |
| 11563494852 | competitive inhibitors | are reversible inhibitors that compete with the substrate for the active site of an enzyme | 41 | |
| 11563508056 | competitive inhibitors are chemically | similar to the normal substrate molecule | 42 | |
| 11563516894 | competitive inhibitors often | reduce the efficiency of the enzyme as it competes for the active site | 43 | |
| 11563532088 | noncompetitive inhibitor | do not directly compete with the substrate molecules instead they impede (prevent) enzyme activity by binding to another part of the enzyme | 44 | |
| 11563549087 | noncompetitive inhibitor cause the enzyme to | change its shape, rendering the active site nonfunctional | 45 | |
| 11563573286 | many enzyme regulators bind to | an allosteric site on the enzymes | 46 | |
| 11563576521 | allosteric site | specific binding site, but not the active site | 47 | |
| 11563590533 | one bound to the allosteric site | shape of a enzyme is changed , that can either stimulate or inhibit enzyme activity | 48 | |
| 11563642968 | the end product of a enzymatic pathway can switch off its pathway by | binding to a allosteric site of an enzyme in the pathway termed feedback inhibitation | 49 | |
| 11563653320 | feedback inhibition | increases the efficiency of the pathway by turning it off when the end product accumulates in the cell | 50 | |
| 11563904548 | thermal energy | is kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules | 51 | |
| 11563913407 | closed system | matter is not allowed to enter or leave - isolated (liquid in a thermos) | 52 | |
| 11563918966 | open system | A system in which matter can enter from or escape to the surroundings. (organisms) | 53 | |
| 11563928167 | energy that is unusable is lost as | heat | 54 | |
| 11563935594 | change in total energy (enthalpy) | ^ H | 55 | |
| 11563942495 | Entropy shown as | ^S | 56 | |
| 11563946504 | processes with a negative delta g are | spontanous | 57 | |
| 11563963072 | Most enzymes are | proteins exception ribozymes (rna) | 58 | |
| 11563976291 | enzymes lower activation energy by | Orienting substrates correctly Straining substrate bonds Providing a favorable microenvironment | 59 | |
| 11563988369 | gene regulation | the turning on and off of genes that code for specific enzymes | 60 | |
| 11563996734 | negative feedback | An accumulation of an end product slows the process that produces that product (sugar breakdown generates ATP; excess ATP inhibits an enzyme near the beginning of the pathway) | 61 | |
| 11564004707 | positive feedback | The end product speeds up production (Chemicals released by platelets that accumulate at injury site, attract MORE platelets to the site.) | 62 | |
| 11564016553 | Coopertivity | a form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity Binding of one substrate to active site of one subunit locks all subunits in active conformation |  | 63 |
