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| 7962098492 | 1st Law of Thermodynamics | Energy cannot be created or destroyed. In other words, the sum of energy in the universe is constant. | 0 | |
| 7962102518 | 2nd Law of Thermodynamics | Energy transfer leads to less organization. That means the universe tends toward disorder. | 1 | |
| 7962113661 | Gibbs Free Energy | A practical way to discuss thermodynamics. | 2 | |
| 7962113662 | Endergonic Reactions | Reactions with a negative change in Gibbs; energy is required | 3 | |
| 7962117971 | Exergonic Reactions | Reactions with a positive change in Gibbs; energy is given off | 4 | |
| 7962124125 | Activation Energy | Energy required to reach transition state. | 5 | |
| 7962127102 | Enzyme (Properties) | Biological catalysts that speed up reactions. | 6 | |
| 7962129860 | Enzyme (Specificity) | Each enzyme catalyzes only one kind of reaction. | 7 | |
| 7962135966 | Cofactors | Factors that help enzymes in catalyzing a reaction. | 8 | |
| 7962139034 | Denature | Enzymes that are damaged by heat and/or deprived of their ability to catalyze. | 9 | |
| 7962143496 | Allosteric Sites | Sites other than the active site in which substances bind to enzymes. | 10 | |
| 7962146524 | Non-Competitive v Competitive Inhibition | Non-Competitive: Distorts the enzyme shape so that it cannot function. A substrate still binds, but enzyme will not catalyze. Competitive: Shape of substance fits the active site of an enzyme and blocks substrates from getting in. | 11 | |
| 7962149846 | Allosteric Inhibition | 12 | ||
| 7962160483 | Photosynthesis (equation) | 13 | ||
| 7962164290 | Cellular Respiration (def) | Sugar makes energy. | 14 | |
| 7962168145 | Stroma | 15 | ||
| 7962168146 | Grana | Stacks of Thalakoid Discs | 16 | |
| 7962181755 | Light Dependent Reactions | 17 | ||
| 7962205442 | Light Independent Reactions | 18 | ||
| 7962210515 | Chlorophyll absorption versus emission spectra | 19 | ||
| 8051150317 | Describe the process in the picture. |  | 20 | |
| 8051935763 | How do enzymes speed up reactions? | They lower the activation energy. | 21 | |
| 8051952709 | What are Bioenergetics? | The study of the transformation of energy in living organisms. | 22 | |
| 8051961967 | Bioenergetics do what? | Breaking chemical bonds in the molecules found in biological organisms. | 23 | |
| 8051954104 | What are the targeted molecules in enzymatic reactions called? | Substrates | 24 | |
| 8051948131 | Do enzymes change the energy of the starting or ending point? | No | 25 | |
| 8052025715 | After a leaf captures sunlight, where is the energy sent to? | P680 | 26 | |
| 8052041600 | Why do enzymes need cofactors? | 27 | ||
| 8052003307 | What state do reactants have to go into in order to start the reaction with a little energy? | Transition State | 28 | |
| 8052006851 | What is the energy required to get to the transition state called? | Activation Energy | 29 | |
| 8052011044 | What must be broken before new bonds can be made? | Chemical Bonds | 30 | |
| 8052022311 | What is the correct order for DNA replication? | 1. Helicase, 2. RNA primase, 3. DNA polymerase, 4. Ligase | 31 | |
| 8052000506 | Enthalpy | The measure of energy in thermodynamic system. | 32 | |
| 8052038281 | What fits the active site and can block the substrate from getting in? | A competitive Inhibitor. | 33 | |
| 8052314813 | How can a cell control enzymatic activity? | A cell can control enzymatic activity by regulating the conditions that influence the shape of the enzyme. | 34 | |
| 8051988954 | What is induced fit? | enzymes changing their shape to fit the shape of substrates. | 35 | |
| 8065633874 | What are cofactors and why do enzymes need them? | A cofactor is a metallic ion that helps the enzyme catalyze. | 36 | |
| 8065701514 | Enzymes are denatured at a temperature above ______ celsius | 42 | 37 | |
| 8052272969 | What are the three important pigments in the thylakoid? | Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, and carotenoids | 38 | |
| 8052321743 | When light energy is used to make ATP, it is called ____________________ | Photophosphorylation | 39 | |
| 8052295899 | Which wavelengths of light are absorbed by photosystems I and II | 680 and 700 nanometers | 40 | |
| 8052238773 | What does a noncompetitive inhibitor do to an enzyme? | A noncompetitive inhibitor generally distorts the enzyme shape so that it cannot function. | 41 | |
| 8065524230 | What is carbon fixation and where does it occur? | CO2 is converted in carbohydrates. It occurs in the stroma. | 42 | |
| 8065545293 | What does the acronym in CAM photosynthesis stand for? | Crassulacean Acid Metabolism | 43 | |
| 8065555998 | What is the input and output of Light-dependent reactions? | Input is photons and output is ATP | 44 | |
| 8065577395 | What is a mutation? | A mutation is an error in the genetic code. | 45 | |
| 8065595425 | How long can mistakes in DNA last for? | Forever | 46 | |
| 8065603690 | What causes DNA to be damaged? | Chemicals, radiation or a mistake from a DNA or RNA polymerase | 47 | |
| 8063925530 | What is the chemical formula for cellular respiration? | C6H12O6+6O2 = 6H20+6CO2+ATP | 48 | |
| 8063938115 | What is aerobic respiration? | When ATP is made in presence of oxygen. | 49 | |
| 8063973230 | What is anaerobic respiration? | When ATP is made without oxygen. | 50 | |
| 8065622780 | what is the difference between first and second law of thermodynamics? | First law of thermodynamics is when energy cannot be created or destroyed and second law is when energy transfer leads to less organization. | 51 | |
| 8065627097 | What is an Okazaki fragment? What does it do? | The pieces of nucleotides put into the lagging strand. It allows the RNA primase to smoothly transcribe to complementary sequence. | 52 | |
| 8065750669 | True or false: Post translational regulation marks unnecessary protein for destruction | False. Many proteins, like enzymes, benefit from being made ahead of time, meaning the cell does not destroy them | 53 | |
| 8065874898 | What happens to an operon with a repressor bound to the operator region? | Transcription of the operon will not occur | 54 | |
| 8065691823 | True or false: Post transcriptional regulation marks unnecessary RNA for destruction | True. RNAi creates a double stranded RNA, stopping the RNA from translating, marking it for destruction | 55 | |
| 8065714389 | What happens in the third position in an anticodon | The third position is said to experience wobble pairing. (things that don't normally bind will pair up) | 56 | |
| 8063980249 | What are the 4 stages of aerobic respiration? | 1. Glycolysis 2. Formation of acetyl-CoA 3. Krebs cycle 4. Electron Transport Chain | 57 | |
| 8065682443 | What is a group of three nucleotides called? | they are called a codon | 58 | |
| 8065669652 | What is translation | Translation is the process of turn an mRNA into a protein | 59 | |
| 8065642091 | Where do light dependent reactions occur? | They occur in the grana of chloroplasts | 60 | |
| 8065629909 | Where do the electrons go after leaving photosystem II | they go to photosystem I | 61 | |
| 8065632104 | What are the three times gene regulation can occur? | Pre-transcriptionally, post-transcriptionally, and post-translationally | 62 | |
| 8065613269 | What does topoisomerase do? | It cuts and rejoins the helix of DNA | 63 | |
| 8065608826 | The region of bacterial DNA which regulates gene expression is called an _______ | Operon | 64 | |
| 8063998732 | What are the 2 cofactors and how much ATP do they each have? | NADH (produces 3 ATP) and FADH (produces 2 ATP). | 65 | |
| 8065754688 | What happens after after the first cycle in PCR? | There are two identical double-stranded DNA molecules. | 66 | |
| 8065769256 | What happens after the second cycle in PCR? | The two double-stranded DNA segments will be copied in four. | 67 | |
| 8065774147 | What is this the Krebs Cycle also known as? | Citric Acid Cycle | 68 | |
| 8065771260 | What happens during the third position in an anticodon? | the third position is said to experience wobble pairing. (things that don't normally bind will pair up) | 69 | |
| 8066166242 | There is also another class of RNA, called __________, or _________. These are small snippets of RNA that are naturally made in the body or intentionally created by humans. | interfering RNAs, RNAi | 70 | |
| 8065856412 | The three main types of RNA are: | messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA) | 71 | |
| 8065788508 | Name the three ways RNA differs from DNA | 1. RNA is single-stranded 2. The five-carbon sugar in RNA is ribose 3. RNA uses uracil instead of thymine | 72 | |
| 8090142988 | what does ATP means? | adenosine triphosphate | 73 | |
| 8090205033 | What process do organisms use to increase energy like breaking down ATP to power endergonic reactions | exergonic proces | 74 | |
| 8065723991 | What is the Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR)? | A technique to make many copies of a specific DNA region in a test tube rather than an organism. | 75 | |
| 8090152662 | what does ADP mean? | adenosine diphosphate | 76 | |
| 8065834143 | Chemiosmosis | The pumping of ions and diffusion of ions to create ATP | 77 | |
| 8065846720 | What happens as a result of oxidative phosphorylation?(ETC) | Electrons go through "oxidation", ADP is phosphorylated to create ATP. | 78 | |
| 8065727031 | Where does the Krebs Cycle occur? | Mitochondrial Matrix | 79 | |
| 8065744617 | What three types of energy are produced in the Krebs Cycle? | 1 ATP, 3 NADPH, 1 FADH2 | 80 | |
| 8065770850 | What creates the protein gradient during chemiosmosis? | The pumping if hydrogen ions into the inter membrane space. | 81 | |
| 8064033312 | What is another name for the Electron Transport Chain | Oxidative Phosphorylation | 82 | |
| 8079110404 | What does light reaction produce? | Light reaction is used to produce NAPH and ATP. | 83 | |
| 8079143730 | When does photosynthesis occur? | Chloroplast contains chlorophyll, then absorbs the light energy that is needed to make photosynthesis. | 84 | |
| 8079195569 | what are the products of photosynthesis? | Carbon Dioxide, Water, Glucose and Oxygen. | 85 | |
| 8079263967 | How many groups are in the ribosome? | There are three groups. | 86 | |
| 8079284841 | What are the three phases of translation? | Initiation, Elongation, and Termination. | 87 | |
| 8090169897 | Are our transcripts monocistronic or polycistronic? | Monocistronic | 88 | |
| 8090184462 | What three phases are involved in Transcription? | Initiation, Elongation, and Termination. | 89 | |
| 8090138127 | True or False, RNA polymerase doesn't need a primer to transcribe DNA. | True | 90 | |
| 8155455915 | Nucleotide | Makes up DNA; has a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base | 91 | |
| 8155465860 | DNA | Deoxyribose nucleic acid; blueprint of the cell | 92 | |
| 8155469710 | Deoxyribose | Pentagon shaped sugar in DNA, linked to a phosphate and a nitrogenous base | 93 | |
| 8155474599 | Nitrogenous base | In DNA: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine In RNA: adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine | 94 | |
| 8155487541 | Phosphodiester bonds | Bonds between sugars and the phosphates, Sugar-Phosphate Backbone of DNA | 95 | |
| 8155492347 | Double Helix | DNA forms into a long twisted ladder, called a double helix | 96 | |
| 8155495813 | Who found the structure of DNA and when? | Watson, Crick, and Franklin in 1953 | 97 | |
| 8173291722 | What is the chemical formula for glycolysis? | Glucose + 2 ATP + 2NAD+ - 2 Pyruvic acid + 4 ATP + 2NADH | 98 | |
| 8173291723 | How much ATP does glycolysis make? | 4 ATP (2NADH, 2 pyruvate molecules) | 99 | |
| 8173298240 | Where in the cell does glycolysis take place? | Cytosol | 100 | |
| 8173361810 | Where is pyruvic acid transported t? | The mitochondrion | 101 | |
| 8173379872 | What is the process of turning pyruvic acid into acetyl-CoA? | Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex | 102 | |
| 8173388284 | What are each pyruvic acid converted to? | Acetyl Coenzyme A | 103 | |
| 8173403374 | Gene rearrangements involve what kind of DNA sequence? | Deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations | 104 | |
| 8173413969 | What is frame mutation? | a genetic mutation caused by insertions or deletions of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three. | 105 |
