Chapter 34 terms ONLY
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| 158644325 | Vertebrates | A series of bones called vertebrae that make up the vertebral column, or backbone | 1 | |
| 158644326 | Disparity | Body mass | 2 | |
| 158644327 | Notochord | A longitudina, flexible rod located beteween teh digestive tube and the nerve cord | 3 | |
| 158644328 | Pharyngeal Clefts | Groves along the sides of the pharynx | 4 | |
| 158644329 | Pharyngeal slits | Pharyngeal clefts that have developed into slits that allow water entering the mouth to exit the body without passing through the entire digestive tract | 5 | |
| 158644330 | Lancelets | Chordates characterized by their bladelike shape | 6 | |
| 158644331 | Tunicates | Urochordata; A clade in the chordates | 7 | |
| 158644332 | Neural Crest | A collection of cells that appears near the dorsal margins of the closing neural tube in an embryo | 8 | |
| 158644333 | Craniates | The head of a chordate | 9 | |
| 158644334 | Dlx Family | A group of transcription factor genes that are used by vertebrates | 10 | |
| 158644335 | Conodonts | Slender, soft-bodied vertebrates with prominent eyes controlled by numerous muscles | 11 | |
| 158644336 | Mineralized | The formation of a mineral from ions | 12 | |
| 158644337 | Gnathostomes | Jawed vertrates | 13 | |
| 158644338 | Lateral Line System | Organs that form a row along each side of the body and are sensitive to vibrations in the surrounding water | 14 | |
| 158644339 | Placoderms | Armored vertebrates | 15 | |
| 158644340 | Acanthodians | A group of jawed vertebrates that went exticnt 289 million years ago | 16 | |
| 158644341 | Chondrichthyans | Fishes that have a skeleton composed predominantly of cartilage though often impregnated with calcium | 17 | |
| 158644342 | Oviparous | Animals that lay eggs outside the mother's body | 18 | |
| 158644343 | Ovoviviparous | Species that retain their fertilized eggs in the oviduct | 19 | |
| 158644344 | Viviparous | Species that have their young develop within the uterus and obtain nourishment prior to birth by receiving nuterients from the mother's blood trough placenta | 20 | |
| 158644345 | Cloaca | A common chamber that has a single opening to the outside that is used by sharks as as the anus and the end of the reproductive tract | 21 | |
| 158644346 | Osteichthyans | A nested clade under vertebrates in which organims have an ossified (bony) endoskeleton | 22 | |
| 158644347 | Operculum | A protective bony flap that protects the gills | 23 | |
| 158644348 | Swim Bladder | An air sac that helps fish mantain buoyancy | 24 | |
| 158644349 | Ray-finned Fishes | Fishes with bony rays that support their fins | 25 | |
| 158644350 | Lobe-fins | Rod-shaped bones surrounded by a thick layer of muscle in their pectoral and pelvic fins | 26 | |
| 158644351 | Tetrapods | Four footed animals | 27 | |
| 158644352 | Amphibians | A class in the taxonomic tree includes frogs and caecilians. Refers to the life stages of many frog species that live first in water and then on land | 28 | |
| 158644353 | Amniotes | A group of tetrapods whose extant members are the reptiles and mammals | 29 | |
| 158644354 | Amniotic Egg | And egg which contains four specialized membranes: the amnion, the chorion, the yolk sac, and the allantois | 30 | |
| 158644355 | Extraembryonic Membranes | Membranes that are part of the egg and not the body of the embryo | 31 | |
| 158644356 | Reptile | A clade that includes tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, acrocodilians, and birds. | 32 | |
| 158644357 | Ectothermic | absorbance of external heat as the main source of body heat | 33 | |
| 158644358 | Endothermic | Self-Maintainence of Body temperature through metabolic activity | 34 | |
| 158644359 | Parareptiles | Large, stocky, quadrupedal herbivores; died out by about 200 million years ago, at the end of the Triassic period | 35 | |
| 158644360 | Diapsids | An ancient clade with a distinctive pair of holes on each side of the skull to control jaw movement. Gave rise to Lepidosaurs and Archosaurs. | 36 | |
| 158644361 | Lepidosaurs | Includes tuataras, lizards, and snakes. This lineage also produced a number of marine reptiles | 37 | |
| 158644362 | Archosaurs | The lineage that produced the crocodilians, pterosaurs and dinosaurs | 38 | |
| 158644363 | Pterosaurs | The first tetrapods to exhibit flapping flight. The wings consisted of a collagen-strengthened membrane that stretched between the trunk or hind leg and a very long digit on the foreleg | 39 | |
| 158644364 | Dinosaurs | Extinct animals that diversified into a vast range of shapes and sizes from bipeds the size of a pigeon to 45-m-long quadrupeds | 40 | |
| 158644365 | Theropods | Bipedal Carnivores. Includes the Tyrannosaurus rex | 41 | |
| 158644366 | Archaeopteryx | The first feathered theropods that later evolved into birds | 42 | |
| 158644367 | Ratites | The group containing flightless species e.g. the ostrich, rhea, kiwi, cassowary, and emu | 43 | |
| 158644368 | Mammals | The other amniote lineage that are not reptiles | 44 | |
| 158644369 | Synapsids | An early group of amniotes that lacked hair, had a sprawling gait, and laid eggs. A distinctive characteristic of synapsids is the single temporal fenestra, a hole behind the eye socket | 45 | |
| 158644370 | Monotremes | Mammals that lay eggs e.g. platypus and four species of echidnas | 46 | |
| 158644371 | Marsupials | Mammals with higher metabolic rates and nipples that provide milk. They give birth to live young and teh embryo develops inside the uterus of the female's reproductive tract | 47 | |
| 158644372 | Placenta | A structure in which nutrients diffuse into the embryo from the mother's blood | 48 | |
| 158644373 | Eutherians | Placental Mammals | 49 | |
| 158644374 | Opposable Thumb | The ability to touch the ventral surface 9fingerprint side) of the tip of all four fingers with the ventral surface of the thumb of the same hand | 50 | |
| 158644375 | Anthropoids | Clade that includes monkeys and apes. Also includes Lemurs, lorises, and bush babies. | 51 | |
| 158644376 | Paleoanthropology | The study of human origins | 52 | |
| 158644377 | Hominins | The 20 extinct species that are more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees | 53 |
