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AP Biology - Biotechnology Flashcards

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6474997519Genetic EngineeringProcess of manipulating genes & genomes0
6474998511BiotechnologyProcess of manipulating organisms or their components for the purpose of making useful products1
6475000660Recombinant DNADNA that has been artificially made using DNA from different sources (eg. human gene inserted into E. coli)2
6475004386Gene CloningProcess by which scientists can produce multiple copies of specific segments of DNA that they can work with in the lab3
6475007849Restriction EnzymeUsed to cut strands of DNA at specific locations (restriction sites)4
6475009563Restriction FragmentsHave at least 1 sticky end (single stranded end)5
6475011385DNA LigaseJoins DNA fragments6
6475012270Cloning VectorCarries the DNA sequence to be cloned (eg. bacterial plasmid)7
6475016013TransformationBacteria takes up plasmid (w/ gene of interest)8
6475017786PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)Amplify (copy) piece of DNA w/out use of cells9
6475018686Gel ElectrophoresisUsed to separate DNA molecules on basis of size & change using an electrical current (DNA --> + pole)10
6475023042NegativeThe charge of DNA11
6475025557DNA FingerprintUnique "picture" of a person's cut up DNA fragments that are separated by size12
6475028398DNA Microarray AssaysStudy many genes at same time13
6475032590Nuclear TranslationNucleus of egg is removed and replaced nucleus of the body cell14
6475036091Stem CellsCan reproduce itself indefinitely and produce other specialized cells15
6475039105ZygoteStem cell that is totipotent (any type of cell)16
6475042807Embryonic Stem CellStem cell that is pluripotent (many types of cells)17
6475043941Adult Stem CellStem cell that is multipotent (a few cell types) or induced pluripotent (iPS; forced to be pluripotent)18
6475051605RFLPs (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism)Cuts DNA with restriction enzymes -each person has a different # of DNA fragments created Analyze DNA samples on a gel for disease diagnosed *outdated method, required a lot of blood19
6475057499STR Analysis (Short Tandem Repeats)Non-coding DNA has regions with sequences (2-5 base length) that are repeated -each person has different # of repeats at different locations (loci) *current method of DNA fingerprinting (only needs 20 cells for analysis)20
6475065159GM (Genetically Modified) OrganismOrganisms altered through recombination DNA technology Insert foreign DNA into genome or combine DNA from different genomes21
6514472588PlasmidA small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome. Also found in some eukaryotes, such as yeasts22
6514494765Sticky EndWhat a DNA fragment has after being cut by a restriction enzyme23
6514513990EpigeneticsChanges in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than the genetic code itself24
6514561854Short Tandem Repeats (STR)Repeated sequences of noncoding DNA that occur at different lengths and locations depending on the individual Current method of DNA fingerprinting, only needs 20 cells for analysis25

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