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| 7999375692 | signal transduction pathway | The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response | 0 | |
| 7999375693 | local regulators | signal molecules that travel a short distance, an example of this is growth factors. | 1 | |
| 7999375694 | paracrine signaling | A secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by discharging molecules of a local regulator into the extracellular fluid. |  | 2 |
| 7999375695 | synaptic signaling | a nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell |  | 3 |
| 7999375696 | Local signaling | signaling between adjacent cells (paracrine, autocrine, and synaptic) | 4 | |
| 7999375697 | hormones | ligands/chemicals used for long distance signaling | 5 | |
| 7999375698 | Long distance signaling | endocrine signalling |  | 6 |
| 7999375699 | hormonal signaling | specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids often the blood. Hormones reach virtually all body cells | 7 | |
| 7999375700 | reception | the target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell. The chemical signal is detected when it binds to a receptor protein. |  | 8 |
| 7999375701 | transduction | The binding of a signal protein changes the receptor protein in some way, intiating this process. This stage converts the signal into a form that can bring about a specific cellular response. | 9 | |
| 7999375702 | response | the result of transduction is a specific response for example the shutting on or off of a gene. | 10 | |
| 7999375703 | ligand | a molecule that specifically binds to another often larger molecule. the binding of this often causes a receptor portion to under go change in conformation i.e. shape. | 11 | |
| 7999375704 | G-protein-coupled receptor | a plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a protein called a g-protein | 12 | |
| 7999375705 | receptor tyrosine kinase | can trigger more than one signal transduction pathway at once, helping regulate and coordinate many aspects of cell growth and cell reproduction. This receptor is a major class of plasma membrane receptors charcterized by having enzymatic activity. | 13 | |
| 7999375706 | Phosphorylation cascade | a series of different molecules in a pathway are phosphorylated in turn , each molecule adding a phosphate group to the next one in a line . |  | 14 |
| 7999375707 | second messengers | act to amplify the signal received from an intercellular membrane protein. | 15 | |
| 7999375708 | cyclic AMP or cAMP | Acts as second messenger. An enzyme embedded in the plasma membrane, is made from ATP by adenylyl cyclase inactivated by phosphodiesterase an enzyme that converts it to AMP. | 16 | |
| 7999375709 | inositol triphosphate( IP3) | A second messenger that functions as an intermediate between certain nonsteroid hormones and a third messenger, a rise in cytoplasmic Ca 2+ concentration. | 17 | |
| 7999375711 | Intracellular Receptors | cytoplasmic or nuclear proteins. Signal molecules that are small or hydrophobic and can readily cross the plasma membrane use these receptors | 18 | |
| 7999375712 | endocrine gland | a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the interstitial fluid, from which they diffuse into the bloodstream | 19 | |
| 7999375713 | endocrine signaling | involves hormones being secreted into the blood, to target only the specific target cells that recognize them | 20 | |
| 7999375714 | mechanisms of hormonal signaling | (a) a water-soluable hormone binds to a receptor protien on the surface of a target cell. this interaction triggers a signal transduction pathway that leads to a change in a cytoplasmic function or a change in gene transcription in the nucleus. (b) a lipid-soluable hormone penetrates the target cell's plasma membrane and binds to an intracellular receptor either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. The signal-receptor complex acts as a transcription factor, typically activating gene expression | 21 | |
| 7999375718 | ligand-gated ion channels | protien pore in a cell's plasma membrane that opens or closes in response to a chemical signal allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions | 22 |
