Terms : Hide Images
| 6039133324 | signal transduction pathway | The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response | 0 | |
| 6039133325 | local regulators | signal molecules that travel a short distance, an example of this is growth factors. | 1 | |
| 6039133326 | paracrine signaling | A secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by discharging molecules of a local regulator into the extracellular fluid. |  | 2 |
| 6039133327 | synaptic signaling | a nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell |  | 3 |
| 6039133328 | Local signaling | signaling between adjacent cells (paracrine, autocrine, and synaptic) | 4 | |
| 6039133329 | hormones | ligands/chemicals used for long distance signaling | 5 | |
| 6039133330 | Long distance signaling | endocrine signalling |  | 6 |
| 6039133331 | hormonal signaling | specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids often the blood. Hormones reach virtually all body cells | 7 | |
| 6039133332 | reception | the target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell. The chemical signal is detected when it binds to a receptor protein. |  | 8 |
| 6039133333 | transduction | The binding of a signal protein changes the receptor protein in some way, intiating this process. This stage converts the signal into a form that can bring about a specific cellular response. | 9 | |
| 6039133334 | response | the result of transduction is a specific response for example the shutting on or off of a gene. | 10 | |
| 6039133335 | ligand | a molecule that specifically binds to another often larger molecule. the binding of this often causes a receptor portion to under go change in conformation i.e. shape. | 11 | |
| 6039133336 | G-protein-linked receptor | a plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a protein called a g-protein | 12 | |
| 6039133337 | receptor tyrosine kinase | can trigger more than one signal transduction pathway at once, helping regulate and coordinate many aspects of cell growth and cell reproduction. This receptor is a major class of plasma membrane receptors charcterized by having enzymatic activity. | 13 | |
| 6039133341 | Phosphorylation cascade | a series of different molecules in a pathway are phosphorylated in turn , each molecule adding a phosphate group to the next one in a line . |  | 14 |
| 6039133343 | second messengers | act to amplify the signal received from an intercellular membrane protein. | 15 | |
| 6039133344 | cyclic AMP or cAMP | Acts as second messenger. An enzyme embedded in the plasma membrane, is made from ATP by adenylyl cyclase inactivated by phosphodiesterase an enzyme that converts it to AMP. | 16 | |
| 6039133345 | inositol triphosphate( IP3) | A second messenger that functions as an intermediate between certain nonsteroid hormones and a third messenger, a rise in cytoplasmic Ca 2+ concentration. | 17 | |
| 6039133347 | scaffolding proteins | large relay proteins to which several other rely proteins are simultaneously attached |  | 18 |
| 6039133350 | Intracellular Receptors | cytoplasmic or nuclear proteins. Signal molecules that are small or hydrophobic and can readily cross the plasma membrane use these receptors | 19 | |
| 6039133353 | endocrine gland | a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the interstitial fluid, from which they diffuse into the bloodstream | 20 | |
| 6039133354 | endocrine signaling | involves hormones being secreted into the blood, to target only the specific target cells that recognize them | 21 | |
| 6039133357 | mechanisms of hormonal signaling | (a) a water-soluable hormone binds to a receptor protien on the surface of a target cell. this interaction triggers a signal transduction pathway that leads to a change in a cytoplasmic function or a change in gene transcription in the nucleus. (b) a lipid-soluable hormone penetrates the target cell's plasma membrane and binds to an intracellular receptor either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. The signal-receptor complex acts as a transcription factor, typically activating gene expression | 22 | |
| 6039133359 | cytokines | any group of proteins secreted by a number of cell types, including macrophages and helper T cells that regulate the function of lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system | 23 | |
| 6039133379 | synapse | The locus where one neuron communicates with another neuron in a neural pathway a narrow gap between a synaptic terminal of an axon and a signal-recieveing portion (dendrite or cell body) of another neuron or effector cell . Neurotransmitter molecules released by synaptic terminals diffuses across the synapse relaying messages to the dendrite or effector | 24 | |
| 6039133380 | neurotransmitters | a chemical messenger released from the synaptic terminal of a neuron at a chemical synapse that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to and stimulates the postsynaptic cell | 25 | |
| 6039133386 | ligand-gated ion channels | protien pore in a cell's plasma membrane that opens or closes in response to a chemical signal allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions | 26 | |
| 6039133387 | voltage gated ion channels | a specialized ion channel that opens or closes in response to changes in membrane potential. | 27 | |
| 6039261246 | endosymbiotic theory | eukaryote evolution of organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) via a symbiotic relationship between a two prokaryotes after one was engulfed by the other. | 28 | |
| 6039277954 | prokaryotes | cells with no nucleus or membrane bound organelles. circular or single strand dna free floating. cell walls made of peptidoglycans. | 29 | |
| 6039289894 | Smooth ER | Ca+ ions are stored in the _____ | 30 | |
| 6039302616 | phospholipid head | hydrophylic- water lover. polar. glycerol. | 31 | |
| 6039309222 | phospholipid tails | hydrophobic-water fearer. non polar. fatty acids | 32 |
