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| 5997434536 | Nuclear Envelope | -surrounds genetic material -separates nucleus from the cytoplasm -double lipid bilayer regulates what goes into the cell -present in both animal and plant cells | 0 | |
| 5997434537 | Golgi Apparatus | -packaging organelle -located in the cytoplasm -takes in small molecules and forms more complex molecules -can either store the more complex molecules or release them -has two layers that surround an area of fluid that contains proteins, enzymes, and sugars -present in both animal and plant cells | 1 | |
| 5997434538 | Endoplasmic Reticulum | -network of membranous sacs and tubes -surrounds the nucleus in the cytoplasm -active in membrane synthesis and metabolic processes -has rough and smooth regions -has double membrane called cisternae where proteins are collected and synthesized -present in both animal and plant cells | 2 | |
| 5997434539 | Mitochondria | -cellular respiration -ATP is generated -double membrane increases surface area within the organelle to allow more chemical reactions to occur -located in cytoplasm -present in both animal and plant cells | 3 | |
| 5997434540 | Chloroplast | -produce food for plant cells -convert light energy from the sun into sugars -double membrane surrounds and protects inner chloroplasts -located in cytoplasm -only present in plant cells | 4 | |
| 5997434541 | Ribosome | -makes proteins -located in cytosol or endoplasmic reticulum -present in both animal and plant cells | 5 | |
| 5997434542 | Lysosome | -hold enzymes -digest food and break down dead cells -located in cytoplasm -present in both animal and plant cells | 6 | |
| 5997434543 | Vacuole | -storage -located in cytoplasm -present in both animal and plant cells | 7 | |
| 5997434544 | Cytoskeleton | -reinforces cell's shape -functions in cell movement -made of proteins -proteins attach to them for stability -located on the outside of the cell -present in both animal and plant cells | 8 | |
| 5997434545 | Cell Wall | -outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects cell from mechanical damage -semi permeable -located on the outside of the cell membrane -only present in plant cells | 9 | |
| 5997434546 | Prokaryotic Cells | -no nucleus -circular DNA located in cytoplasm -single celled -no organelles -bacteria, archaea, and eubacteria -more basic -have cell membranes -have ribosomes | 10 | |
| 5997434547 | Eukaryotic Cells | -have nucleus -have linear DNA located in nucleus -have organelles -cells animals have -multicellular -more complex -cell membranes -ribosomes | 11 | |
| 5997434548 | Endosymbiotic Theory | -describes how a large host cell and bacteria become dependent on each other for survival and form a permanent relationship -explains the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts -mitochondria and chloroplasts are very similar to bacteria cells: have their own DNA and use it to produce proteins and enzymes, both have double membranes that suggest that it was ingested by a host, and they reproduce similarly to bacteria by replicating their DNA | 12 | |
| 5997434549 | Cell Membrane | -separates cell from aqueous environment and controls traffic in and out of the cell -collage of proteins and other molecules embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer |  | 13 |
| 5997434550 | Membrane Proteins | -determine membrane's specific functions -has polar and nonpolar regions -peripheral proteins: cell surface identity marker -integral proteins: transport proteins -glycoprotein: receptor or identifier | 14 | |
| 5997434551 | Membrane Phospholipids | -make up most of the membrane -have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails | 15 | |
| 5997434552 | Membrane Carbohydrates | cell to cell recognition | 16 | |
| 5997434553 | Membrane Cholesterol | -reduces fluidity at moderate temperatures -hinders solidification at low temperatures | 17 | |
| 5997434554 | Passive Transport | -transport through the semipermeable membrane -high to low concentration -no energy required -transport of small nonpolar molecules directly through membrane | 18 | |
| 5997434555 | Simple Diffusion | -movement from high to low concentration -passive transport -no energy needed -Example: osmosis | 19 | |
| 5997434556 | Facilitated Diffusion | -requires protein channels -protein assists in larger and polar molecules to cross membrane -specific molecules can move across the cell membrane -no energy needed -passive transport | 20 | |
| 5997434557 | Active Transport | -movement from low to high concentration -requires energy -Examples: proton pumps, sucrose co-transport, sodium potassium pump, bulk transport | 21 | |
| 5997434558 | Bulk Transport | -moving large molecules into and out of cell -active transport -vesicles and vacuoles -endocytosis and exocytosis | 22 | |
| 5997434561 | Enzymes | -reduce activation energy -very specific -catalyze reactions -help best align substrates -end in -ase -remains unchanged and can be used over and over |  | 23 |
| 5997434564 | Induced Fit Theory | enzyme adjusts to fit the substrates and goes back to its original form after the reaction | 24 | |
| 5997434565 | Factors that Affect Enzymes | -cofactors and coenzymes: assist the enzyme -temperature: enzymes have an optimal temperature where they have the highest productivity -enzyme concentration: as enzyme increases, the reaction rate increases as long as substrate is available -substrate concentration: as substrate increases, reaction rate increases as long as enzyme is available -pH: enzymes have an optimal pH where they have the highest productivity -salinity: enzymes have an optimal salt level where they have the highest productivity -inhibitors: molecules that reduce enzyme activity | 25 | |
| 5997434570 | Describe the fluidity of the components of a cell membrane and explain how membrane fluidity is influenced by temperature and membrane composition. | -membranes must be fluid to work properly -saturated fats make it stiff because they are solid at room temperature -unsaturated fats help it bend, allowing the cell to work better since the fats are liquid at room temperature -the cell membrane remains fluid as temperature increases and becomes solid as temperature decreases | 26 | |
| 5997434571 | Define diffusion. Explain why diffusion is a passive and spontaneous process. | -diffusion is the movement of a substance across a concentration gradient due to random motion -it is spontaneous because one solute is unaffected by the concentration gradient of other solutes -it is passive because the cell does not expend energy when substances diffuse down their concentration gradient | 27 | |
| 5997434572 | Distinguish between exocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis. | -exocytosis: secretion of molecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane -endocytosis: taking in of molecules by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane -receptor mediated endocytosis: taking in of cholesterol for synthesis of membranes | 28 | |
| 5997434573 | Describe the function of enzymes in biological systems. | -act as catalysts that speed up reactions -act as proteins that regulate metabolism | 29 | |
| 5997434575 | Agar Lab | -purpose: investigate cell size and how it is controlled by diffusion -as cell size increases, surface area and volume increase but the ratio between surface area and volume decreases -organisms develop more cells rather than larger cells in order to diffuse faster -the growth of a cell slows down as it gets bigger because it takes longer for nutrients and water to reach the center of the cell -the smaller the cell, the faster the nutrients can get to the center of the cell | 30 | |
| 5997434579 | Predict the effect that lowering the temperature would have on enzyme activity. | -lowering the temperature on the experiment would cause the rate of reaction to decrease because the system will no longer be in the optimal temperature -at higher temperatures, there are more molecular collisions and therefore more enzymatic reactions -decreasing the temperature will decrease the number of molecular collisions and therefore there will be fewer enzymatic reactions | 31 |
