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| 5725213448 | signal transduction pathway | The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response. |  | 0 |
| 5725213449 | hormones | Circulating chemical signals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells. |  | 1 |
| 5725213450 | ligand | A molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, often a larger one. |  | 2 |
| 5725213451 | protein kinase | The enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to protein. |  | 3 |
| 5725213452 | second messengers | Small, non-protein water soluble molecules or ions that send messages throughout the cells by diffusion. |  | 4 |
| 5725213453 | reception | The target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell. |  | 5 |
| 5725213454 | transduction | The binding of the signal molecule changes the receptor protein in some way. |  | 6 |
| 5725213455 | response | The transduced signal finally triggers a specific cellular response. |  | 7 |
| 5725213456 | G-protein-linked receptor | A plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a G-protein. |  | 8 |
| 5725213457 | receptor tyrosine kinase | A receptor with enzymatic activity that can trigger more than one signal transduction pathway at once, helping the cell regulate and coordinate many aspects of cell growth and reproduction. |  | 9 |
| 5725213458 | ligand-gated ion channel | Type of membrane receptor that has a region that can act as a "gate" when the receptor changes shape. |  | 10 |
| 5725213459 | paracrine | Local Signaling. A secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by discharging molecules of a local regulator into the extracellular fluid. Ex: Growth Factors. | 11 | |
| 5725213460 | synaptic | Local Signaling. Occurs in animal nervous system, nerve releases neurotransmitter molecules into synapse, stimulating target cell. | 12 | |
| 5725213461 | endocrine | Long distance signaling. Signals sent into blood stream, message may reach all body cells. | 13 | |
| 5725213462 | cyclic AMP | cAMP (a second messenger) activates another protein, usually protein kinase A, leading to cellular response. | 14 |
