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AP Biology Ch.3 - Carbon & Molecular Diversity Flashcards

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7422054086organic compoundcompound containing carbon; almost all associated with life also contain hydrogen0
7422117361macromoleculesall living things fall into classes of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid1
7422120764electron configurationdetermines number and type of bonds; key to atom's chemical characteristics2
7422143804valenceequals number of unpaired electrons in valence shell; signifies number of covalent bonds an atom can form3
7422159260hydrocarbonorganic molecular compound made only of carbon and hydrogen; undergo reactions that release lots of energy4
7422195332isomerscompounds with same number of atoms and same elements but different structures and properties5
7422215898structural isomersdiffer in covalent arrangement of atoms, may differ in location of double bond6
7422238414cis-trans isomercarbons have covalent bonds to same atoms, but atoms differ in spatial arrangement due to inflexibility of double bonds; possible if 2 carbons double bonded and 2 different atoms/groups attached7
7422262958enantiomerisomers are mirror images of each other, differ in shape due to asymmetric carbon (carbon with 4 single bonds)8
7422279712functional groupschemical groups affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reaction9
7422284656hydroxyl groupalcohol10
7422308407carbonyl groupketone or aldehyde11
7422391403carboxyl grouporganic acid/carboxylic acid12
7422398347amino groupamine13
7422404908adenosine triphosphate (ATP)complicated organic phosphate, important function in cell; ATP reacts with H2O --> ADP + inorganic phosphate + energy14
7422444265polymerlong molecule made of repeating blocks linked covalently (forms: carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acid)15
7422454200monomersrepeated units in polymers16
7422456207enzymesspecialized macromolecules (proteins), speed up chemical reactions17
7422464532dehydration reactionmonomers connected covalently in reaction with loss of H2O molecule (one monomer provides hydroxyl group, other provides hydrogen)18
7422476973hydrolysisbreaks polymers into monomers; reverse dehydration reaction reaction (example: digestion)19
7422481730carbohydratessugars and polymers of sugars20
7422486977monosaccharidessimple sugars; formula is multiple of CH2O; has carbonyl group and multiple hydroxyl groups (example: glucose)21
7422501027disaccharides2 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage (example: sucrose)22
7422507054glycosidic linkagecovalent bond between monosaccharides by dehydration reaction23
7422514204polysaccharidesmacromolecules/polymers with hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides linked glycosidic linkage24
7422520868storage polysaccharidesstore sugars for later use -- plants store starch, animals store glycogen (polymer of glucose)25
7422526948cellulosepolysaccharide in cell walls, grouped in units called microfibrils, polymer of glucose but never branched26
7422535382chitinpolysaccharide used to make exoskeletons of arthropods27
7422546378lipidsdoesn't include true polymers; don't mix with water (hydrophobic) because mostly made of hydrocarbons, which are nonpolar28
7422565901types of lipidsfats, phospholipids, steroids29
7422568135fatsconstructed from glycerol and fatty acids, assembled by dehydration reactions (although not polymers)30
7422580737fatty acidslong carbon skeleton with carboxyl group and hydrocarbon chain31
7422604093triacylglycerolfat made of 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule by ester linkage32
7422632637saturated fatsall single bonds maximum number of hydrogen; solid (butter, lard)33
7422637473unsaturated fatshas at least one double bond, made of unsaturated fatty acids; liquid (oil from plants and animals)34
7422651758trans fatsunsaturated fats with trans double bonds produced when unsaturated fats are synthetically converted into saturated fats35
7422659994phospholipids2 fatty acids attached to glycerol; makeup cell membranes -- hydrocarbon tails are hydrophobic, while head is hydrophillic --> causes lipid bilayer formation36
7422783711catalystschemical agents that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in reactions37
7422793157beta pleated sheet2 or more segments of polypeptide chain lying side by side connected by H bonds between parts of 2 parallel segments of backbone38
7422809992hydrophobic interactionamino acids with hydrophobic side chains end up in core of protein39
7422817537disulfide bridgescovalent bonds caused when 2 monomers with -SH group are close and S-S forms altering protein shape40
7422825920X-ray crystallographymost common way to determine 3-D shape of a protein, uses x-ray diffraction of atoms41
7422843575geneconsists of DNA (nucleic acid); unit of inheritance42
7422854299nucleosideportion of nucleotide without phosphate group43
7422859556pyrimidine(type of nitrogenous base), one 6 carbon ring of carbon and a nitrogen atom (cytosine, thymine, and uracil)44
7422867178purine(type of nitrogenous base) 6-member ring fused to a 5-member ring; larger (adenine, guanine)45
7422877320deoxyribosesugar in DNA, lacks oxygen atom on second carbon46
7422882209ribosesugar in RNA47
74228922255' endrefers to end of polymer attached to 5' carbon and phosphate48
7422903124Are RNA molecules single strand or double strand?single strand, but base pairing can occur between regions of RNA in same molecule (A+U, no T)49
7422910016genomicsanalyzing large sets of genes or comparing genomes of species50

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