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| 8310049872 | DNA replication | The process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis | 0 | |
| 8310049873 | transformation | (1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer | 1 | |
| 8310049874 | bacteriophage | A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage | 2 | |
| 8310049875 | virus | An infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell, consisting of an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and, for some viruses, a membranous envelope | 3 | |
| 8310049877 | double helix | The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape. | 4 | |
| 8310049878 | antiparallel | Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5' S 3' directions) | 5 | |
| 8310049879 | 3.4 nm and 10 nucleotides | length between 2 nucleotides and # of nucleotides per turn | 6 | |
| 8310049880 | 2 hydrogen bonds | adenine forms |  | 7 |
| 8310049881 | 3 hydrogen bonds | guanine forms |  | 8 |
| 8310049882 | 2 nm | diameter of the double helix | 9 | |
| 8310049883 | semiconservative model | Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the parental molecule, and one newly made strand |  | 10 |
| 8310049884 | conservative model | the two parental strands somehow come back together after the process |  | 11 |
| 8310049885 | dispersive model | all four strands of DNA following replication have a mixture of old and new DNA |  | 12 |
| 8310049886 | origin of replication | Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides | 13 | |
| 8310049887 | replication fork | A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized. | 14 | |
| 8310049888 | helicase | An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks, separating the two strands and making them available as template strands. | 15 | |
| 8310049889 | single-strand binding protein | A protein that binds to the unpaired DNA strands during DNA replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA | 16 | |
| 8310049890 | topoisomerase | A protein that breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands. During DNA replication, ________ helps to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork | 17 | |
| 8310049891 | primer | A short stretch of RNA with a free 3' end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication | 18 | |
| 8310049892 | primase | An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make a primer during DNA replication, using the parental DNA strand as a template | 19 | |
| 8310049893 | DNA polymerase | An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA (for example, at a replication fork) by the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing chain. There are several different ________; ________ III and _______ I play major roles in DNA replication in E. coli. | 20 | |
| 8310049895 | nucleoside triphosphate | a nucleoside (a sugar and base) with three phosphate groups. where each added nucleotide comes from | 21 | |
| 8310049896 | leading strand | The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5' S 3' direction | 22 | |
| 8310049897 | lagging strand | A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' S 3' direction away from the replication fork | 23 | |
| 8310049898 | okazaki fragment | A short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication. Many such segments are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA. about 1000-2000 nucleotides in bacteria and 100-200 in eukaryotes | 24 | |
| 8310049899 | sliding clamp | DNA pol III is closely associated with this. it encircles the newly synthesized double helix like a doughnut. it moves DNA pol III along the DNA template strand | 25 | |
| 8310049900 | overview of lagging strand |  | 26 | |
| 8310049901 | DNA polymerase III | adds nucleotides to the primer in the 3' direction | 27 | |
| 8310049902 | DNA polymerase I | in the lagging strand, replaces RNA primer nucleotides with DNA nuceleotides | 28 | |
| 8310049903 | DNA ligase | A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of one DNA fragment (such as an Okazaki fragment) to the 5' end of another DNA fragment (such as a growing DNA chain) | 29 | |
| 8310049905 | 1/10^10 and 1/10^5 | completed error rate and error rate | 30 | |
| 8310049906 | mismatch repair | The cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides | 31 | |
| 8310049907 | nuclease | An enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides | 32 | |
| 8310049908 | nucleotide excision repair | A repair system that removes and then correctly replaces a damaged segment (usually DNA pol I) of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide |  | 33 |
| 8310049909 | thymine dimers | the covalent linking of thymine bases that are adjacent on a DNA strand. causes the DNA to buckle and interfere with DNA replication |  | 34 |
| 8310049910 | telomeres | The tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome's DNA molecule. ________ protect the organism's genes from being eroded during successive rounds of replication. repeating TTAGGG sequence between 100 and 1000 times |  | 35 |
| 8310049911 | telomerase | An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells | 36 | |
| 8310049912 | negative | charge of the backbone | 37 | |
| 8310049913 | histones | responsible for the first level of DNA packing in chromatin | 38 | |
| 8310049914 | H2A, H2B, H3, H4 | four common types of histone | 39 | |
| 8310049915 | nucleosome | the "bead" on the string. the basic unit of DNA packing. 10 nm in length | 40 | |
| 8310049916 | linker DNA | the DNA between nucleosomes | 41 | |
| 8310049923 | nucleoid | A non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated | 42 | |
| 8310049924 | chromatin | The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope | 43 | |
| 8310049925 | heterochromatin | Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed | 44 | |
| 8310049926 | euchromatin | The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription | 45 | |
| 8310049927 | depurination | type of DNA damage in which a purine base is removed | 46 | |
| 8310049928 | deamination | type of DNA damage in which an amine group is removed from a molecule | 47 | |
| 8310049931 | phosphodiester bond | the bond between two nucleotides | 48 | |
| 8310049932 | major groove | occurs where the backbones of DNA are far apart | 49 | |
| 8310350968 | minor groove | occurs where the backbones of DNA are closer together | 50 |
