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| 8556625722 | DNA replication | The process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis | 0 | |
| 8556625723 | transformation | (1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer | 1 | |
| 8556625724 | bacteriophage | A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage | 2 | |
| 8556625725 | virus | An infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell, consisting of an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and, for some viruses, a membranous envelope | 3 | |
| 8556625726 | A and T=30, C and G=20 | percentage breakdown of human DNA | 4 | |
| 8556625727 | double helix | The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape. | 5 | |
| 8556625728 | antiparallel | Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5' S 3' directions) | 6 | |
| 8556625729 | 3.4 nm and 10 nucleotides | length between 2 nucleotides and # of nucleotides per turn | 7 | |
| 8556625730 | 2 hydrogen bonds | adenine forms |  | 8 |
| 8556625731 | 3 hydrogen bonds | guanine forms |  | 9 |
| 8556625732 | 2 nm | diameter of the double helix | 10 | |
| 8556625733 | semiconservative model | Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the parental molecule, and one newly made strand |  | 11 |
| 8556625734 | conservative model | the two parental strands somehow come back together after the process |  | 12 |
| 8556625735 | dispersive model | all four strands of DNA following replication have a mixture of old and new DNA |  | 13 |
| 8556625736 | origin of replication | Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides | 14 | |
| 8556625737 | replication fork | A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized. | 15 | |
| 8556625738 | helicase | An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks, separating the two strands and making them available as template strands. | 16 | |
| 8556625739 | single-strand binding protein | A protein that binds to the unpaired DNA strands during DNA replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA | 17 | |
| 8556625740 | topoisomerase | A protein that breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands. During DNA replication, ________ helps to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork | 18 | |
| 8556625741 | primer | A short stretch of RNA with a free 3' end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication | 19 | |
| 8556625742 | primase | An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make a primer during DNA replication, using the parental DNA strand as a template | 20 | |
| 8556625743 | DNA polymerase | An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA (for example, at a replication fork) by the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing chain. There are several different ________; ________ III and _______ I play major roles in DNA replication in E. coli. | 21 | |
| 8556625744 | 500 nucleotides per second and 50/second | rate of elongation in bacteria and humans respectively | 22 | |
| 8556625745 | nucleoside triphosphate | a nucleoside (a sugar and base) with three phosphate groups. where each added nucleotide comes from | 23 | |
| 8556625746 | leading strand | The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5' S 3' direction | 24 | |
| 8556625747 | lagging strand | A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' S 3' direction away from the replication fork | 25 | |
| 8556625748 | okazaki fragment | A short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication. Many such segments are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA. about 1000-2000 nucleotides in bacteria and 100-200 in eukaryotes | 26 | |
| 8556625749 | sliding clamp | DNA pol III is closely associated with this. it encircles the newly synthesized double helix like a doughnut. it moves DNA pol III along the DNA template strand | 27 | |
| 8556625750 | overview of lagging strand |  | 28 | |
| 8556625751 | DNA polymerase III | adds nucleotides to the primer in the 3' direction | 29 | |
| 8556625752 | DNA polymerase I | in the lagging strand, replaces RNA primer nucleotides with DNA nuceleotides | 30 | |
| 8556625753 | DNA ligase | A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of one DNA fragment (such as an Okazaki fragment) to the 5' end of another DNA fragment (such as a growing DNA chain) | 31 | |
| 8556625754 | 1) all the proteins are part of one complex 2) the template is likely moved through the complex | 2 ways its not like a train | 32 | |
| 8556625755 | 1/10^10 and 1/10^5 | completed error rate and error rate | 33 | |
| 8556625756 | mismatch repair | The cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides | 34 | |
| 8556625757 | nuclease | An enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides | 35 | |
| 8556625758 | nucleotide excision repair | A repair system that removes and then correctly replaces a damaged segment (usually DNA pol I) of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide |  | 36 |
| 8556625759 | thymine dimers | the covalent linking of thymine bases that are adjacent on a DNA strand. causes the DNA to buckle and interfere with DNA replication |  | 37 |
| 8556625760 | telomeres | The tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome's DNA molecule. ________ protect the organism's genes from being eroded during successive rounds of replication. repeating TTAGGG sequence between 100 and 1000 times |  | 38 |
| 8556625761 | telomerase | An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells | 39 | |
| 8556625762 | negative | charge of the backbone | 40 | |
| 8556625763 | histones | responsible for the first level of DNA packing in chromatin | 41 | |
| 8556625764 | H2A, H2B, H3, H4 | four common types of histone | 42 | |
| 8556625765 | nucleosome | the "bead" on the string. the basic unit of DNA packing. 10 nm in length | 43 | |
| 8556625766 | linker DNA | the DNA between nucleosomes | 44 | |
| 8556625767 | histone tail | the amino end that extends outwards from each histone | 45 | |
| 8556625768 | H1 | a fifth histone involved in nucleosome packing | 46 | |
| 8556625769 | 30-nm fiber | uses H1 histone that packs the nucleosome into thicker fibers |  | 47 |
| 8556625770 | looped domains | the 30 nm fibers loop into these that attach to a scaffold of proteins, thus making a 300 nm fiber |  | 48 |
| 8556625771 | scaffold | rich in topoisomerase and H1 molecules | 49 | |
| 8556625772 | metaphase chromosome | in a mitotic chromosome, the looped domains themselves coil and fold in a manner further compacting into a 700 nm chromatid |  | 50 |
| 8556625773 | nucleoid | A non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated | 51 | |
| 8556625774 | chromatin | The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope | 52 | |
| 8556625775 | heterochromatin | Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed | 53 | |
| 8556625776 | euchromatin | The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription | 54 | |
| 8556625777 | depurination | type of DNA damage in which a purine base is removed | 55 | |
| 8556625778 | deamination | type of DNA damage in which an amine group is removed from a molecule | 56 | |
| 8556625779 | uner tan syndrome | Persons affected by this syndrome walk with a quadrupedal locomotion and are afflicted with primitive speech and severe mental retardation | 57 | |
| 8556625780 | photolyase | DNA repair enzymes that repair damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet light | 58 | |
| 8556625781 | phosphodiester bond | the bond between two nucleotides | 59 | |
| 8556625782 | major groove | the bigger of the distances between base pairs | 60 |
